Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• gradient or a thermal gradient. The diffusivity and dynamic viscosity affect the way in which mass is transported on the substrate. These gradients cause a circulatory flow of fluid, influence the mass transport, and eventually result in differently patterned fractal structures. The effects are

• resulting in more interaction sites at which analyte and sensor can interact. The authors termed the mechanism “random tunneling junction network”. Here, electron transport across the fractal structures is assumed to occur via tunneling. Different fractal dimensions lead to different Schottky barrier

• provided a large surface area while the branching of the structures helped in diffusion and transport of gas molecules within the sensing material. The samples had fractal dimensions of 1.59 (after two hours of reaction) and 1.38 (after six hours of reaction). Zang et al. demonstrated the mass production

Irradiation-driven molecular dynamics simulation of the FEBID process for Pt(PF₃)₄

• Alexey Prosvetov,
• Alexey V. Verkhovtsev,
• Gennady Sushko and
• Andrey V. Solov’yov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1151–1172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.86

• the FEBID process. The follow-up study [15] introduced a novel multiscale computational methodology that couples Monte Carlo simulations for radiation transport with IDMD for simulating the IDC processes with atomistic resolution. The spatial and energy distributions of secondary and backscattered

• induces the release of metal-free ligands and the growth of metal-enriched deposits. It involves a complex interplay of phenomena taking place on different temporal and spatial scales: (i) deposition, diffusion, and desorption of precursor molecules on the substrate; (ii) transport of the primary

• distributions can be obtained by means of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of electron transport [37]. There are several codes suitable for this purpose with different possibilities and limitations, for example, SEED [38], Geant4 [39], and PENELOPE [40]. The yield of SE generated in various materials can also be

First-principles study of the structural, optoelectronic and thermophysical properties of the π-SnSe for thermoelectric applications

• Muhammad Atif Sattar,
• Najwa Al Bouzieh,
• Maamar Benkraouda and
• Noureddine Amrane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1101–1114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.82

• the power factor (PF = S2σ) which is connected with the electrical transport [8][9] and the lowest value of κtot [10]. To date, a considerable amount of research has been performed to enhance the ZT value. For instance, by lowering the value of the lattice thermal conductivity (through all-scale

• -type Bi-doped SnSe single crystal also gives a high ZT value of 2.2 (along the b axis) at 773 K [37]. Motivated by these prominent TE performances, which were due to ultra-low thermal conductivity along with modest electrical transport properties, SnSe-based TE alloys have drawn considerable attention

• Gibbs2 code [54] by considering lattice vibrations. To calculate the thermoelectric properties, we used the Boltzmann transport theory employed in the BoltzTrap2 [55] code by utilizing the rigid band estimation under a constant relaxation time. Results and Discussion Structural properties We have

Assessment of the optical and electrical properties of light-emitting diodes containing carbon-based nanostructures and plasmonic nanoparticles: a review

• Keshav Nagpal,
• Erwan Rauwel,
• Frédérique Ducroquet and
• Protima Rauwel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1078–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.80

• as the emissive layer (EML), the hole transport layers (HTL), the electron transport layers (ETL), the cathode, and the anode [17][18][19][20][21]. Enhancement in LED properties via surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of metal nanoparticles (MNP) such as Au and Ag have also been reported [22][23]. This

• determined. Enhancing hole mobility: hole injection and transport layers The optimization of charge carrier injection also consists of reducing the driving voltage of the LED. For achieving this, holes should be readily injected from the high-work-function anode surface (e.g., ITO, SWNT), while the electrons

• HTL in OLED with the configuration ITO/PEDOT:PSS/SWNT–PVK nanocomposite/DCM-doped Alq3/Li:Al [47]. An efficient electron transport was also obtained from the Li:Al cathode (with work function of 2.9 eV) to the Alq3 layer due to its higher LUMO level (3.2 eV) in comparison to the Li:Al work function

