Cubic chemically ordered FeRh and FeCo nanomagnets prepared by mass-selected low-energy cluster-beam deposition: a comparative study

• Veronique Dupuis,
• Anthony Robert,
• Arnaud Hillion,
• Ghassan Khadra,
• Nils Blanc,
• Damien Le Roy,
• Florent Tournus,
• Clement Albin,
• Olivier Boisron and
• Alexandre Tamion

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1850–1860, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.177

• energy to reach its thermodynamic equilibrium [1]. Considering chemical syntheses, Jia et al. [7] have shown that the coalescence of initially 4–5 nm FeRh NPs to structures of 20 nm in diameter after annealing is necessary to observe AF–FM transition in chemically ordered NPs. Recently, a strong

• protect the sample from oxidation but also to allow vacuum high-temperature annealing and so to reach the equilibrium phase without coalescence of the NPs. To characterise the structure of the clusters by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we prepared discontinuous thin layers of NPs deposited on an

Functionalized platinum nanoparticles with surface charge trigged by pH: synthesis, characterization and stability studies

• Giovanna Testa,
• Laura Fontana,
• Iole Venditti and
• Ilaria Fratoddi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1822–1828, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.175

• , such as an organic thiol, is present in solution, it gives rise to a passivation layer that hinders the coalescence and precipitation, allowing the colloidal suspension to remain stable [22]. Among reducing agents, hydrazine and sodium borohydride are the most commonly used but also natural-origin

Three-gradient regular solution model for simple liquids wetting complex surface topologies

• Sabine Akerboom,
• Marleen Kamperman and
• Frans A. M. Leermakers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1377–1396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.129

• shape, do not take molecular details into account, and often require the contact angle as input parameter. Furthermore, air entrapment and coalescence [29] cannot be obtained by solving the Young–Laplace equation, and surfaces with re-entrant curvatures give impossible solutions [29]. Phase field

On the pathway of cellular uptake: new insight into the interaction between the cell membrane and very small nanoparticles

• Claudia Messerschmidt,
• Daniel Hofmann,
• Anja Kroeger,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder and
• Ingo Lieberwirth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1296–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.121

• assume that this large area coverage hinders the final vesicle pinch-off from the cell membrane. The additional silica layer on the cell membrane prevents the intimate membrane–membrane contact necessary for the coalescence of the membrane lipid bilayer at the point of pinch-off. Furthermore, the

Development of highly faceted reduced graphene oxide-coated copper oxide and copper nanoparticles on a copper foil surface

• Rebeca Ortega-Amaya,
• Yasuhiro Matsumoto,
• Andrés M. Espinoza-Rivas,
• Manuel A. Pérez-Guzmán and
• Mauricio Ortega-López

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1010–1017, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.93

• diffuse on the partially melted surface to agglomerate and coalesce and so to form bigger nanostructures. During coalescence, rGO catalytically decomposes producing carbon oxygenated species (epoxide, COOH, C–OH, CO2 and CO) and water vapor [28]. Once the nanoparticles attain a certain size, the rGO

• sheets rearrange at the nanoparticle surface to produce a hermetic rGO coating for Cu2O or CuNPs (Figure 3). It is thought that, at 800–1000 °C, carbonaceous species produced during coalescence could establish carbon supersaturation conditions at the partially melted particle surface, and then to promote

• polydisperse rGO-Cu and rGO-Cu2ONPs were obtained, some of them displayed a highly faceted morphology. Temperatures lower than 1000 °C resulted in particles 5–170 nm in size with irregular shapes. The considerable dispersion in size and shape can be attributed to nanoparticle coalescence, as indicated by the

Templated green synthesis of plasmonic silver nanoparticles in onion epidermal cells suitable for surface-enhanced Raman and hyper-Raman scattering

• Marta Espina Palanco,
• Klaus Bo Mogensen,
• Marina Gühlke,
• Zsuzsanna Heiner,
• Janina Kneipp and
• Katrin Kneipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 834–840, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.75

• absorption measurements in this study show a band at 270 nm, confirming the existence of Ag42+ clusters, which, via intermediate larger clusters, eventually form metallic particles Agn [27]. From these small metal particles, plasmonic silver particles grow by coalescence [27][28]. The dark red color of the

Orientation of FePt nanoparticles on top of a-SiO₂/Si(001), MgO(001) and sapphire(0001): effect of thermal treatments and influence of substrate and particle size

