The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• images. The advantage over the algorithms applied earlier was that nonlinear boundaries could be set between the different clusters of behavior. This network succeeded in identifying the ferroelectric behavior from the maps at different temperatures for temperature differences as small as 5 °C. A shallow

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• fluid drift, form clusters, and attract or repel one another [90]. The acoustic radiation force can be traced back to the publication of Lord Rayleigh in 1902, which was called “the pressure of vibrations” [91]. The radiation force exerted by sound waves was first measured by Altberg [91][92] and the

Silver nanoparticles nucleated in NaOH-treated halloysite: a potential antimicrobial material

• Yuri B. Matos,
• Rodrigo S. Romanus,
• Mattheus Torquato,
• Edgar H. de Souza,
• Rodrigo L. Villanova,
• Marlene Soares and
• Emilson R. Viana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 798–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.63

• , displaying fewer particle clusters and far more nanoscaled dots, suggesting a better dispersion of particles in the LDPE matrix. The antimicrobial properties of Ag-NPs are associated with the release of Ag+ ions [39] and this release is correlated with the surface energy of nanoparticles. Thus, the higher

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• cultured nerve cells to connect disconnected nerve clusters. It can guide the direction of axon growth and selectively reconstruct neural networks in vitro. The micro/nanorobot can be used as a basis for the targeted delivery of nerve cells and the formation of active neural networks in vitro, thereby

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• of clusters in the microvasculature with high velocity, actuating forces, and accessing rates. In addition, the swarms can be broken up when necessary to enter the microvasculature and avoid thrombosis. Length and distribution of the fragmentation were controlled, and the process was reversible. At

Prediction of Co and Ru nanocluster morphology on 2D MoS₂ from interaction energies

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 704–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.56

• stability of metal clusters on MoS2, and how these interactions change in the presence of a sulfur vacancy, to develop insight to allow for a prediction of thin film morphology. The strength of interaction between the metals and MoS2 is in the order Co > Ru. The competition between metal–substrate and metal

• on MoS2 showed how Cu can take different structures depending on the number of Cu atoms and whether the TMD is stoichiometric or defective. In the present study, we will expand the knowledge gained from our previous work on Cu on MoS2 and apply it to the adsorption of small Con and Run clusters on an

• clusters (n = 1–4) on a single ML of MoS2. Based on this understanding, alongside the magnitude of metal–substrate and metal–metal interactions we will be able to predict the morphology of Co and Ru thin films on 2D MoS2. We have previously studied 2D and 3D Cu clusters on TaN, where we determined that

Electromigration-induced formation of percolating adsorbate islands during condensation from the gaseous phase: a computational study

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 694–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.55

• the formation of nanoscale clusters of point defects in solids exposed to irradiating sources [69][70][71][72][73]. Electromigration effects The main purpose of this work is to study the effect of electromigration on the dynamics of surface growth during deposition, its morphology, and statistical

• modulations will result in a stationary spatial configuration of the field x(r) with high- and low-density states, leading to pattern formation. For the system under consideration these conditions are responsible for the formation of separated adsorbate clusters (nanodots on the substrate) or separated holes

• obtained in the framework of numerical simulations for which percolating clusters of adsorbate are realized, by squares and the dashed line. Insets correspond to typical patterns in different domains of the stability diagram. Hence, an increase in an adsorption rate from the critical value αc(ε,β) leads to

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• previous NMR observation on the CYS oxidation to cystine during Ag cluster nucleation [60], the experiments presented here also indicate the conversion of GSH to GSSG during the nucleation of Ag clusters with subsequent AgNP synthesis. Conclusion The evaluation of NP behaviour in biological media is a

Properties of graphene deposited on GaN nanowires: influence of nanowire roughness, self-induced nanogating and defects

