An adapted Coffey model for studying susceptibility losses in interacting magnetic nanoparticles

• Mihaela Osaci and
• Matteo Cacciola

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2173–2182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.223

• , magnetite is considered the most favourable material in magnetic hyperthermia. At about 30 nm particle diameter the behaviour of magnetite nanoparticles changes from single-domain to multi-domain state [7], representing the critical dimension of magnetite-based nanoparticles. The tendency for agglomeration

Temperature-dependent breakdown of hydrogen peroxide-treated ZnO and TiO₂ nanoparticle agglomerates

• Sinan Sabuncu and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1897–1903, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.193

• devices due to their unique physicochemical properties. One of the major problems with their widespread implementation is their uncontrolled agglomeration. One approach to reduce agglomeration is to alter their surface chemistry with a proper functionality in an environmentally friendly way. In this study

• individual nanoparticles. It was shown that the combined effect of hydroxylation and heating enhances the dispersion of ZnO and TiO2 NPs in water. Keywords: agglomeration; hydrogen peroxide; metal oxide nanoparticles; TiO2; ZnO; Introduction Dispersion of metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) in aqueous media

• degree of the agglomeration is mostly governed by the synthesis method, which defines their surface properties. During the synthesis processes or in subsequent process steps, the agglomeration of primary particles occurs as a result of the weak bonding between NPs. These primary aggregates then form

Metal hydrides: an innovative and challenging conversion reaction anode for lithium-ion batteries

• Luc Aymard,
• Yassine Oumellal and
• Jean-Pierre Bonnet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1821–1839, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.186

• actually x = 0.26Li. The particle size cannot be reduced below 0.1 μm through grinding, because immediate agglomeration of smaller particles occurs (Figure 12b,c). So, even if crystallite size of few nanometers can be reached during grinding, the formation of agglomerates of 5 to 30 μm (consisting of

• conductive additive and a coating agent, which prevents the agglomeration of the hydride particles during grinding. A detailed study of the effect of mechanical milling on the physical/chemical and electrochemical properties compared to AB5 alloys is available in [34]. Figure 15 shows the evolution of the

• [35][36]. Note that the C-free bonds created during the fracture of the graphene layer serve as oxygen scavengers, and their agglomeration and coating of the alloy particles enable a better chemical/physical protection against oxidation [34]. Based on the milling behavior of carbonaceous material [34

NanoE-Tox: New and in-depth database concerning ecotoxicity of nanomaterials

• Katre Juganson,
• Angela Ivask,
• Irina Blinova,
• Monika Mortimer and
• Anne Kahru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1788–1804, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.183

• ENMs generally include chemical composition, purity, primary particle size, shape, surface area, coating, agglomeration and/or aggregation, hydrodynamic size in the aqueous test medium, surface charge, stability and solubility of ENMs. For the current NanoE-Tox database (Supporting Information File 2

Template-controlled mineralization: Determining film granularity and structure by surface functionality patterns

• Nina J. Blumenstein,
• Jonathan Berson,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Petia Atanasova,
• Johannes Baier,
• Joachim Bill and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1763–1768, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.180

• these sites. The ZnO particles are attracted to these polar areas. Other particles are highly mobile due to the decreased interaction with the template. They can diffuse to the immobilized ones and decrease the interfacial energy by agglomeration. The result is a coarse granular structure that can be

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biocompatibility study of Au/TMC/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites as a promising, nontoxic system for biomedical applications

• Hanieh Shirazi,
• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Soheila Kashanian and
• Kobra Omidfar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1677–1689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.170

• effect with respect to the exchange of TMC for chitosan: The TMC-coated nanoparticles exhibited a smaller diameter as compared to the chitosan-coated nanoparticles. No significant nanoparticle agglomeration was observed upon introduction of the polymers. The core–shell structure of the TMC/Fe3O4

In situ SU-8 silver nanocomposites

• Søren V. Fischer,
• Basil Uthuppu and
• Mogens H. Jakobsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1661–1665, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.168

• homogeneously distributed silver nanoparticles in the photoresist matrix. No particle growth or agglomeration of nanoparticles is observed at this point. The reported new in situ silver nanocomposite materials can be spin coated as homogeneous thin films and structured by using UV lithography. A resolution of 5

• results in further AgNP formation in the composite and not particle growth or agglomeration. The plasmonic absorption maximum is close to 435 nm and is independent of the AgNO3 precursor concentration up to 125 mg·mL−1. The AgNPs formed in the SU-8 matrix is approximately 25 nm and distributed evenly in

