Quantitative comparison of wideband low-latency phase-locked loop circuit designs for high-speed frequency modulation atomic force microscopy

• Kazuki Miyata and
• Takeshi Fukuma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1844–1855, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.176

• atomistic mechanisms of various interfacial phenomena, including thin-film formation, crystal growth and dissolution, metal corrosion, and catalytic reactions in vacuum and in liquids. This problem could be solved by enhancing the FM-AFM operation speed. The development of high-speed FM-AFM requires

Multimodal noncontact atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy investigations of organolead tribromide perovskite single crystals

• Yann Almadori,
• David Moerman,
• Jaume Llacer Martinez,
• Philippe Leclère and
• Benjamin Grévin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1695–1704, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.161

• ambient atmosphere during the cleaving process. Alternatively, one may also hypothesize that intrinsic defects are formed during the solution process crystal growth. Addressing the origin of these defects is beyond the scope of the current work, and will require development of in situ cleaving facilities

Understanding the performance and mechanism of Mg-containing oxides as support catalysts in the thermal dry reforming of methane

• Nor Fazila Khairudin,
• Mohd Farid Fahmi Sukri,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1162–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.108

• . Rapid reactions occur between the active plasma species and catalyst precursors compared to the thermal decomposition technique. Therefore, this may encourage the rapid nucleation of the crystals under plasma treatment. The application of low temperature may result in slow crystal growth, which

Heavy-metal detectors based on modified ferrite nanoparticles

• Urszula Klekotka,
• Ewelina Wińska,
• Elżbieta Zambrzycka-Szelewa,
• Dariusz Satuła and
• Beata Kalska-Szostko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 762–770, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.69

• diffraction The fabrication of nonstochiometric compounds affects crystal growth, which is reflected in the crystalization degree. Therefore, examination of the crystallinity of the ferrite nanoparticles was performed by X-ray diffraction. The presence of well-defined sharp patterns proves the incorporation

Kinetics of solvent supported tubule formation of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) wax on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) investigated by atomic force microscopy

• Sujit Kumar Dora,
• Kerstin Koch,
• Wilhelm Barthlott and
• Klaus Wandelt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 468–481, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.45

• waxes called ribbons. The terms height and thickness refer to the vertical distance along Z direction and basal wall thickness of rodlets along X, Y plane respectively. Continuous observation of the crystal growth (see black arrows in Figure 1) shows that the rodlets start to form curved structures by

Gas-assisted silver deposition with a focused electron beam

• Luisa Berger,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Iwona B. Szymanska,
• Katja Höflich,
• Mikhail N. Polyakov,
• Jakub Jurczyk,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 224–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.24

• , silver crystal growth presents a strong dependency on electron dose and precursor refreshment. Keywords: focused electron beam induced deposition; low volatility precursor; silver; Introduction The fabrication of defined patterns in the nanometer regime demands techniques with high lateral resolution

Atomic layer deposition and properties of ZrO₂/Fe₂O₃ thin films

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Helina Seemen,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Mihkel Rähn,
• Aile Tamm,
• Kaupo Kukli,
• Aarne Kasikov,
• Joosep Link,
• Raivo Stern,
• Salvador Dueñas,
• Helena Castán and
• Héctor García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 119–128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.14

• planar substrates indicated certain changes in the morphology, likely related to crystal growth and roughening of the surface already in as-deposited state (Figure 4). Constituent layers of the sample can be seen in the transmission electron microscope image (Figure 5). The interface between the oxide

• film and TiN electrode layer is distinguishable; the film is dense and the crystal growth has started immediately together with the nucleation process. The TEM image proves the formation of a stacked layer structure. Electrical and magnetic properties Most samples exhibited charge polarization, as

Facile synthesis of silver/silver thiocyanate (Ag@AgSCN) plasmonic nanostructures with enhanced photocatalytic performance

• Xinfu Zhao,
• Dairong Chen,
• Abdul Qayum,
• Bo Chen and
• Xiuling Jiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2781–2789, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.277

• solubility product constant (Ksp) of AgSCN (Figure 3a). These nanoplates rapidly aggregated due to the high surface energy, and the crystal growth occurred simultaneously (Figure 3b). At this time, the dropwise addition of the AgNO3 solution finished. The oriented-aggregates with a size of ≈1.5 µm were