• Jakub Kierdaszuk,
• Piotr Kaźmierczak,
• Justyna Grzonka,
• Aleksandra Krajewska,
• Aleksandra Przewłoka,
• Wawrzyniec Kaszub,
• Zbigniew R. Zytkiewicz,
• Marta Sobanska,
• Maria Kamińska,
• Andrzej Wysmołek and
• Aneta Drabińska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 566–577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.47

• number representing their variations in height. The detailed parameters of the samples are included in Table 1. In the first sample (thereafter named as N0) the NWs had a similar height of approx. 900 nm and their average density was approx. 140 µm−2. However, they formed clusters containing several

• and N100 samples, a different distribution of the RGD ratio, which reflects defect density on the surface, is observed (Figure 6a–c). In case the of graphene transferred onto NWs with equal height, clusters of NWs locally interact with graphene stronger than with areas between them, whereas a large

Influence of electrospray deposition on C₆₀ molecular assemblies

• Antoine Hinaut,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Sara Freund,
• Zhao Liu,
• Thilo Glatzel and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 552–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.45

• ][25][28] and metal oxide semiconductors [23][24], while large three-dimensional molecular islands or clusters have been revealed on ionic crystals or bulk insulators [22][26][27][29]. Most of the studies have been performed after thermal evaporation (TE) of C60 from a crucible, but C60 is also one of

• terraces or along step edges. A zoom on such a cluster is shown in Figure 3d. The presence of these small clusters indicates a low diffusion of the C60 molecules, contrary to the TE deposition. At higher coverages, but still below one monolayer, C60 molecules form islands dispersed on the surface, as shown

• corresponding to small clusters of molecules. The possibility to perform HV-ESD on a NiO surface is of interest for the elaboration of p-type solar cell devices [36][37][48]. The nc-AFM topography image of Figure 4b is obtained after HV-ESD of C60 on a clean NiO(001) surface. Even though the high-quality

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of water in aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles

• Paulina Filipczak,
• Krzysztof Hałagan,
• Jacek Ulański and
• Marcin Kozanecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 497–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.40

• of water molecules) and models of water as a mixture of discrete species (water clusters) [5][6][7][8]. It is difficult to choose between them because the spatial network of hydrogen bonds has features of both continuous and discrete models. The broad Raman band of water located in the range of 3000

• ) under an applied negative potential [30][31][32]. In these studies, special surface complexes involving “metal adatoms (clusters), halide ions, cations, and water” were responsible for the observed SERS effect [32][33]. The spectra presented there were different from the typical Raman spectrum of liquid

Reconstruction of a 2D layer of KBr on Ir(111) and electromechanical alteration by graphene

• Zhao Liu,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Stefan Peeters,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Maria Clelia Righi and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 432–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.35

• system and of slightly modified ones (21 × 2, 12 × , and 12 × 2) gave the best results in terms of system stability only for modified structural arrangements of the KBr layer. Clusters of three KBr units are periodically formed to minimize the overall adsorption energy. The calculated adsorption energy

• special interaction and reconstruction of this system, the experimental results are not reproduced in all details. Therefore, a periodic 4 × 2 cell was utilized including such a cluster to relax and optimize the structure presented in Figure 3. The structure is built up by repeating KBr clusters forming

• some small KBr clusters at the edge of the graphene sheets as indicated by the white dashed line in Figure 4a. A clear moiré pattern is observed on the bare graphene surfaces on Ir(111) in high-resolution measurements as presented in Figure 4b and as expected for GR/Ir(111) [47][48][49]. However

Colloidal particle aggregation: mechanism of assembly studied via constructal theory modeling

• Scott C. Bukosky,
• Sukrith Dev,
• Monica S. Allen and
• Jeffery W. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 413–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.33

• -cleaning devices [12]. It was concluded that the maximum collection rate was achieved when the aerosol particles first formed into clusters and then dendrites in order to balance their electrostatic forces. The aggregation of colloidal particles (small particles or droplets typically between 10 nm and 10