Use of nanosystems to improve the anticancer effects of curcumin

• Andrea M. Araya-Sibaja,
• Norma J. Salazar-López,
• Krissia Wilhelm Romero,
• José R. Vega-Baudrit,
• J. Abraham Domínguez-Avila,
• Carlos A. Velázquez Contreras,
• Ramón E. Robles-Zepeda,
• Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos and
• Gustavo A. González-Aguilar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1047–1062, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.78

• has been previously reported when using glutathione-responsive self-delivery nanocapsules (100 nm), a strategy that increases cellular uptake efficiency, intracellular CUR delivery, and transport to the nucleus, which results in growth inhibition of HeLa (human cervical carcinoma) cells [75]. Similar

• , invasion, and tube formation [39]. It was observed that at pH 5.8, more than 90% of CUR and doxorubicin were released, and this amount is significantly higher than that observed at pH 7.4 (59.37% and 66.63%, respectively). This represents an advantage in the systems used to transport drugs to carcinogenic

Is the Ne operation of the helium ion microscope suitable for electron backscatter diffraction sample preparation?

• Annalena Wolff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 965–983, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.73

• SRIM simulation suggested that each copper atom is displaced around 22 times during the polishing process. A high enough Cu atom as well as Ga ion mobility is likely to move ions as well as displaced Cu atoms into grain boundaries. Grain boundaries can facilitate transport deeper into the material and

Molecular assemblies on surfaces: towards physical and electronic decoupling of organic molecules

• Sabine Maier and
• Meike Stöhr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 950–956, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.71

• these ultrathin interfacial layers significantly reduce both the molecular adsorption energy and the hybridization of molecular states with the electronic bands in metals and semiconductors. However, charge transport is not completely inhibited, and electrons can still tunnel from the metal through

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• oxide nanoparticles [28]. Numerous indispensable parameters including surface tension, polarity, viscosity, and hydrogen bonding have an important influence on the reactivity of species. Also, the formation of nanostructures is governed by the mass transport properties of the DES components. It is also

• ethylene glycol in a molar ratio of 1:2 for electrodeposition of a zinc–nickel alloy to provide corrosion protection [90]. Due to the ever-rising interest in DESs for nanomaterial synthesis, a fundamental understanding regarding interfacial behavior and mass transport, such as ionic adsorption, surface

In situ transport characterization of magnetic states in Nb/Co superconductor/ferromagnet heterostructures

• Olena M. Kapran,
• Roman Morari,
• Taras Golod,
• Evgenii A. Borodianskyi,
• Vladimir Boian,
• Andrei Prepelita,
• Nikolay Klenov,
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 913–923, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.68

• states in complex thin-film multilayers. In this work, we study experimentally in-plane transport properties of microstructured Nb/Co multilayers. We apply various transport characterization techniques, including magnetoresistance, Hall effect, and the first-order-reversal-curves (FORC) analysis. We

• computing; devices exploiting spin polarized transport or integrated magnetic field; spin-valve; superconducting multilayers; superconducting spintronics; Introduction Competition between spin-polarized ferromagnetism and spin-singlet superconductivity leads to a variety of interesting phenomena including

• memory elements and spin valves [22][29][34][39][40][41][42][43]. The need for establishing experimental characterization techniques for the in situ monitoring of magnetic states in S/F micro- and nanoscale devices is our main motivation. Here we study experimentally in-plane transport properties of

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• nanoparticles and photoresist are uniformly mixed and a U-shaped pattern is processed by photolithography. The robot could capture and automatically transport microbeads injected with chemicals to specific locations in neurons under the control of a gradient magnetic field, which has potential applications in

• the glass slide. The use of robots to measure the force between cells may become a means of detecting cancer in its early stage. This research brings new hope for cancer treatment. Kim et al. [23] designed a micro/nanorobot magnetically actuated in three dimensions, which can accurately transport

• fields, which can accurately control the transport of cargo. The DC electric field changes the transmission speed through electrophoresis and electroosmosis effects, and the AC electric field independently and accurately guides the nanomotor through electric torque on the dipole. The effective