• synthesized through a simple precipitation method, followed by UV-light irradiation. The sphere-like Ag@AgSCN nanostructures went through the formation of AgSCN nanoplates and their oriented aggregation, as well as simultaneous crystal growth. PVP played a critical role in the formation of 2D AgSCN units. The

The role of ligands in coinage-metal nanoparticles for electronics

• Ioannis Kanelidis and
• Tobias Kraus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2625–2639, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.263

• authors suggest that growth was controlled by the different binding affinities of the ligands to the gold atoms (COOH < NH2 < SH) that changed the interfacial energy between core and shell, resulting in different crystal growth modes [72]. Jin et al. controlled the shape of copper nanocrystals using

• the copper seeds and favored the crystal growth of the high-surface-energy ends of the rods [21]. Table 1 summarizes important ligands that have been used to direct the shape of metal nanoparticles. The geometry of metal nanostructures can affect the percolation threshold and, thus, the conductivity

Substrate and Mg doping effects in GaAs nanowires

• Perumal Kannappan,
• Nabiha Ben Sedrine,
• Jennifer P. Teixeira,
• Maria R. Soares,
• Bruno P. Falcão,
• Maria R. Correia,
• Nestor Cifuentes,
• Emilson R. Viana,
• Marcus V. B. Moreira,
• Geraldo M. Ribeiro,
• Alfredo G. de Oliveira,
• Juan C. González and
• Joaquim P. Leitão

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2126–2138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.212

• , Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal Crystal Growth Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India Present address: Department of Physics, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam 638 401, India Laboratório Central de Análises, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro

Systematic control of α-Fe₂O₃ crystal growth direction for improved electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes

• Nan Shen,
• Miriam Keppeler,
• Barbara Stiaszny,
• Holger Hain,
• Filippo Maglia and
• Madhavi Srinivasan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2032–2044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.204

• released into solution. Since it is understood that this coordination will specifically take place on the α-Fe2O3 surface facets with only singly coordinated hydroxyl groups, this interaction mechanism can be applied to direct the crystal growth in a specific growth direction. It was found that 1,2

• -diaminopropane outperforms ethylenediamine as an SCA. Also, the vicinal position of the two amine groups seems to be crucial for shape controlling, since it was reported that 1,3-diaminopropane shows little effect on directing the crystal growth of α-Fe2O3. [22]. To gain a deeper understanding of the role of

• , indicating that diamines are useful to control the crystal growth direction, but do not have any observable impact on the crystal phase formation. FESEM was applied to examine the morphology of the final α-Fe2O3 products. Figure 3a–f displays the morphology evolution with increased Fe3+ concentration from

Growth and characterization of textured well-faceted ZnO on planar Si(100), planar Si(111), and textured Si(100) substrates for solar cell applications

• Chin-Yi Tsai,
• Jyong-Di Lai,
• Shih-Wei Feng,
• Chien-Jung Huang,
• Chien-Hsun Chen,
• Fann-Wei Yang,
• Hsiang-Chen Wang and
• Li-Wei Tu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1939–1945, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.194

• optical path and the photon absorption probability of the incident light, thus increasing the photocurrent of the solar cells [3]. As a result, for thin film solar cells, ZnO not only serve as a TCO, but also a light-trapping structure. In addition, the exposed planes in the crystal growth process depend

• of different grains for the three samples are shown in Figure 1b. The dominant XRD peaks correspond to ZnO(110), ZnO(002), and ZnO(101) for the samples ZnOp(100), ZnOp(111), and ZnOt(100), respectively. The exposed planes in the crystal growth process depend on both kinetic and thermodynamic factors

• , leading to a variety of structural morphologies [12]. The relationship between microstructure and crystal growth orientation of ZnO grown on silicon substrates is schematically illustrated in Figure 2 [12]. Here, the ZnO grains reveal a polygon structure for the c-axis parallel to the substrate, ridge

Metal oxide nanostructures: preparation, characterization and functional applications as chemical sensors

• Dario Zappa,
• Angela Bertuna,
• Elisabetta Comini,
• Navpreet Kaur,
• Nicola Poli,
• Veronica Sberveglieri and
• Giorgio Sberveglieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1205–1217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.122

• of the source material are continually provided, the material starts to condensate in the form of a solid precipitate. The 1D crystal growth begins, and it continues as long as the source material is supplied [51]. The nanowire growth was carried out in a custom-made tubular furnace [52]. The