How decision analysis can further nanoinformatics

• Matthew E. Bates,
• Sabrina Larkin,
• Jeffrey M. Keisler and
• Igor Linkov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1594–1600, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.162

• selected as it is well suited for the classification of nanomaterials with uncertain or unavailable physiochemical properties. Five extrinsic characteristics (agglomeration, reactivity, critical functional groups, particle size and contaminant dissociation) and three factors that are dependent on the

Influence of surface chemical properties on the toxicity of engineered zinc oxide nanoparticles to embryonic zebrafish

• Zitao Zhou,
• Jino Son,
• Bryan Harper,
• Zheng Zhou and
• Stacey Harper

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1568–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.160

• capping agents or surface ligands with differing chemical properties to functionalize the surface and improve stability against agglomeration and dispersibility in a given medium [16]. These surface alterations have the potential to alter their toxicity as a result of differences in the release of Zn2

• + ions and ROS production compared to bare ZnO NPs [17][18]. In addition, the behaviour of surface functionalized ZnO NPs may vary compared to non-functionalized (bare) ZnO NPs by altering stability and/or agglomeration, potentially altering bioavailability and toxicity to aquatic organisms [18][19][20

• ][21]. While the dissolution kinetics and agglomeration state of the ZnO NPs is known to influence the toxicity of the materials, this study aimed to determine if specific intrinsic features could be used in lieu of empirical data on the material’s behaviour. Surface chemical ligands and capping agents

Possibilities and limitations of advanced transmission electron microscopy for carbon-based nanomaterials

• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1541–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.158

• is presented in Figure 4a,b. Displaced carbon atoms may form adatoms (A) on the lattice. Atomistic computer simulations predict that the reconstruction of the atomic network near vacancies and adatoms is very likely to happen, resulting in an agglomeration of 5- to 8-membered rings [44][45]. As shown

Peptide-equipped tobacco mosaic virus templates for selective and controllable biomineral deposition

• Klara Altintoprak,
• Axel Seidenstücker,
• Alexander Welle,
• Sabine Eiben,
• Petia Atanasova,
• Nina Stitz,
• Alfred Plettl,
• Joachim Bill,
• Hartmut Gliemann,
• Holger Jeske,
• Dirk Rothenstein,
• Fania Geiger and
• Christina Wege

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1399–1412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.145

• peptides KD5 or KD10 showed continuous inorganic surface coatings on every single particle, with no significant agglomeration of the virus hybrids. Furthermore, deposition on these templates was highly specific; only a low amount of non-bound silica particles had formed (Figure 4b). The templates TMV–AH

• originally identified due to their ZnO binding properties (data not shown) [60]. The agglomeration and bundle formation we found for all three respective mineralized TMV templates might be due to their aggregation before the mineralization process, as it is known for histidine-presenting TMV particles [51

The Kirkendall effect and nanoscience: hollow nanospheres and nanotubes

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Ryusuke Nakamura and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1348–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.139

• , vacancies are created and injected at the Co(core)/CoSe(shell) interface. The migration and agglomeration of vacancies result in the formation and merging of the initial voids located at the interface and extended along the Co core (Figure 4a). The increase in size of these voids was found to lead to the

Heterometal nanoparticles from Ru-based molecular clusters covalently anchored onto functionalized carbon nanotubes and nanofibers

• Deborah Vidick,
• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Michel Devillers,
• Claude Poleunis,
• Arnaud Delcorte,
• Pietro Moggi,
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo and
• Sophie Hermans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1287–1297, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.133

• the nanocarbon surface. The ligands of the anchored molecular species are then removed by gentle thermal treatment in order to form nanoparticles. In the case of Au-containing clusters, removal of gold atoms from the clusters and agglomeration leads to a bimodal distribution of nanoparticles at the

• agglomeration, and in particular, their characterization at atomic resolution to prove their bimetal nature within individual nanoparticles. In order to test their potential application in catalysis, the carbon-supported nanoparticles are evaluated in ammonia synthesis, as a reference reaction with mature

• observation to the fact that XPS behaves as a bulk elemental analysis technique for MWNTs. After thermal activation, most M/C ratio values decrease slightly, indicating that agglomeration occurred but to a limited extent. This process is more important for Au-based clusters (clusters 5 to 8). The Ru/M ratios

