Properties of Ni and Ni–Fe nanowires electrochemically deposited into a porous alumina template

• Alla I. Vorobjova,
• Dmitry L. Shimanovich,
• Kazimir I. Yanushkevich,
• Sergej L. Prischepa and
• Elena A. Outkina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1709–1717, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.163

• ). Besides, the ions transfer process proceeds in narrow prolonged channels. All these features influence the mechanism of crystallization and, therefore, define physical and chemical properties of deposits. The average size of Ni and Ni–Fe crystallites was calculated using the Debye–Scherer equation: where

Analysis of self-heating of thermally assisted spin-transfer torque magnetic random access memory

• Austin Deschenes,
• Sadid Muneer,
• Mustafa Akbulut,
• Ali Gokirmak and
• Helena Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1676–1683, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.160

• temperature was sufficiently low so as to not cause crystallization [7] on the MgO–CoFeB interface, leaving the CoFeB completely amorphous. The Pd–Co layers are treated as an alloy due to the large number of sub-nanometer thick layers. The temperature-dependent materials properties of the PdCo alloy were

Sb₂S₃ grown by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and its application in a hybrid solar cell

• Erki Kärber,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Ilona Oja Acik,
• Arvo Mere,
• Valdek Mikli and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1662–1673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.158

• thermal analysis of the Sb(tu)2Cl3 with tartaric acid as the complexing agent. Besides the requirement stemming from the use of the precursor, temperatures of above 225 °C are required for the crystallization of Sb2S3 [44]. Samples were prepared with the number of Sb2S3 growth cycles ranging from three up

Influence of hydrothermal synthesis parameters on the properties of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles

• Sylwia Kuśnieruk,
• Jacek Wojnarowicz,
• Agnieszka Chodara,
• Tadeusz Chudoba,
• Stanislaw Gierlotka and
• Witold Lojkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1586–1601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.153

• quantity of the crystalline phase in comparison with the content of the amorphous phase present in a material. HAp crystallization occurs in accordance with the Ostwald’s rule, so it usually forms from recrystallization of such precursor phases as octacalcium phosphate (OCP), dicalcium phosphate dihydrate

• (DCPD) and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) [55]. HAp crystallization during the synthesis ensues in accordance with the mechanism of crystallization from a solution. During the growth process, particles may grow on the surface of sediment or precipitate in all directions. Their growth may be expected

• to increase with the synthesis time until the crystallization process equilibrium has been achieved [55]. During the synthesis in the MSS2 reactor, HAp particles are dissolved and undergo recrystallization. Sharon Kehoe [50] noticed that when dealing with such a process, the smaller particles

Deformation-driven catalysis of nanocrystallization in amorphous Al alloys

• Rainer J. Hebert,
• John H. Perepezko,
• Harald Rösner and
• Gerhard Wilde

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1428–1433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.134

• crystallization temperature of undeformed ribbons. Keywords: amorphous alloy; annealing; cold-rolling; nanocrystal; shear-band; Findings Crystallization reactions in metallic glasses have been extensively studied due to the beneficial effect of nanocrystal dispersions on mechanical [1][2][3][4] and magnetic

• transition temperature. Examples of deformation-induced crystallization reactions include Fe-based amorphous alloys [12][13][14][15][16], amorphous Ni–P alloy [17], bulk amorphous Zr and Cu–Zr alloys, and amorphous Al alloys [18][19][20][21][22]. The deformation techniques used so far include bending [23

• band crystallization can be motivated with enhanced mobility within the shear bands [37] and the localization of atomic motion within shear bands [38]. Comparatively little is known, however, about the effect of intense deformation on the amorphous phase surrounding the shear bands. The common

On the pathway of cellular uptake: new insight into the interaction between the cell membrane and very small nanoparticles

• Claudia Messerschmidt,
• Daniel Hofmann,
• Anja Kroeger,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder and
• Ingo Lieberwirth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1296–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.121

• : ATP depletion; calcium crystallization; cytotoxicity; endocytosis; HeLa cells; LDH; mesenchymal stem cells; morphology; necrosis; particle size; silica nanoparticles; TEM; Introduction Silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiNPs) are used in a wide range of commercially available products to improve product