• crystal growth and in particular the preparation of nanostructures because it can be used for different materials such as metal oxides, carbon nanostructures and biomaterials [55]. In this work, we applied this technique in order to obtain niobium oxide nanostructures. We started from the method explained

Preparation of thick silica coatings on carbon fibers with fine-structured silica nanotubes induced by a self-assembly process

• Benjamin Baumgärtner,
• Hendrik Möller,
• Thomas Neumann and
• Dirk Volkmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1145–1155, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.116

• between the polyamine and the metal ions do not block the LPEI crystal growth, but largely change the crystalline morphology [27]. A prominent feature of this polyamine mediated biomimetic silicification process is the capability of LPEI to undergo self-assembly on arbitrary substrates. A sufficient

Formation and shape-control of hierarchical cobalt nanostructures using quaternary ammonium salts in aqueous media

• Ruchi Deshmukh,
• Anurag Mehra and
• Rochish Thaokar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 494–505, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.53

• obtained, we define important steps for the formation of these anisotropic structures in Figure 2. The process has three important stages: (i) nucleation, (ii) seed formation, and (iii) slow crystal growth (Figure 2a). The seed particles initially have size of around 30-50 nm (Figure 2b,c), and when

The longstanding challenge of the nanocrystallization of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

• Florent Pessina and
• Denis Spitzer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 452–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.49

• particles are recovered. However, only a partial evaporation occurs and leads to further crystal growth during the flight time and is deposited in the sump collected in the bottom of the crystallizer. Comprehensive description of SFE Figure 3 describes a standard SFE apparatus, where two zones can be

• previously saw for milling. Yet this delicate step is required since the reactivity of high energetic materials is fully exploited in the dried state. Freeze drying and supercritical drying seem to kinetically and partially prevent crystal growth from occurring. Only a complete growth inhibition will lead to

Template-controlled piezoactivity of ZnO thin films grown via a bioinspired approach

• Nina J. Blumenstein,
• Fabian Streb,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Zaklina Burghard and
• Joachim Bill

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 296–303, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.32

• applied. Another approach is bioinspired mineralization. Here, principles from nature are adapted to deposit inorganic materials under mild reaction conditions. The crystal growth is controlled by organic additives in the mineralization solution that act as structure directing agents [18][19][20][21][22

Assembling semiconducting molecules by covalent attachment to a lamellar crystalline polymer substrate

• Rainhard Machatschek,
• Patrick Ortmann,
• Renate Reiter,
• Stefan Mecking and
• Günter Reiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 784–798, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.70

• crystals, both nucleation rate [28] and crystal growth rate [29] need to be low. The bulk CPE45 polymer material was dissolved in THF to yield a homogeneous solution with an initial concentration between 0.01 and 0.001 mg/mL. The homogeneous solution was kept in an open vial at an elevated temperature. A

• ]. Temperature, evaporation rate and polymer concentration affect nucleation probability and crystal growth rate. However, pinning of the contact line had the strongest influence on number density and size of the crystals. Therefore, on most samples, we observed arrays of many crystals which all had a length of

• nm in height. From this observation, we conclude that the molecules did not lie flat on the surface: Typically, for molecules interacting via their planar aromatic π-electron systems, the primary direction of crystal growth is given by the direction in which the π-electron systems stack [33][34]. In

Two step formation of metal aggregates by surface X-ray radiolysis under Langmuir monolayers: 2D followed by 3D growth

• Smita Mukherjee,
• Marie-Claude Fauré,
• Michel Goldmann and
• Philippe Fontaine

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2406–2411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.247

• longer oriented by the interface, as demonstrated by the appearance of a 3D powder. The key point of this study is that the appearance of late 3D silver crystal growth seems only to appear in the fluorescence signal with an increase of the fluctuations. This indicates that, under irradiation, these

• under irradiation. We previously observed [8] that the in-plane coherence length of the 2D crystal growth (deduced form the FWHM) is continuous under irradiation, even after the saturation of the fluorescence intensity is reached. This indicates that when the irradiated volume is completely filled with

Au nanoparticle-based sensor for apomorphine detection in plasma

• Chiara Zanchi,
• Andrea Lucotti,
• Matteo Tommasini,
• Sebastiano Trusso,
• Ugo de Grazia,
• Emilio Ciusani and
• Paolo M. Ossi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2224–2232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.228