Tattoo ink nanoparticles in skin tissue and fibroblasts

• Colin A. Grant,
• Peter C. Twigg,
• Richard Baker and
• Desmond J. Tobin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1183–1191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.120

• agglomeration behaviour of the particles will be strongly influenced by the in vivo conditions in tattooing, or the in vitro conditions in cell culture. Agglomeration due to electrochemical processes can reduce the effective number of particles by orders of magnitude and this will have a profound effect on how

• the particles are dealt with by cells and tissues. AFM scanning of the tattoo ink that was adhered to the glass slide was carried out in order to isolate and measure the smallest particle size, as well as to explore agglomeration behaviour. In AFM imaging, the amplitude (error) image often gives

• agglomeration level rather than a wide range of primary particle sizes. It is also noted that images of ink particles on the control glass slide are remarkably similar to the images of the tattoo ink in the dermis (c.f. Figure 1b and Figure 3c). It should be noted that these images are of surfaces, sectioned

Magnetic properties of iron cluster/chromium matrix nanocomposites

• Arne Fischer,
• Robert Kruk,
• Di Wang and
• Horst Hahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1158–1163, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.117

• resolution depends on the cluster size and can be estimated to be better than 1/10 for the utilized clusters. Prior to deposition the clusters are decelerated to 50 eV and then soft-landed on a silicon substrate with a native oxide layer (still conducting). To avoid migration and agglomeration of the

• EFTEM micrograph clearly shows that the Fe clusters are evenly distributed in the matrix and no significant agglomeration occurs. In the STEM image individual Fe clusters are clearly visible. Their size can be estimated to be roughly 3 nm which matches the expected 2.8 nm. Additional diffraction data

Protein corona – from molecular adsorption to physiological complexity

• Lennart Treuel,
• Dominic Docter,
• Michael Maskos and
• Roland H. Stauber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 857–873, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.88

• composition and the latest findings that help to shed light on temporal evolution of the full serum corona for the first time. Finally, we discuss the most recent advances regarding the molecular-scale mechanistic role of the protein corona in cellular uptake of NPs. Keywords: agglomeration; corona

• to high electrolyte concentrations and sometimes even due to interaction with biomolecules. Not only do the subsequent agglomeration processes lead to a loss of accessible surface area, they also lead to changes in diffusion properties and, in case of larger agglomerates, give rise to sedimentation

• [41]. This becomes a critical problem in many in vitro studies, in which the actual dose rate to the cells may be strongly affected by agglomeration kinetics and subsequent sedimentation rates rather than the original NP concentration [41]. Particle size and surface curvature have also been identified

Influence of gold, silver and gold–silver alloy nanoparticles on germ cell function and embryo development

• Ulrike Taylor,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Wilfried A. Kues,
• Stephan Barcikowski and
• Detlef Rath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 651–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.66

• toxic potential of gold as well as silver nanoparticles showing a decrease in toxicity with increasing agglomeration, i.e., particle size [95][96]. Internalisation of nanoparticles into the embryos in a concentration dependent manner was also a consistent finding [83][90]. Oxidative stress was confirmed

Structural, optical, opto-thermal and thermal properties of ZnS–PVA nanofluids synthesized through a radiolytic approach

• Alireza Kharazmi,
• Nastaran Faraji,
• Roslina Mat Hussin,
• Elias Saion,
• W. Mahmood Mat Yunus and
• Kasra Behzad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 529–536, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.55

• optoelectronics [2], lasers [3] and solar cells [4]. During the fabrication of devices that utilize semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs), such as ZnS NPs, the tendency of particles to agglomerate needs to be taken into consideration. The use of organic polymers as a host can help to prevent agglomeration and

• : Thiosulfate ions (S2O32−) were obtained by dissolving sodium thiosulfate (NaS2O3) in the PVA solution. Equation 5 and Equation 6 indicate the agglomeration of ZnS NPs. The PVA matrix limits this agglomeration and leads to a smaller NP size. The first noticeable hint to the formation of ZnS is the change of

Pulmonary surfactant augments cytotoxicity of silica nanoparticles: Studies on an in vitro air–blood barrier model

• Jennifer Y. Kasper,
• Lisa Feiden,
• Maria I. Hermanns,
• Christoph Bantz,
• Michael Maskos,
• Ronald E. Unger and
• C. James Kirkpatrick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 517–528, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.54