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• magnetic fields, the interaction between paramagnetic nanoparticles might lead to the formation of chain structures [36]. Although external magnetic fields can be used to effectively gather and transport paramagnetic nanoparticles, they tend to form aggregations. Therefore, assembly and disassembly

• the microrobot will impart magnetizability. Magnetic field-based transport enables the accelerated delivery of a biomaterial to a target site by overcoming Brownian diffusion [44]. Since cobalt and nickel are quite toxic and iron oxide nanoparticles are considered to be biofriendly [45], embedding

• cargo. Magnetic field gradients are applied to control the movement direction. To transport goods in an environment with an integrated system of electric and magnetic fields was difficult for previous soft robots to achieve. This is a significant improvement. The most common propulsion method for MNRs

Electromigration-induced formation of percolating adsorbate islands during condensation from the gaseous phase: a computational study

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 694–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.55

• mass transfer; ∇ ≡ ∂/∂r. For simplicity, we assume, that there are no cross-effects in mass transfer, and that Fick’s or Fourier’s laws adequately describe mass transport. The last term in Equation 1 represents a stochastic source, which in the simplest case is chosen as white zero-mean delta

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• are created by several pathways, including partial AgNPs dissolution in the gastric fluid, uptake and systemic transport of ionic and nanoparticulate Ag as thiol and selenium complexes, and final deposition in the near-skin regions [15]. Especially important is the process of interaction with thiols

• the majority of Ag will be cleared from the body through faeces [35], released Ag+ and its soluble complexes will be absorbed through passive or active transport [26]. It was also proposed that the AgNPs pass through the intestinal barrier [36][37]. Absorbed Ag will then interact with tissues and

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• defect density was the same. The authors described a hopping carrier transport model to explain the effect and pointed out that the observed behavior essentially places a limit on the spatial resolution attainable when using the helium ion beam to selectively dose and thus change the conductivity of

• et al. also observed semiconductor–insulator–metal transitions for increasing dose, noting preferential sputtering of selenium [29]. Here it was found that for a given dose, hole transport was degraded more than electron transport. The authors went on to demonstrate a lateral p–n-like homojunction by

• the high sensitivity of the electronic transport properties of YBCO to point defects introduced into the lattice [43]. The same study also confirmed that minimal lateral scatter of the ions in the YBCO thin film occurs; even at the higher doses used to induce amorphisity, the irradiated channels

Nanoporous and nonporous conjugated donor–acceptor polymer semiconductors for photocatalytic hydrogen production

• Zhao-Qi Sheng,
• Yu-Qin Xing,
• Yan Chen,
• Guang Zhang,
• Shi-Yong Liu and
• Long Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 607–623, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.50

• units, among which the pyrene–pyrimidine-based P32 (Figure 4) with the lowest nitrogen content showed the highest HER. Nitrogen heterocycles within polymers could optimize wettability, bandgap, charge transport, and separation. Motivated by the planar configuration and strong electron-acceptor

• side chains. Different from long alkyl chains, the polymers incorporating the oligo(ethylene glycol) side chains (P48) (Figure 5) showed considerably improved charge separation and transport and could be dispersed in water without any co-solvent. Similar to the N atoms in BT units, oxygen atoms can

• -assembling pristine polymers (P52 and P53) and hydrophilic PEG45-b-PMMA103 (Figure 5). The hyperbranched Pdots yielded higher HERs (as high as 16.8 μmol·h−1 (20 mg) for P53) than the linear Pdot P52, due to the shortened charge transport pathway, 3D transport, and more negative reduction potentials of the

Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride

• Malgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Michalina Kijaczko,
• Wojciech Kukulka,
• Daria Baranowska,
• Martyna Baca,
• Beata Zielinska and
• Ewa Mijowska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 473–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.38

• pairs, (iv) improved photogenerated charge transport and separation, and (v) higher reducing ability of the photogenerated electrons. The above factors affected the 4.4-fold enhancement of the photocatalytic efficiency in hydrogen evolution in comparison to the pristine catalyst. Keywords: chlorine