Influence of synthesis conditions on microstructure and phase transformations of annealed Sr₂FeMoO_6−x nanopowders formed by the citrate–gel method

• Marta Yarmolich,
• Nikolai Kalanda,
• Sergey Demyanov,
• Herman Terryn,
• Jon Ustarroz,
• Maksim Silibin and
• Gennadii Gorokh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1202–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.111

• crystallization by the citrate–gel method was studied for powders synthesized with initial reagent solutions with pH values of 4, 6 and 9. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the as-produced and annealed powders had the largest Sr2FeMoO6−x agglomerates with diameters in the range of 0.7–1.2 µm. The average

• by understanding its crystallization process, a Sr2FeMoO6−x material with enhanced properties can be produced. Experimental Sr2FeMoO6−x powders were prepared by the citrate–gel route (a particular case of the sol–gel method), using Sr(NO3)2 (99.9%), Fe(NO3)3·9H2O (99.9%), (NH4)6Mo7O24 (99.9%) and

• ), SFMO-6 (pH 6) and SFMO-9 (pH 9) and then were used to study the sequence of phase transformations during Sr2FeMoO6−x crystallization. In order to obtain a single-phase Sr2FeMoO6−x powder, SFMO-4, SFMO-6 and SFMO-9 powders were annealed at temperatures ranging from 770 to 1270 K by means of a

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

Phenalenyl-based mononuclear dysprosium complexes

• Yanhua Lan,
• Andrea Magri,
• Olaf Fuhr and
• Mario Ruben

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 995–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.92

• hydrogen bonds packs the molecules together and drives the co-crystallization. Additionally, weak π–π stacking (ca. 3.61 Å) between the phenalenyl moieties of 2a and 2b might be also responsible for the co-crystallization of the complexes in one asymmetric unit. Compound [Dy(PLN)3(H2O)2]·H2O (3

Synthesis of cobalt nanowires in aqueous solution under an external magnetic field

• Xiaoyu Li,
• Lijuan Sun,
• Hu Wang,
• Kenan Xie,
• Qin Long,
• Xuefei Lai and
• Li Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 990–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.91

• serve as solvents in most of the experiments. They can provide stable process for preparing nanowires owing to the relatively high viscosity of these solvents. Reactions proceed gently in organic solvents, which results in a high degree of crystallization and a high dispersibility of the nanowires

Improved biocompatibility and efficient labeling of neural stem cells with poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles

• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Marina Dobrivojević,
• Lada Brkić Ahmed,
• Michal Babič,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Daniel Horák and
• Srećko Gajović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 926–936, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.84

• of nanoparticle suspension on a carbon-coated copper grid. The suspension was left to equilibrate for 60 s, and water was removed by touching the bottom of the grid with a narrow strip of filtration paper. This cleaned the soluble impurities and prevented the crystallization of inorganic salts on the

Assembling semiconducting molecules by covalent attachment to a lamellar crystalline polymer substrate

• Rainhard Machatschek,
• Patrick Ortmann,
• Renate Reiter,
• Stefan Mecking and
• Günter Reiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 784–798, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.70

• Konstanz, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.7.70 Abstract We have investigated the potential of polymers containing precisely spaced side-branches for thin film applications, particularly in the context of organic electronics. Upon crystallization, the side-branches were excluded from the crystalline core of a

• crystallization or dewetting may lead to films with a complex morphology that differs substantially from the homogeneous, closed and largely defect-free film, which is required for good charge transport. One has to take into account that differences in device morphology directly translate into differences in

• . Usually, when polymers crystallize, they form thin lamellar layers of ordered but folded chains. The thickness of these lamellae is determined by crystallization kinetics [2][3]. During crystallization of polymers possessing occasional side-groups which cannot be integrated in the crystal lattice, these

Facile synthesis of water-soluble carbon nano-onions under alkaline conditions

• Gaber Hashem Gaber Ahmed,
• Rosana Badía Laíño,
• Josefa Angela García Calzón and
• Marta Elena Díaz García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 758–766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.67

• estimated to be 7.4 Å for the C-dots. There is a comparatively large difference to the values reported for graphite (3.34 Å), the reason behind which may be poor crystallization and/or formation of misoriented (turbostratic) carbon structures [26]. The XRD spectra of C-dots from carrots and tree leaves

