Synthesis of Pt nanoparticles and their burrowing into Si due to synergistic effects of ion beam energy losses

• Pravin Kumar,
• Udai Bhan Singh,
• Kedar Mal,
• Sunil Ojha,
• Indra Sulania,
• Dinakar Kanjilal,
• Dinesh Singh and
• Vidya Nand Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1864–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.197

• coupling. The melting of materials along the ion trajectory generates a surface tension gradient due to an imbalance of the surface and the interface energies, which further gives rise to mass transport through capillary action. The migration of metallic atoms and subsequent agglomeration can result in the

Formation of Cu_xAu_1−x phases by cold homogenization of Au/Cu nanocrystalline thin films

• Alona Tynkova,
• Gabor L. Katona,
• Gabor A. Langer,
• Sergey I. Sidorenko,
• Svetlana M. Voloshko and
• Dezso L. Beke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1491–1500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.162

• , an extensive intermixing had taken place, accompanied by grain boundary migration, grain growth, and formation of CuPd and Cu3Pd phases. Similar results were obtained in Cu/Pd [23] Ni2Si/Si [24] and Fe/Pt [9] systems. In [10] these results were summarized and an interpretation based on the grain

Influence of the PDMS substrate stiffness on the adhesion of Acanthamoeba castellanii

• Sören B. Gutekunst,
• Carsten Grabosch,
• Alexander Kovalev,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Christine Selhuber-Unkel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1393–1398, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.152

• environments. Cells can even adapt their direction of migration on materials with gradually changing stiffness, a phenomenon known as mechanotaxis [4][5]. This adaptation is presumably due to an active probing of the cellular microenvironment by nanobiomechanical mechanisms in cells, allowing them to reorient

Mimicking exposures to acute and lifetime concentrations of inhaled silver nanoparticles by two different in vitro approaches

• Fabian Herzog,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Sandor Balog,
• Martin J. D. Clift,
• Matthias Epple,
• Peter Gehr,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1357–1370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.149

• proliferation and migration (chemotaxis) both decreased, and the release of cytokines was affected. Increased IL-8 and decreased IL-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were detected at high Ag NP concentrations [65]. These studies however, were obtained with human mesenchymal stem cells

Magnesium batteries: Current state of the art, issues and future perspectives

• Rana Mohtadi and
• Fuminori Mizuno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1291–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.143

• mobility. This was attributed to the strong coulombic interactions with BH4− resulting from the small cage size. They proposed that increasing the cage size, by partial substitution of BH4− with the larger AlH4−, may enable magnesium ion migration, however, this was not experimentally demonstrated. Another

Self-organization of mesoscopic silver wires by electrochemical deposition

• Sheng Zhong,
• Thomas Koch,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Harald Rösner,
• Eberhard Nold,
• Aaron Kobler,
• Torsten Scherer,
• Di Wang,
• Christian Kübel,
• Mu Wang,
• Horst Hahn and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1285–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.142

• realized easily because of convection and migration of the ions in the electric field. Our thin film electrodeposition system is closer to an ideal two-dimensional growth system, which helps to explain the low diameters of the silver wires. The growth mechanism of the silver wires can be explained in the

Model systems for studying cell adhesion and biomimetic actin networks

• Dorothea Brüggemann,
• Johannes P. Frohnmayer and
• Joachim P. Spatz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1193–1202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.131

• 10.3762/bjnano.5.131 Abstract Many cellular processes, such as migration, proliferation, wound healing and tumor progression are based on cell adhesion. Amongst different cell adhesion molecules, the integrin receptors play a very significant role. Over the past decades the function and signalling of

• shape and for maintaining cell viability, migration, and tissue integrity [3]. Cell–cell and cell–substrate adhesion are mediated by different proteins, the cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). A very important group of CAMs is the integrin family, which functions both as cell–substrate and cell–cell

• proteins like integrin is important for cell shape and migration. The actin-based motility of cells is driven by myosin, a molecular motor, which converts chemical energy in the form of ATP to mechanical energy, thus generating force and movement [20]. When integrins have created a cell–ECM contact they