• Martin Schilling,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Zaoli Zhang,
• Johannes Biskupek,
• Ute Kaiser and
• Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 591–604, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.52

• coalescence, growth or Ostwald ripening by annealing can be completely avoided [15]. In the present study we investigate the possibility of a structural (re)orientation of FePt NPs and thin films on a-SiO2/Si(001), MgO(001), and sapphire(0001) after different in situ annealing steps by HRTEM and RHEED

• marked by blue circles belong to the sapphire substrate as above. After annealing at 530 °C for 30 min and 600 °C for 30 min, the vertical width of the (111) feature sharpens, whereas no significant change in the other parts of the pattern is observed. The absence of particle coalescence induced by

• as the absence of any particle coalescence during the annealing up to temperatures of 650 °C. The height distribution of the nanoparticles (right panel of Figure 10) yields an average value of 2.7 ± 0.7 nm identical to the as-prepared value. Thus, thermal evaporation of the FePt NPs during annealing

Characterization of spherical domains at the polystyrene thin film–water interface

• Khurshid Ahmad,
• Xuezeng Zhao,
• Yunlu Pan and
• Danish Hussain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.51

• were studied and characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The study showed that these domains have similar characteristics to micro- and nanobubbles, such as a spherical shape, smaller contact angle, low line tension, and they exhibit phase contrast and the coalescence phenomenon. However

• films. This study employs AFM and optical microscopy to characterize the spherical-shaped domains that readily nucleate on the PS film after immersion in DI water. The radius, height, contact angle (CA) and line tension are analyzed in detail. The coalescence, stiffness and phase contrast analysis were

• magnitude of the line tension of these objects is several orders of magnitude larger (30 nN to 800 nN) than some of the previously reported values of the line tension for nanobubbles [19][33][35]. However, the magnitude is still within the range proposed in other studies (10 pN to 10 µN) [35]. Coalescence

In situ observation of deformation processes in nanocrystalline face-centered cubic metals

• Aaron Kobler,
• Christian Brandl,
• Horst Hahn and
• Christian Kübel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 572–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.50

• rotations, which are accommodated along GBs. Our observations are in line with previous work on NC Pt [34] and NC Ni [45]. Focusing on the large angle crystallite rotations (0–65°), Figure 4b shows the coalescence of two Σ3 boundaries (white/blue dashed lines at 0%) to one Σ9 boundary (white/red dashed line

• schematic shows a single twin domain (T1) in a grain. The twin-in-twin morphology, a secondary twin (T2) developed in the primary twin domain (T1), is shown in the middle schematic. The lower schematic shows the coalescence of two twin boundaries of two distinct twin variant disorientations, T1 and T2

• coalescence of two crystallites with an initial disorientation of ≈4–7° at 0% strain. During deformation (at 1.1% strain), the disorientation between the crystallites partially disappears predominantly by the ≈4° rotation of the lower grain relative to its environment (Figure 5c). Grain boundary migration can

Two step formation of metal aggregates by surface X-ray radiolysis under Langmuir monolayers: 2D followed by 3D growth

• Smita Mukherjee,
• Marie-Claude Fauré,
• Michel Goldmann and
• Philippe Fontaine

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2406–2411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.247

• oriented 2D crystals, the irradiation induced the in-plane coalescence of these 2D crystals. One then obtains a 2D crystal with a surface area of approximately 10 µm2 with thickness of about 4.5 nm (equal to the X-ray penetration depth) [4]. However, the surface energy of the two surfaces of this platelet

The Kirkendall effect and nanoscience: hollow nanospheres and nanotubes

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Ryusuke Nakamura and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1348–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.139

• region will be more extended within metal B and vacancies will be injected at the interface region within metal A (Figure 2b). The coalescence of excess of vacancies leads to the formation of small voids distributed all along the interface. As the annealing process progresses in time, vacancies will be

• multiple supersaturated vacancy clouds all over the metal/metal oxide interface along the wire axis which, in a further stage, condense and form multiple separated small voids within the metal core (Figure 9b,c) [63]. The coalescence of voids is the final mechanism occurring during the synthesis, which

Tunable magnetism on the lateral mesoscale by post-processing of Co/Pt heterostructures

• Oleksandr V. Dobrovolskiy,
• Maksym Kompaniiets,
• Roland Sachser,
• Fabrizio Porrati,
• Christian Gspan,
• Harald Plank and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1082–1090, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.109