Bacteriorhodopsin–ZnO hybrid as a potential sensing element for low-temperature detection of ethanol vapour

• Saurav Kumar,
• Sudeshna Bagchi,
• Senthil Prasad,
• Anupma Sharma,
• Ritesh Kumar,
• Rishemjit Kaur,
• Jagvir Singh and
• Amol P. Bhondekar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 501–510, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.44

• crystallization and strain factor [42][43]. The hybrid structures, ZnO-TF/bR and ZnO-NR/bR, show two specific characteristic peaks at 270 nm and 570 nm (inset figure), respectively. These are due to the superposition of the bands attributed to the aromatic residue of bR (including 8-tryptophan and 11- tyrosine

• crystallization and less oxygen vacancies [53]. As observed from Figure 4, the PL intensity increases with increasing excitation wavelength (i.e., 280 nm and 320 nm), which may be attributed to electron–hole plasma recombination shift by band renormalization [54]. Figure 5 shows the Raman spectra for all the

Hydration of magnesia cubes: a helium ion microscopy study

• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Johannes Schneider,
• Gilles R. Bourret and
• Oliver Diwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 302–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.28

• crystalline organic polymers such as polyimides that were grown by hydrothermal crystallization [37][38]. Independent of the chemical composition, nucleation is initiated at screw dislocations. Further crystallization proceeds non classically due to a strong growth anisotropy and different attachment energies

Fabrication and characterization of novel multilayered structures by stereocomplexion of poly(D-lactic acid)/poly(L-lactic acid) and self-assembly of polyelectrolytes

• Elena Dellacasa,
• Li Zhao,
• Gesheng Yang,
• Laura Pastorino and
• Gleb B. Sukhorukov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 81–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.10

• shows the PDLA/PLLA stereocomplex spectrum obtained by mixing 1:1 solutions at 50 °C. As previously reported [48], the 1:1 blend of low molecular weight PLLA and PDLA solutions in acetonitrile is desired for the stereocomplex crystallite formation. The crystallization promotes the v(C=O) spectral band

Nanoscale rippling on polymer surfaces induced by AFM manipulation

• Mario D’Acunto,
• Franco Dinelli and
• Pasqualantonio Pingue

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2278–2289, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.234

• completely amorphous ones. Specific areas that initially show different morphologies give origins to different pattern periodicity. This behaviour is interpreted with different degrees of crystallization. In general, it can be suggested that for crystalline films one needs to initially create an amorphous

Effect of SiN_x diffusion barrier thickness on the structural properties and photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ films obtained by sol–gel dip coating and reactive magnetron sputtering

• Mohamed Nawfal Ghazzal,
• Eric Aubry,
• Nouari Chaoui and
• Didier Robert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2039–2045, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.207

• at 450 °C show small cracks on the surface. The cracks are the same regardless of barrier thickness. This could be a consequence of the accumulation of intrinsic tensile stress induced by the crystallization of TiO2 [7]. As deposited on SiNx/SLG following the described procedure, the TiO2 films are

• diffusion barrier does not affect the crystallization of the films. This result suggested that the SLG substrate does not affect the crystallization step of the amorphous TiO2 films, which is in contrast with previous reports. Novota et al. found that TiO2 films deposited on SLG exhibited a brookite

Lower nanometer-scale size limit for the deformation of a metallic glass by shear transformations revealed by quantitative AFM indentation

• Arnaud Caron and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1721–1732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.176

• radiation and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). We observed a broad diffraction peak at 39.866 degrees of 2θ, a clear glass transition at Tg = 223 °C, and crystallization at Tx = 295 °C using a heating rate RH = 0.67 K/s. The surface of an as-spun Pt-based metallic glass ribbon was prepared by

Characterization of nanostructured ZnO thin films deposited through vacuum evaporation

• Jose Alberto Alvarado,
• Arturo Maldonado,
• Héctor Juarez,
• Mauricio Pacio and
• Rene Perez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 971–975, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.100

• reorganization and coalescence of the nanoparticles and the formation of the worm-shape nanostructured thin films. In these films, a lot of space at the substrate is unoccupied by these nanostructures. Thus, it is assumed that the crystallization is improved when the temperature increases. The shoulder that