Functionalized nanostructures for enhanced photocatalytic performance under solar light

• Liejin Guo,
• Dengwei Jing,
• Maochang Liu,
• Yubin Chen,
• Shaohua Shen,
• Jinwen Shi and
• Kai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 994–1004, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.113

• the migration of photogenerated charges from the interior of the semiconductor to its surface avoiding their bulk recombination enables substantial improvement of photocatalytic efficiency. In this regard, semiconductors with nanosized functionalized morphology could be a beneficial choice. Since the

• photocatalysts can also facilitate the migration of photogenerated charges from bulk to surface [10]. It has been reported that porous semiconductor photocatalysts, such as TiO2 [11], Nb2O5 [12] and Ta2O5 [10], displayed much better photocatalytic properties than their bulk counterparts. Meanwhile, when

• significantly improved photocatalytic activity compared to CdS prepared by traditional approaches [30]. The enrichment of Pt around nanostep regions revealed the preferred migration of photoexcited electrons there and the reduction H2PtCl6 precursor to metallic Pt. Similar nanosteps were also reported by Kudo

Double layer effects in a model of proton discharge on charged electrodes

• Johannes Wiebe and
• Eckhard Spohr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 973–982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.111

• reactive force field procedure to statistically study the large number of proton transfer pathways by developing empirical valence bond (EVB) force fields for Grotthuss style proton migration and proton discharge at the water/Pt(111) [16][17] and the water/Ag(111) interface [18]. The first EVB models were

• the pure water case, in spite of the fact that the total surface charge is identical in all cases. For the Na+ simulation the intermediate slope of the curve is the smallest, in line with the fact that the net surface charge density is reduced and thus the driving force for migration and discharge is

Manipulation of isolated brain nerve terminals by an external magnetic field using D-mannose-coated γ-Fe₂O₃ nano-sized particles and assessment of their effects on glutamate transport

• Tatiana Borisova,
• Natalia Krisanova,
• Arsenii Borуsov,
• Roman Sivko,
• Ludmila Ostapchenko,
• Michal Babic and
• Daniel Horak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 778–788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.90

• agents for human use (Endorem, Guerbet, France; Resovist, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Germany). Until the discontinuation of their manufacture, they had been used for study of migration of Endorem-labeled cells to a cortical photochemical lesion or compression of a spinal cord lesion in rats [8][9]. Some

Design criteria for stable Pt/C fuel cell catalysts

• Josef C. Meier,
• Carolina Galeano,
• Ioannis Katsounaros,
• Jonathon Witte,
• Hans J. Bongard,
• Angel A. Topalov,
• Claudio Baldizzone,
• Stefano Mezzavilla,
• Ferdi Schüth and
• Karl J. J. Mayrhofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 44–67, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.5

• ]. This may be either due to migration and collision of platinum particles on the surface of the carbon support with successive coalescence, or due to strong carbon corrosion. In the second case, neighboring but initially separated particles come into contact with each other because of a successive

• shrinkage of the carbon support on which they are located [49]. However, also in the first possible case of agglomeration and coalescence due to migration, carbon corrosion may be involved and lead to a weakening of the interactions between platinum particles and support. Alternatively a preferential local

• and ”melt” together when they come into contact, as pointed out by the 1st green circle where “necking” (i.e. a thin bridge between two particles) can be identified. We hereafter refer to this type of particle growth mechanism as agglomeration due to migration, as it is often found in the literature

Surface assembly and nanofabrication of 1,1,1-tris(mercaptomethyl)heptadecane on Au(111) studied with time-lapse atomic force microscopy

• Tian Tian,
• Burapol Singhana,
• Lauren E. Englade-Franklin,
• Xianglin Zhai,
• T. Randall Lee and
• Jayne C. Garno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 26–35, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.3