• activated oxidation of carbon at the Pt/C interface occurs, leading to the formation of CO and a reorganization and coalescence of Pt nanocrystallites by surface diffusion. The latter, in turn, results in a nanoporous morphology, which is clearly seen in the SEM images of samples B and C in the insets to

Characterization of nanostructured ZnO thin films deposited through vacuum evaporation

• Jose Alberto Alvarado,
• Arturo Maldonado,
• Héctor Juarez,
• Mauricio Pacio and
• Rene Perez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 971–975, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.100

• physical change, and this is correlated to the reorganization of the particles in a preferential way, activating the boundaries of the nanoparticles. As shown in Figure 2d inset, the heat treatment provokes coalescence and the rapid formation of worm-shaped nanostructured thin films. According to Figure 3

• reorganization and coalescence of the nanoparticles and the formation of the worm-shape nanostructured thin films. In these films, a lot of space at the substrate is unoccupied by these nanostructures. Thus, it is assumed that the crystallization is improved when the temperature increases. The shoulder that

Automatic morphological characterization of nanobubbles with a novel image segmentation method and its application in the study of nanobubble coalescence

• Yuliang Wang,
• Huimin Wang,
• Shusheng Bi and
• Bin Guo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 952–963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.98

• of density, covered area, and volume occurring during coalescence under external disturbance. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; characterization; coalescence; nanobubbles; segmentation; Introduction Over the last ten years, spherical-capped bubbles on various hydrophobic surfaces in aqueous

• -range attractive hydrophobic forces [19][20]. The coalescence of NBs on hydrophobic surfaces is believed to form a gas bridge and leads to long-range attractive forces [19][21]. They are also believed to be the reason for the breakdown of the no-slip boundary condition at the solid–liquid interface on

• out. Moreover, the method was applied to evaluate the morphological changes occurring during coalescence. Experimental NB imaging A sample was prepared by spin coating a thin film of PS on a silicon (100) substrate at a speed of 500 rpm. The substrate was cleaned in a sonic bath of acetone and then

Influence of size, shape and core–shell interface on surface plasmon resonance in Ag and Ag@MgO nanoparticle films deposited on Si/SiO_x

• Sergio D’Addato,
• Daniele Pinotti,
• Maria Chiara Spadaro,
• Guido Paolicelli,
• Vincenzo Grillo,
• Sergio Valeri,
• Luca Pasquali,
• Luca Bergamini and
• Stefano Corni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 404–413, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.40

• originated by the coalescence process, in accordance with the experimental observations (see Figure 2). The plasmon resonance linked to the nanospheres and the minor axes of the nanospheroids causes the deep recess (minimum) around 3.5 eV, which slightly blue-shifted with respect to the film thickness ratio

Properties of plasmonic arrays produced by pulsed-laser nanostructuring of thin Au films

• Katarzyna Grochowska,
• Katarzyna Siuzdak,
• Peter A. Atanasov,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Anna Dikovska,
• Nikolay N. Nedyalkov and
• Gerard Śliwiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2102–2112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.219

• coalescence both result in the formation of the NP structure. The final geometry and NP distribution depends on the surface tension forces at equilibrium characterized by a minimal ratio of the NP surface-area-to-volume [31]. The short-range order observed for structures in Figure 1a–c confirms the NP self

The impact of the confinement of reactants on the metal distribution in bimetallic nanoparticles synthesized in reverse micelles

• Concha Tojo,
• Elena González and
• Nuria Vila-Romeu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1966–1979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.206

• the same micelle due to micelle collisions and coalescence. The chemical reaction can then take place to form precipitates of nanometric size, which remain confined to the interior of reverse micelles. This approach has been used to prepare a variety of nanomaterials [6][11][12][13][14][15] that often

Current state of laser synthesis of metal and alloy nanoparticles as ligand-free reference materials for nano-toxicological assays

• Christoph Rehbock,
• Jurij Jakobi,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Selina van der Meer,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wilfried Kues,
• Detlef Rath and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1523–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.165

• a process named delayed bioconjugation (fast ex situ bioconjugation) [92][93]. To this end laser ablation is carried out in a flow through reactor, while biomolecules are added at specified time delays. As gold nanoparticles generated in a carrier stream tend to grow on, possibly due to coalescence

• a defined surface area, inhibiting further growth and coalescence (Figure 5B) [81]. Next to gold nanoparticles, size control of less noble metal nanoparticles like silver or AuAg alloys may also be relevant for toxicological assays, as particle size, which goes along with changes in curvature and

