Recent progress in enhancing built-in electric fields of perovskite solar cells via junction engineering

• Tong Xiao and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 602–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.42

• with varying bandgaps created a top-down decreasing bandgap gradient, forming a continuous downhill potential channel along the film thickness, which synergistically mitigates charge confinement, accelerates charge extraction, and reduces interfacial impedance. As a result, the device Vbi increased

• of the multi-interface synergistic enhancement of Vbi, previous studies have simultaneously optimized the top and bottom 2D/3D interfaces and have incorporated structural confinement and dipole engineering to improve energy-level alignment and interfacial stability. Xiong et al. [78] proposed a

Impacts of annealing on structural and photophysical properties of zinc phthalocyanine adsorbed on graphene

• Gautier Creutzer,
• Quentin Fernez,
• Nataliya Kalashnyk,
• Zohreh Safarzadeh,
• Lydia Sosa Vargas,
• Céline Fiorini-Debuisschert,
• Nicolas Fabre and
• Fabrice Charra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 576–585, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.39

• confinement allows us to track a phase change induced by annealing, which we discuss in terms of a planar-square to shuttlecock molecular transition. We show that after annealing of the adsorbed ZnPc, the exposition of Zn atoms to reactants in a supernatant solution is improved, for example, for metal-ligand

Probing internal continua and atomic ultrafast charge transfer within size-controlled nanoparticles by post-collision interaction in core-hole clock spectroscopy

• Johannes Lütgert,
• Erika Giangrisostomi,
• Nomi L. A. N. Sorgenfrei and
• Alexander Föhlisch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 505–514, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.33

• the existence of a faster charge transfer channel toward the CdSe core, only accessible for the inner-most shell layers, rather than a quantum confinement effect. By extending the traditional PCI model from free-electron systems to bound-state continua, we further establish a framework for

• exhibit pronounced quantum confinement effects on their internal continua with a size-dependent transition from bulk-like band properties toward mixed and also atom-like localization [7]. Thus collective electronic states and local charge transfer between atomic units have significant impact. Central

• CdSe core, in addition to charge transfer happening solely within the shell, overshadowing possible small effects imposed by quantum confinement. Also, the novel aspect of PCI involving the internal continuum of the respective size-controlled nanoparticle is reflected in the spectral line shape

Upcycling agroindustrial waste into graphene oxide supports for gold nanoparticles: toward sustainable nanomaterials

• Juan Marcos Castro-Tapia,
• Selene Acosta,
• Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván,
• Elsie Evelyn Araujo-Palomo,
• Edgar Giovanni Villabona-Leal and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 489–504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.32

• , rGO and Agro-GO present a blueshift in the G band. This may be related to phonon stiffening caused by lattice strain and p-type doping; in rGO, this arises from reduction-induced defect restructuring, while, in Agro-GO, it originates from extensive oxidation and the strong confinement of small sp2

Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• photoprotective function of this external barrier. Notably, while nanoencapsulation alone did not fully prevent photodegradation in the absence of TiO2, FC-NC w/o TiO2 showed slightly improved retention compared with FC w/o TiO2, suggesting that nanocarrier confinement may provide partial protection by

• dispersed in a liquid medium, and their stability is mainly governed by steric stabilization and physical confinement within the polymer network rather than electrostatic repulsion. The SSE process involves moderate shear stresses and short residence times, which are unlikely to induce irreversible

• hydrogel network. In contrast, for FC-NC, the modified thermal event can be mainly attributed to the confinement of curcumin within the nanocarriers, which restricts molecular mobility and enhances the physical stability of the system. These structural differences are relevant to the performance of the

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• modification through confinement, plasma–liquid interactions, and cavitation bubbles. Dittrich et al. found that the ablation threshold for Au in air is ca. 1.9 times higher than in water [136], and Sun et al. reported a reduction from 2.22 J·cm−2 (air) to 1.02 J·cm−2 (liquid-assisted) [137]. Therefore, the

• modified geometry and dynamics of the cavitation bubble under DS irradiation. The ring-shaped energy deposition alters plasma confinement and leads to cavitation bubbles with asymmetric expansion and collapse, reducing the bubble lifetime. These modified bubble dynamics influence nucleation and quenching

Geometry-controlled engineering of the low-temperature proximity effect in normal metal–superconductor junctions

• Munisa A. Tomayeva,
• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2265–2273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.155

• decrease as the curvature η grows. At large η, the local width of the normal region near the interface decreases, reducing the number of available transmission modes in the NM due to transverse confinement [64][65][66][67] and, thereby, decreasing the number of available transmission channels. At the same

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

Hartree–Fock interaction in superconducting condensate fractals

• Edward G. Nikonov,
• Yajiang Chen,
• Mauro M. Doria and
• Arkady A. Shanenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2177–2182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.150

• ]. Nevertheless, the HF potential cannot be neglected in the presence of external fields [4], such as impurity potentials [5][6], quantum confinement in nanoscale superconductors [7], and potential barriers at interfaces [8]. Such external fields break the translational invariance, which is the condition for the

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• particularly interesting result was that better performance could be achieved if one attaches bulky, hydrophobic groups directly to the stereocenter. The effect of such neighboring groups on the enantioselectivity highly depends on the distance they have to the stereocenter. Keywords: chirality; confinement