Observing the morphology of single-layered embedded silicon nanocrystals by using temperature-stable TEM membranes

• Sebastian Gutsch,
• Daniel Hiller,
• Jan Laube,
• Margit Zacharias and
• Christian Kübel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 964–970, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.99

• these membranes that also withstand the high temperature annealing that is needed to induce phase separation and crystallization of the Si NC layers. In contrast to the above mentioned ion implantation, deposition processes allow for sharp interfaces between two confining silicon oxide (SiO2) layers

Nanostructuring of GeTiO amorphous films by pulsed laser irradiation

• Valentin S. Teodorescu,
• Cornel Ghica,
• Adrian V. Maraloiu,
• Mihai Vlaicu,
• Andrei Kuncser,
• Magdalena L. Ciurea,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Ana M. Lepadatu,
• Nicu D. Scarisoreanu,
• Andreea Andrei,
• Valentin Ion and
• Maria Dinescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 893–900, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.92

• crystallization, surface nanostructuring, phase transformation and modification of physical properties of thin films. Here we show the effects of nanostructuring produced at the surface and under the surface of amorphous GeTiO films through laser pulses using fluences of 10–30 mJ/cm2. The GeTiO films were

• ; cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM); Introduction Laser pulse processing of surfaces and thin films is a useful tool for purposes such as the amorphous thin films crystallization [1][2][3][4][5][6], surface nanostructuring [7][8][9][10], laser-induced thin film dewetting [11][12

• greater than the laser radiation absorption length, the laser annealing takes place only in a surface layer of the film, and a gradual modification of the nanostructure or a crystallization can be induced in the film [18][19]. The surface heating of the film during the laser pulse action can be estimated

A scanning probe microscope for magnetoresistive cantilevers utilizing a nested scanner design for large-area scans

• Tobias Meier,
• Alexander Förste,
• Ali Tavassolizadeh,
• Karsten Rott,
• Dirk Meyners,
• Roland Gröger,
• Günter Reiss,
• Eckhard Quandt,
• Thomas Schimmel and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 451–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.46

• system that was annealed at about 360 °C for 1 h at a pressure of 10−6 mbar under a magnetic field of 2 kOe for a crystallization of the CoFeB electrodes and improvement of CoFeB/MgO interfaces. It also aligns the easy axis of the sensing layer and pins the reference layer due to the imposed magnetic

Tunable white light emission by variation of composition and defects of electrospun Al₂O₃–SiO₂ nanofibers

• Jinyuan Zhou,
• Gengzhi Sun,
• Hao Zhao,
• Xiaojun Pan,
• Zhenxing Zhang,
• Yujun Fu,
• Yanzhe Mao and
• Erqing Xie

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 313–320, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.29

• almost disappear. From the XRD results, it can be seen that only the highest degree of crystallization of mullite is obtained, with very little SiO2 and ≡Si(Al)–O–C∙=O remaining in the samples. On the other hand, the 3A12O3·2SiO2 (3:2) mullite components first increase with more Al addition; once

Multifunctional layered magnetic composites

• Maria Siglreitmeier,
• Baohu Wu,
• Tina Kollmann,
• Martin Neubauer,
• Gergely Nagy,
• Dietmar Schwahn,
• Vitaliy Pipich,
• Damien Faivre,
• Dirk Zahn,
• Andreas Fery and
• Helmut Cölfen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 134–148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.13

• biomineralization mechanisms are still not fully understood due to their complexity. Recent work underlines the importance of amorphous precursor phases [17] and also nonclassical crystallization mechanisms in biomineralization [18][19]. In this manuscript we report a synthesis method to combine the favorable

• gelatin powder were mixed with water and the gelatin granules were allowed to swell for 24 h at 6 °C. In order to obtain a homogeneous gel, the swollen mixture is heated for at least 2 h at 50 °C. 20 mL of the gelatin sol are filled into crystallization dishes and left at room temperature for gelation. In

• order to avoid bacterial growth, a 5 wt % solution of 4-chloro-m-cresol in methanol was added (0.15 mL per 1 g of gelatin granules). Infiltration of gelatin inside the insoluble nacre matrix The cut demineralized insoluble organic nacre pieces are put into crystallization dishes filled with 20 mL liquid