• surface coatings that resist damage. Multidentate molecules provide a model surface that will resist self-exchange and surface migration, and enable further steps of chemical reactions with high fidelity. Degradation of alkanethiol SAMs on metal surfaces is caused by UV exposure, thermal desorption, and

Preparation of NiS/ZnIn₂S₄ as a superior photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution under visible light irradiation

• Liang Wei,
• Yongjuan Chen,
• Jialin Zhao and
• Zhaohui Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 949–955, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.107

• step hydrothermal processes is beneficial for the directional migration of the photo-excited electrons from ZnIn2S4 to NiS. The highest photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate (104.7 μmol/h), which is even higher than that over Pt/ZnIn2S4 nanocomposite (77.8 μmol/h), was observed over an optimum NiS

• the poor separation efficiency and migration ability of the photo-excited charge carriers. A variety of effects have been made to enhance the photocatalytic performance of ZnIn2S4. For example, by size control on ZnIn2S4 [20], doping with transition metals [21] and incorporation of metal sulfides [22

Challenges in realizing ultraflat materials surfaces

• Takashi Yatsui,
• Wataru Nomura,
• Fabrice Stehlin,
• Olivier Soppera,
• Makoto Naruse and
• Motoichi Ohtsu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 875–885, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.99

• ]. In this study, radio frequency (RF) sputtering was used to deposit Al2O3 nanoparticles on an alumina substrate. In the case of conventional RF sputtering, the migration length of the Al2O3 nanoparticles on the substrate surface depends on the Schwöbel barrier [48] in the free energy profile. The

• migration length is short near the scratches because the Schwöbel barrier is high at their rims. Thus, the rate of deposition of the Al2O3 nanoparticles is higher at ridge sites than in flat areas. Hence, since the Al2O3 nanoparticles preferentially aggregate at the ridges, repairing the scratches by

• condition prevented a heating of the substrate surface. Hence, the DPPs generated on the ridges of the scratches activated the Al2O3 particles and increased their migration length, thereby allowing them to desorb from the ridge [50]. In contrast, the Al2O3 particles on the slopes and flat regions of the

Large-scale atomistic and quantum-mechanical simulations of a Nafion membrane: Morphology, proton solvation and charge transport

• Pavel V. Komarov,
• Pavel G. Khalatur and
• Alexei R. Khokhlov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 567–587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.65

• -conducting hydrophilic channel within the Nafion membrane and studied it with quantum molecular dynamics. The extensive 120 ps-long density functional theory (DFT)-based simulations of charge migration in the 1200-atom model of the nanochannel consisting of Nafion chains and water molecules allowed us to

Deformation-induced grain growth and twinning in nanocrystalline palladium thin films

• Aaron Kobler,
• Jochen Lohmiller,
• Jonathan Schäfer,
• Michael Kerber,
• Anna Castrup,
• Ankush Kashiwar,
• Patric A. Gruber,
• Karsten Albe,
• Horst Hahn and
• Christian Kübel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 554–566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.64

• twinning/detwinning processes, stress-driven grain boundary migration and the formation of shear bands [4][5][6][7]. When studying the mechanical properties of nc metals and the associated deformation mechanisms, it is important to consider the preparation technique for the corresponding bulk nc metal

• for the remaining strain that does not come from dislocation/twin activity. Lohmiller et al. has already reported other mechanisms, such as GB shear and slip, as well as GB migration resulting in grain growth [28][45]. Conclusion NcPd thin films with a grain size of about 35 nm (plane view) were

• migration out of the grain. If the grains are initially defect free, partial dislocations nucleate into a defect free grain and can form stacking faults and twinning faults by successive nucleation of partial dislocations. Overview of the structural properties of the three ncPd sample sets analyzed using

Nanoglasses: a new kind of noncrystalline materials

• Herbert Gleiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 517–533, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.61

• significance of nanometer-sized patterning of the surface of nanoglasses agrees with the results of recent studies [62][63][64] indicating that the spatial patterning of biochemical cues controls several cellular processes such as spreading, adhesion, migration and proliferation. In fact, these studies