• alternating clusters and singlets, where: and Compared to the initial particle configuration, it can be deduced from Equation 10 and Equation 11 that the van der Waals effect decreases for non-uniform aggregation (F13;vdW/F11;vdW = 0.625), while the double layer effect exhibits a new exponential dependence

• from the formation of the particle clusters. Equations 5–11 can now be expanded in order to describe particle assembly in two dimensions. Aggregation in two dimensions Next, we consider two variations of an infinite, two-dimensional (2D) array of particles, that is, a uniform square lattice and a

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• to the WO3 conduction band. When considering the possible mechanism of the influence of nickel on the sensory properties of the Ni/rGO/WO3 composite, in addition to selective catalytic activity, it is also possible to refer to the existing explanation for the interaction of clusters of metal

TiO_x/Pt₃Ti(111) surface-directed formation of electronically responsive supramolecular assemblies of tungsten oxide clusters

• Marco Moors,
• Yun An,
• Agnieszka Kuc and
• Kirill Yu. Monakhov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 203–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.16

• field-triggered electronic manipulation of nanoscopic W3O9 clusters. Depending on the operating conditions, two different stable oxide phases, z’-TiOx and w’-TiOx, were produced. These phases show a strong effect on the adsorption characteristics and reactivity of W3O9 clusters, which are formed as a

• significant points of focus for their integration into practical devices. In fact, the economically ideal way to obtain molecule-based devices would be the propensity of surface-deposited molecular metal-oxide clusters to self-assemble toward stable and reproducible functional supramolecular structures [8

• titanium oxide layers grown on a Pt3Ti(111) surface. The given case study with the nanoscopic W3O9 clusters as the main components of tungsten trioxide vapor, which have been evidenced by mass spectrometric studies [9][10], showcases remarkable TiOx/Pt3Ti(111)-directed reactivity of W3O9 to hierarchical

Imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells by helium ion microscopy

• Natalie Frese,
• Patrick Schmerer,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Matthias Schürmann,
• Matthias König,
• Michael Westphal,
• Friedemann Weber,
• Holger Sudhoff and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 172–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.13

• presented here not only allow for the quantification of particles and clusters, but also enable an unveiled view on the interaction of virus particles with the cell membrane. The presented particle cluster seems to have a coalesced appearance, which might be caused by the virus–virus and virus–membrane

• (a3), clusters of virus particles (arrow) and junctions (arrowheads) between the virus particle and the cell membrane become visible. (b1–3) Different magnifications of an infected cell (FOV 18 µm, 2 µm, and 850 nm). While some of the virus particles appear to be bound to the cell membrane (arrowheads

Fusion of purple membranes triggered by immobilization on carbon nanomembranes

• René Riedel,
• Natalie Frese,
• Fang Yang,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Raphael Dalpke,
• Daniel Rhinow,
• Norbert Hampp and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 93–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.8

• distributed patch islands at low OD, or large patch clusters at high OD. The drop has been preserved in a small container along with a small vessel filled with water to prevent drying. A coverage rate of more than 90% could be achieved, but AFM imaging has shown that a higher coverage rate is associated with

• a higher rate of multilayers and PM clusters. To decrease the number of clusters, both OD and drop size have been reduced as larger drops lead to higher coverage rates due to increasing amounts of WT PM per unit area. In order to improve the deposition and to gain well-oriented WT PM, as shown in

• (Figure 1h) were used. Unlike the WT PM, c-His PM tends to form clusters rather than a monolayer. This might be explained by the fact that the c-His PM has oppositely charged sides, which makes them attract and adsorb to each other [28]. Attempts to solve this problem by using a buffer solution to shield

The role of gold atom concentration in the formation of Cu–Au nanoparticles from the gas phase

• Yuri Ya. Gafner,
• Svetlana L. Gafner,
• Darya A. Ryzkova and
• Andrey V. Nomoev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 72–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.6