• . It further indicates that Cl doping can promote transfer and separation of the photogenerated carriers [55], which agrees with the photoluminescence spectroscopy results and transient photocurrent response. The improved transport and separation can be affected by Cl atoms acting as a charge carrier

• transport bridge between the layers of carbon nitride [45][55]. The presented study revealed that the polycondensation of melamine with 2-chloro-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine leads to formation of Cl-doped polymeric carbon nitride. The presented material showed improved photocatalytic properties in the

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• ceruloplasmin (CP), both involved in metal homeostasis. They concluded that protein diversity stabilizes and controls the dissolution and transport of AgNPs. Understanding the interaction between AgNPs and corona proteins is essential to establish new in vivo studies with AgNPs [122]. The human immune system

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• intracellular target due to intracellular drug transport resistance mechanisms [10]. Additionally, the high recurrence rate in leukemia patients has been also attributed to the existence of a rare population of LSCs capable of evading drug therapies [11][12]. These CD34+CD38− LSCs, which preferentially reside

• restoring the efficacy/response, especially through evading the drug transport resistance mechanisms. In contrast to traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy, targeted therapies, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), are directed towards the molecular aberrations responsible for elevated kinase activity or

• solutes and even particulate matter [18]. Portions of the sinusoidal endothelial cells could be noticeably reduced into small fenestrae with sizes in the range of 80–150 nm, which could facilitate the paracellular MBB transport. On the other hand, their clathrin-coated pits, lysosomes, clathrin-coated

Spontaneous shape transition of Mn_xGe_1−x islands to long nanowires

• S. Javad Rezvani,
• Luc Favre,
• Gabriele Giuli,
• Yiming Wubulikasimu,
• Isabelle Berbezier,
• Augusto Marcelli,
• Luca Boarino and
• Nicola Pinto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 366–374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.30

• the wires. For instance, Au, generally used as catalyst for the growth of various semiconductor NWs, acts as a deep-level trap in germanium bulk and NWs, modifying the electronic transport properties [5]. Strain-induced elongation is a mechanism [34] that can lead to either epitaxial or endotaxial

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• graphene oxide, rGO) chemically or thermally. Through the partial removal of oxygen groups, the conductivity can be restored. Additionally, defects and vacancies are created [26]. Because of the ultra-high surface area per atom and the high electron transport along the graphene plane, rGO has a rapid and

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• by very strong thermal coupling and low quality factors [54][55]. 3 Plasmonic tetramer antennas based on single-crystalline gold flakes Used FIB-o-mat features: low-level beam path generation with optimization concerning heat transport, patterning time, and local dose. Thin flakes of single

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• ) without affecting CME and micropinocytosis [50], MBCD is not so specific. It can affect components of the transport machinery involved in multiple endocytic pathways including CME, depending on the concentration used [51]. F binds cholesterol within membranes while N perturbs cholesterol levels by

Extended iron phthalocyanine islands self-assembled on a Ge(001):H surface

• Rafal Zuzak,
• Marek Szymonski and
• Szymon Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 232–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.19

• ) phthalocyanine (FePc) molecules on a Ge(001):H surface results in monolayer islands extending over hundreds of nanometers and comprising upright-oriented entities. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy reveals a transport gap of 2.70 eV in agreement with other reports regarding isolated FePc molecules. Detailed

• STS data recorded on the islands indicated a transport gap of approximately 2.70 eV, which is in good agreement with previously reported values for isolated molecules. Since the Ge(001):H surface contains atomic-scale defects, a fraction of FePc molecules was found flat-lying and immobilized at these

TiO_x/Pt₃Ti(111) surface-directed formation of electronically responsive supramolecular assemblies of tungsten oxide clusters

• Marco Moors,
• Yun An,
• Agnieszka Kuc and
• Kirill Yu. Monakhov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 203–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.16

• Dresden-Rossendorf, Department of Reactive Transport, Institute of Resource Ecology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.12.16 Abstract Highly ordered titanium oxide films grown on a Pt3Ti(111) alloy surface were utilized for the controlled immobilization and tip-induced electric