Purification of ethanol for highly sensitive self-assembly experiments

• Kathrin Barbe,
• Martin Kind,
• Christian Pfeiffer and
• Andreas Terfort

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1254–1260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.139

• increasing gold content. This is probably due to partial melting and subsequent coalescence of the gold-NPs [39], which results in a smaller surface to bulk ratio, i.e., a lower fraction of thiol binding sites. In contrast to this, the dodecanethiol uptake capacity of zeolite-supported gold-NPs pyrolyzed at

Oriented attachment explains cobalt ferrite nanoparticle growth in bioinspired syntheses

• Annalena Wolff,
• Walid Hetaba,
• Marco Wißbrock,
• Stefan Löffler,
• Nadine Mill,
• Katrin Eckstädt,
• Axel Dreyer,
• Inga Ennen,
• Norbert Sewald,
• Peter Schattschneider and
• Andreas Hütten

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 210–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.23

• in Figure 6. The number of primary building blocks within a single disc was calculated to be N = 417 for zdisc = 10 nm, sdisc = 22 nm, zpbb = 1.7 nm, spbb = 2.5 nm. These values were found in the EELS and TEM measurements. To obtain the surface reduction by coalescence, the surface area of 417

Confinement dependence of electro-catalysts for hydrogen evolution from water splitting

• Mikaela Lindgren and
• Itai Panas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 195–201, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.21

• ) Coalescence of proton and electrons to form the metal catalyst (MC) associated hydride, (B) Hydride-proton recombination to form H2 at the interface. (C) The step between panel B and panel C comprises the HER following the hydride-proton recombination step. Acknowledgements The Swedish Research Council

Design criteria for stable Pt/C fuel cell catalysts

• Josef C. Meier,
• Carolina Galeano,
• Ioannis Katsounaros,
• Jonathon Witte,
• Hans J. Bongard,
• Angel A. Topalov,
• Claudio Baldizzone,
• Stefano Mezzavilla,
• Ferdi Schüth and
• Karl J. J. Mayrhofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 44–67, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.5

• , and 2D Ostwald ripening – as known from high temperature TEM studies in the absence of an electrolyte – if platinum atoms are believed to diffuse along the carbon support) [44][45][47][48]. Another possible explanation for the growth of platinum particles in the catalyst layer is coalescence [17][49

• ]. This may be either due to migration and collision of platinum particles on the surface of the carbon support with successive coalescence, or due to strong carbon corrosion. In the second case, neighboring but initially separated particles come into contact with each other because of a successive

• shrinkage of the carbon support on which they are located [49]. However, also in the first possible case of agglomeration and coalescence due to migration, carbon corrosion may be involved and lead to a weakening of the interactions between platinum particles and support. Alternatively a preferential local

STM tip-assisted engineering of molecular nanostructures: PTCDA islands on Ge(001):H surfaces

• Amir A. Ahmad Zebari,
• Marek Kolmer and
• Jakub S. Prauzner-Bechcicki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 927–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.104

• subsequent scan (Figure 1d) one can observe a gradual growth of these features, eventually leading to their coalescence into one object (Figure 1e) that continues to gradually grow (Figure 1f). Typically, the morphology of PTCDA islands are stable during a STM/STS characterization. We assume that the

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of Li₂Co_1−xM_xPO₄F (M = Fe, Mn) cathode materials

• Nellie R. Khasanova,
• Oleg A. Drozhzhin,
• Stanislav S. Fedotov,
• Darya A. Storozhilova,
• Rodion V. Panin and
• Evgeny V. Antipov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 860–867, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.97

• size and to prevent grain coalescence the lowest temperatures usable for the formation of the pure olivine precursors and the fluorophosphates were always chosen. The Li2CoPO4F/C composite for electrochemical measurements was synthesized according to a procedure that was optimized previously [4]. A

• that the presence of LiF, which is used as the reagent, promoted the coalescence of small particles and induced crystallite growth because of fluxing at elevated temperatures. In spite of varying the preparation conditions all attempts to increase the substitution level of Fe in Li2Co1−xFexPO4F (x

Digging gold: keV He⁺ ion interaction with Au

• Vasilisa Veligura,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Robin P. Berkelaar,
• Raoul van Gastel,
• Harold J. W. Zandvliet and
• Bene Poelsema

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 453–460, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.53

• range of the helium ions. Consequently, bubble coalescence leads to the formation of a large blister that continues to grow. The final size before the shell leaks depends on the primary energy and thus the implantation depth. During irradiation with He+ ions at normal beam incidence also a periodic