• MD simulation, it was concluded that an increase in the percentage of gold atoms in the initial vapor phase led to a decrease in the size of the synthesized nanoparticles. In addition, it was found that clusters with a size of more than 400–500 atoms, regardless of the chemical composition of the

• formation of ordered nanosized alloys with a total gold content of 87.4%. In a previous work [8], cubic Cu–Au nanoparticles were obtained through the polyol reduction method with a good control of the size of the resulting clusters. The authors of [8] argued that in the case of Cu3Au and Au3Cu compositions

• . This fact is explained by the lack of systematic studies to determine the composition of chemically grown Cu–Au nanoparticles, at the level of single particles, to distinguish between real and nominal compositions obtained in a large ensemble of synthesized clusters. It was experimentally found that

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• clusters in microbes [47] or mitochondria [48] by HIM-SIMS. Nevertheless, the current mass resolution of the spectrometers allows for several interesting applications in biology, which comprise biomineralisation, microbial corrosion, and interactions between nanoparticles and cells or tissues. Alternative

Nanocasting synthesis of BiFeO₃ nanoparticles with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Thomas Cadenbach,
• Maria J. Benitez,
• A. Lucia Morales,
• Cesar Costa Vera,
• Luis Lascano,
• Francisco Quiroz,
• Alexis Debut and
• Karla Vizuete

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1822–1833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.164

• heating. In addition, the presence of Bi3+ in acidic aqueous solutions leads to the formation of polynuclear cationic species. Once a thermal treatment at 500 °C is applied, those clusters decompose into α- and β-Bi2O3 by-products, which are not observed when an intermediate heating step is carried out

Molecular dynamics modeling of the influence forming process parameters on the structure and morphology of a superconducting spin valve

• Alexander Vakhrushev,
• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Vladimir Boian,
• Roman Morari and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1776–1788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.160

• size of the deposited clusters and does not always have time to rebuild upon direct contact with the surface. Due to the effects that arise, inhomogeneity, dislocations, and voids can occur in the material. The deviations in the constructed composition in the upper layers of the nanocomposite were due

The influence of an interfacial hBN layer on the fluorescence of an organic molecule

• Christine Brülke,
• Oliver Bauer and
• Moritz M. Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1663–1684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.149

• 14,750 cm−1, respectively, while FLA and FLC were still present (not shown). The Y line was assigned to the 0–0 transition of the PTCDA bulk phase [67]. Thus, the co-existence of the Y line and FLA and FLC is consistent with the formation of bulk-like clusters at a coverage of 4.60 ML. Likewise, on hBN

Oxidation of Au/Ag films by oxygen plasma: phase separation and generation of nanoporosity

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Said A. Mansour,
• Mujaheed Pasha,
• Atef Zekri,
• Janarthanan Ponraj,
• Akshath Shetty and
• Yousef Haik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1608–1614, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.143

•  8). In the early stages of oxidation, silver diffuses toward the surface where it nucleates and forms clusters (Figure 8a). When Ag reaches the film surface the diffusion is expected to become limited due to two factors: (1) the presence of oxygen which traps Ag during the oxidation process

• , resulting in a mobility decrease at the surface; and (2) the high porosity of the film which serves as a support for the surface diffusion of silver. The clusters formed during the early stages of the process serve as nucleation sites which grow into larger spheres as the oxidation process evolves. The

Optically and electrically driven nanoantennas

• Monika Fleischer,
• Dai Zhang and
• Alfred J. Meixner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1542–1545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.136

• deposition [41], or on dense silver island films created by pulsed laser deposition [42] or physical vapor deposition [43]. In [44], individual plasmonic nanotags are prepared by coating gold nanoparticle clusters with Raman reporters. This work explores the minimum number of tags required for obtaining a

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• between the connected Ir clusters. The SEM cross-section measurements show that the film has an average thickness of approx. 12 nm (see inset of Figure 2). The fabricated nanoparticles show a good compromise between process complexity and surface coverage with nanoparticles. With this bottom-up approach