• the dynamic range of the APO concentration of the gold sensor. Linearized data for different dipping times and APO peaks: (A) 2 min, 1515 cm−1; (B) 2 min, 1353 cm−1; (C) 5 min, 1515 cm−1; (D) 5 min, 1353 cm−1. APO crystal growth on the gold sensor (dipping time 10 min). The scattered data result when

Self-assembly of nanostructures and nanomaterials

• Isabelle Berbezier and
• Maurizio De Crescenzi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1397–1398, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.144

• construction. Research on self-assembled nanostructures encompasses fundamental issues in chemical synthesis, crystal growth and self-organization of 0D, 1D and 2D nanostructures, nanopatterning, lithographic techniques, nanocharacterization, scaling of materials properties down to molecular dimensions

• organization of nanoscale systems; fundamental and new issues in nucleation, crystal growth, surface and interface atomistic mechanisms; and new optical, electrical, magnetic, and mechanical properties of self-assembled systems. Isabelle Berbezier and Maurizio De Crescenzi Marseille and Rome, June 2015

Scanning reflection ion microscopy in a helium ion microscope

• Yuri V. Petrov and
• Oleg F. Vyvenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1125–1137, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.114

• incidence angles, yet was still more pronounced in REM as compared to TEM [2][4]. The further development of REM in ultrahigh vacuum conditions allowed imaging of the single atomic steps [5][6][7][8] and monitoring of atomic layer-by-layer crystal growth by means of reflection high energy electron

Nanostructuring of GeTiO amorphous films by pulsed laser irradiation

• Valentin S. Teodorescu,
• Cornel Ghica,
• Adrian V. Maraloiu,
• Mihai Vlaicu,
• Andrei Kuncser,
• Magdalena L. Ciurea,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Ana M. Lepadatu,
• Nicu D. Scarisoreanu,
• Andreea Andrei,
• Valentin Ion and
• Maria Dinescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 893–900, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.92

• irradiation continues for several minutes, the spherical crystallite becomes larger through a crystal growth process, as shown in Figure 9b. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) pattern inserted in Figure 9b shows a quadratic structure for the larger crystallite. By comparing the lattice fringes of the

• crystallized particle, before and after the crystal growth process (detail in Figure 10) we observe a contraction of the lattice fringe spacing from 0.326 to 0.317 nm, and a small rotation (about 2°) of the lattice fringes direction. The 0.326 nm lattice spacing is characteristic for the cubic Ge and the

• crystallized particle has the size of the initial spherical Ge amorphous particle. After the crystal growth process, the crystallized area becomes larger and the visible lattice spacing becomes 0.317 nm. The 0.317 nm lattice spacing suggests the formation of the (GeTi)O2 rutile structure [23]. The initial Ge

A simple approach to the synthesis of Cu_1.8S dendrites with thiamine hydrochloride as a sulfur source and structure-directing agent

• Xiaoliang Yan,
• Sha Li,
• Yun-xiang Pan,
• Zhi Yang and
• Xuguang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 881–885, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.90

• structure-directing agent. The growth mechanism of Cu1.8S is tentatively discussed based on the experimental and computational results. Keywords: biomaterials; crystal growth; crystal structure; Cu1.8S dendrite; hydrothermal; Introduction Recently, Cu1.8S with a unique structure has attracted great

Conformal SiO₂ coating of sub-100 nm diameter channels of polycarbonate etched ion-track channels by atomic layer deposition

• Nicolas Sobel,
• Christian Hess,
• Manuela Lukas,
• Anne Spende,
• Bernd Stühn,
• M. E. Toimil-Molares and
• Christina Trautmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 472–479, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.48

• analysis reveals that the mechanism of SiO2 formation is based on subsurface crystal growth. By dissolving the polymer, the silica nanotubes are released from the ion-track membrane. The thickness of the tube wall is well controlled by the ALD process. Because the track-etched channels exhibited diameters

• mechanism of SiO2 formation is proposed to be based on subsurface crystal growth resembling the previously observed growth behavior of alumina films on polymers [41]. Morphology and conformity of ALD coatings The low magnification SEM image in Figure 4a shows a bundle of SiO2 nanotubes after 56 ALD cycles