• agglomeration behavior, their only differentiating property is their surface chemistry. This makes the selected samples appropriate candidates for a comparison of the influence of the surface properties on particle toxicity. In presence of Alveofact® (Lyomark Pharma), large agglomerates of a few hundred

• dispersing the freeze-dried surfactant mixture is not suitable to achieve solvation of the lipoproteins on the molecular level; even colloidally stabilized lipid/protein agglomerates are not reached. Furthermore, the study of the agglomeration behavior of silica nanoparticles in the presence of proteins is

Influence of size, shape and core–shell interface on surface plasmon resonance in Ag and Ag@MgO nanoparticle films deposited on Si/SiO_x

• Sergio D’Addato,
• Daniele Pinotti,
• Maria Chiara Spadaro,
• Guido Paolicelli,
• Vincenzo Grillo,
• Sergio Valeri,
• Luca Pasquali,
• Luca Bergamini and
• Stefano Corni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 404–413, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.40

• caused by diffusion on the surface and agglomeration. Atomic resolution TEM gave evidence of the presence of crystalline multidomains in the NPs, which were due to aggregation and multitwinning occurring during NP growth in the nanocluster source. Co-deposition of Ag NPs and Mg atoms in an oxygen

• films show a drastically different morphology. In Figure 1c the presence of sparse agglomeration on the Si/SiOx substrate with variable size can be observed. Some single NPs can be also distinguished. Within the agglomerates (which can be as large as d = 80 nm) a granular structure can be observed due

• NPs [22][23][28][33], can be ascribed to the dynamics of NP growth. In particular, it was found that formation of icosahedra is favoured at fast quenching rates for fcc metal NPs [33][34][35]. Interestingly, diffusion and agglomeration of the as-deposited Ag NPs could be observed in situ during TEM

Nanoporous Ge thin film production combining Ge sputtering and dopant implantation

• Jacques Perrin Toinin,
• Alain Portavoce,
• Khalid Hoummada,
• Michaël Texier,
• Maxime Bertoglio,
• Sandrine Bernardini,
• Marco Abbarchi and
• Lee Chow

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 336–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.32

• island formation or agglomeration at a temperature below the melting temperature of the film material. This phenomenon is generally undesirable in the field of micro- or nano-technology [34] yet has been reported to be interesting for the fabrication of nanocrystals. A wide range of materials can be used

Comparative evaluation of the impact on endothelial cells induced by different nanoparticle structures and functionalization

• Lisa Landgraf,
• Ines Müller,
• Peter Ernst,
• Miriam Schäfer,
• Christina Rosman,
• Isabel Schick,
• Oskar Köhler,
• Hartmut Oehring,
• Vladimir V. Breus,
• Thomas Basché,
• Carsten Sönnichsen,
• Wolfgang Tremel and
• Ingrid Hilger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 300–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.28

• ]. Indeed, iron oxide nanoparticles with a positively charged surface coating showed a higher uptake level but also a lower stability compared to negative and neutral particles [53]. The stronger agglomeration behavior of positively or neutrally charged nanoparticles was also detectable in our studies and

Release behaviour and toxicity evaluation of levodopa from carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes

• Julia M. Tan,
• Jhi Biau Foo,
• Sharida Fakurazi and
• Mohd Zobir Hussein

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 243–253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.23

• agglomeration of cells with CNTs [32]. This is because CNTs tend to agglomerate into bundle-like clusters due to their hydrophobic surfaces, therefore, the growth of cells can be inhibited by the CNT agglomerates at high concentration. In order to elucidate the cell interaction with the nanohybrid, further

The distribution and degradation of radiolabeled superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots in mice

• Denise Bargheer,
• Artur Giemsa,
• Barbara Freund,
• Markus Heine,
• Christian Waurisch,
• Gordon M. Stachowski,
• Stephen G. Hickey,
• Alexander Eychmüller,
• Jörg Heeren and
• Peter Nielsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 111–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.11

• . In MRI, the correlation of the relaxation times to the local nanoparticle concentrations is difficult due to possible agglomeration, where the increase of hydrodynamic diameters caused by opsonization and the difficulty in the quantification of the degradation and the cellular uptake of particles [22

Materials and characterization techniques for high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

• Roswitha Zeis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 68–83, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.8

• nanoparticles onto carbon nanotubes, preventing agglomeration and detachment from the substrate. GDEs based on this type of material were prepared simply by vacuum filtration of a suspension of isopropanol and polymer-wrapped carbon nanotubes. The GDL, a carbon paper, was used as a filter. The GDEs were