• reveal interactions between the guest species and the pore walls or other guest molecules, helping to elucidate confinement effects. Organic nitroxides [31][32] have proven to be of extreme value for advanced ESR investigations [33][34][35]. Nitroxide spin probes are highly stable due to steric shielding

• ), quantitative evaluation of the spectra allowed for investigating various confinement effects. Our focus was on understanding how a particular functionalization of the surfaces in combination with 3CP and the solvent influences transport properties, and novel ESR imaging techniques were used to determine

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• and mechanisms in single-atom catalysis. 2D confined catalysis Confined catalysis is an emerging field that investigates how spatial constraints can influence the efficiency, selectivity, and performance of catalytic reactions. This approach leverages the principles of confinement within various

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• -uniform energy distribution, which will affect plasma generation and confinement, the hydrodynamic trajectory of the ejected target material and pressure relaxation, as well as plasma and cavitation bubble propagation and temporal evolution. In the case of a Bessel beam, the focusing with an axicon

• directions depending on the material and laser parameters. As shown previously [33], contrary to conventional optical traps using Gaussian beams, Bessel beam traps exhibit significant gradients only in the transverse directions, which leads to particle confinement in two dimensions with a scattering force in

• potential wells and can result in confinement of plasma and CB propagation, CB oscillations, and the reflection of shockwaves [29]. The confinement and reflection effects are known to result in a plasma compression and, consequently, plasma temperature and electron density increase [35][36][37]. A reflected

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• the Ag@PCTA membrane illustrate a well-defined PDA layer that maintains its uniformity and adhesion to the underlying CTA substrate (Figure 4f). Notably, Ag nanoparticles are not discernible in the cross-sectional view, indicating their confinement within the PDA layer. The underlying CTA layer

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• -dependent fluorescence due to quantum confinement effects, enabling precise tuning of emission wavelengths [94]. These properties make QDs ideal candidates for both imaging and drug delivery. Unlike other nanoparticles, QDs do not encapsulate drugs internally; instead, they function as drug delivery systems

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• ), related to the conditions of stress and thermal confinement of the deposited laser energy. Conversely, in ns-LAL the energy of the laser pulse is transferred deeper into the bulk target, and peak temperature and pressure are significantly lower (about 5000–8000 K and 4.8 GPa). It is important to note that

• the difference in pressure was shown to not affect the formation and crystallization of the particles but rather dictates the presence or absence of thermal and stress confinement during ps- and ns-LAL and, thus, plays a crucial role in the heating and mixing behavior of the ablation plume [64]. Also

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• minimal changes with the same thermal treatments in vacuum [49]. The study allowed the authors to conclude that in 2 ML films vertical confinement and/or charge transfer from the platinum substrate, determine a higher reducibility than in 10 ML films [49]. This is evidenced by the greater Ce3

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• because they exhibit remarkable properties due to the interplay between their compositional complexity and nanoscale effects, such as a high surface-to-volume ratio and quantum confinement. These unique characteristics make CCA nanoparticles (NPs) highly suitable for catalysis [26][27], energy storage [28

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• such properties [31]. For instance, it has been demonstrated that the wavelength-shifting characteristics of Si nanoparticles were caused by the effects of quantum-size confinement. The bandgap of silicon increased from its typical 1.1 eV in elemental form to nearly 3 eV in nanoparticle form, enhancing

• surrounding liquid results in a cavitation bubble which is a thin layer of vapor of the surrounding liquid, as well as some material evaporating from the target. Some of the crucial elements influencing the formation of the cavitation bubble are the liquid environment, a stronger confinement of the plasma

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• inorganic IrO2 [14] based on shock wave formation caused by stress confinement. The conditions for stress confinement are fulfilled if the pulse duration is shorter than the acoustic relaxation time and thus a maximum pressure increase occurs in the particle. For curcumin and CBD, this is the case with a

• , and (II) differences in the MP dissociation pathways, which may hinder the formation of the desired SMPs and NPs when educt particles are too large. For both MP material systems we confirmed, based on the calculation of the acoustic relaxation time, that the stress confinement condition for the use of

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• understanding of material properties, particularly at the nanoscale, where phenomena such as quantum confinement, interface effects, and defect dynamics play a critical role. Innovations in characterization techniques have enabled researchers to explore these properties with unprecedented precision, paving the

• importance of dielectric properties becomes even more pronounced. Many advanced materials exhibit nanoscale structural heterogeneity, where quantum confinement, phase composition, and interfacial effects cause significant deviations in dielectric behavior compared to bulk materials [12][13]. These nanoscale

Water in nanoporous hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets: a first-principles study

• Juliana A. Gonçalves,
• Ronaldo J. C. Batista and
• Marcia C. Barbosa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 510–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.39

• the case of h-BN macromolecules, as studied by Liu and colleagues, similar confinement effects do not exist, allowing B–OH terminations to enhance stability relative to B–H terminations. This is similar to the situation with larger pores, such as rhombic pores, where confinement effects are minimal or

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• to quantum confinement size effects, metal chalcogenides are of importance in different technological domains. Metal chalcogen compounds are composed of a transition metal with one or more members of the chalcogen family, and they exhibit semiconducting properties. Zinc telluride (ZnTe) is a binary

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• reduce the rigidified polymer formation. The overall rigidity of the polymer also has a large impact on the MOF–polymer interface. Rubbery polymers tend to reduce the propensity for interface defects, as the polymer chain mobility enables better confinement to the MOF surface [114][116]. However, as