Hydrogen-plasma-induced magnetocrystalline anisotropy ordering in self-assembled magnetic nanoparticle monolayers

• Alexander Weddemann,
• Judith Meyer,
• Anna Regtmeier,
• Irina Janzen,
• Dieter Akemeier and
• Andreas Hütten

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 164–172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.16

• with the stray field of contiguous nanocrystals. The process is comparable to the time-dependent creep under tension with the plasma acting as the thermal activation. For uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy, the migration of the magnetocrystalline easy axes results in an increase of the effective

Ultraviolet photodetection of flexible ZnO nanowire sheets in polydimethylsiloxane polymer

• Jinzhang Liu,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Soonil Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 353–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.41

• onto the ZnO nanowires after the UV light is switched off. PDMS molecule chains hamper the migration of oxygen molecules towards the ZnO nanowire surface, leading to the slow decay of the dark current. It is worth mentioning that the UV photoresponse speed of ZnO nanowires in an oxygen atmosphere is

Parallel- and serial-contact electrochemical metallization of monolayer nanopatterns: A versatile synthetic tool en route to bottom-up assembly of electric nanocircuits

• Jonathan Berson,
• Assaf Zeira,
• Rivka Maoz and
• Jacob Sagiv

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 134–143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.14

• –solution interface by ion migration to the electrode rather than by electron transfer to hydrated ions in solution. Keywords: AFM (SFM); bipolar electrochemistry; electrochemical metal deposition; monolayer patterning; nanolithography; self-assembled organosilane monolayers; Introduction The quest for a

Self-assembled monolayers and titanium dioxide: From surface patterning to potential applications

• Yaron Paz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 845–861, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.94

• decontamination [1][2] but also for self-cleaning applications [3]. The general scheme for the photocatalytic destruction of organics involves the excitation of this semiconductor by irradiation with suprabandgap photons and migration of the electron–hole pairs to the surface of the photocatalyst, where the holes

Nonconservative current-induced forces: A physical interpretation

• Tchavdar N. Todorov,
• Daniel Dundas,
• Anthony T. Paxton and
• Andrew P. Horsfield

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 727–733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.79

• ][9][10]. The combined effect of the two is the driving force behind electromigration-type phenomena [2][6][7]: Current-induced forces modify atomic migration barriers; together with local heating, this results in thermally activated current-induced atomic rearrangements, or even failure. Recently, a

Formation of precise 2D Au particle arrays via thermally induced dewetting on pre-patterned substrates

• Dong Wang,
• Ran Ji and
• Peter Schaaf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 318–326, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.37

• interaction with SiO2 substrate, which results in low activation energy for metal atom migration [12]. Dewetting is a well known spontaneous physical phenomenon describing the rupture of a thin liquid film on a substrate and the formation of droplets. Dewetting dynamics of liquid polymer films have been

Sorting of droplets by migration on structured surfaces

• Wilfried Konrad and
• Anita Roth-Nebelsick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 215–221, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.25

• Figure 4. Droplets coming in contact with these structures should experience a Cassie state, leading also to very high effective contact angles [8]. Notice that the mechanisms depicted in Figure 4 and Figure 5 predict droplet migration in opposite directions. Concentrating on Figure 4, a possible

• centre whereas lyophobic droplets would migrate away from it. A reverse migration order should result if the roles of A and B are interchanged or if point C is chosen as the centre and point D as the periphery. Discussion The specific surface patterning is not only able to initiate a spontaneous and

Schottky junction/ohmic contact behavior of a nanoporous TiO₂ thin film photoanode in contact with redox electrolyte solutions

• Masao Kaneko,
• Hirohito Ueno and
• Junichi Nemoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 127–134, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.15

• electron can migrate towards inside of the semiconductor bulk, thus the hole and the electron are now separated. After such migration of holes and electrons, when an electron donor (such as ethanol) is present in the contacted liquid phase, the holes can oxidize the donor in the liquid, and the electrons