Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• to test our central hypothesis that multilayer printing can provide enhanced bioadhesion and light protection. However, they will be crucial for future optimisation and translation, including in vitro release testing using Franz diffusion cells as well as skin permeation studies. Conclusion In this

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

Eco-efficient materials for agricultural crops based on a mineral rich in MOR- and HEU-type zeolites

• Esperanza Yamile de la Nuez-Pantoja,
• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Gerardo Rodríguez-Fuentes,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• Ariel Martínez García,
• José Juan Calvino Gámez and
• Daniel Goma Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 381–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.26

• should be expected that the intracrystalline diffusion of ammonium ions is favoured in MOR since it has channels with a larger diameter. It has been reported that, in MOR zeolites, Ca2+ and K+ cations are located in smaller channels (secondary and lateral) [37]. In the case of HEU, it has been reported

• textural parameter values (Table 2). Like all zeolitic minerals, this natural zeolite possesses both porosity and mesoporosity. In this regard, note in the SEM images the spacing between the crystals of the zeolitic phases. It leads to diffusion of DAP and urea through them (porous and mesoporous) to the

• essential mainly during the early stages of crop development. This scenario could lead to impeded diffusion and consequent slow release of nutrients from the zeolitic material into the soil solution. This late delivery of nutrients is consistent with the concept of slow or controlled release and increases

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• target and affect the beam spatial and temporal profile. Picosecond lasers provide a balance between nonlinear optical absorption and thermal diffusion effects [171]. Self-focusing is less intense than with femtosecond pulses, achieving effective focus without significant filamentation when operating at

• limit the productivity. Nanosecond lasers exhibit thermal processes that can reduce efficiency. Picosecond lasers represent an intermediate regime where a balance between nonlinear optical absorption and thermal diffusion is achieved. This balance minimises adverse effects such as self-focusing and

• enough to limit significant thermal effects, yet there is still thermal diffusion [176]. For pulses longer than 1 ps, the ablation regime determined by the optical penetration depth is not observed [178]. In the nanosecond regime, the energy is deposited over an extended period, and heat has time to

Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures

• Francesco De Chiara,
• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Francesco Avitabile,
• Francesco Colangelo,
• Abhishek Kumar,
• Carmine Attanasio and
• Carla Cirillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20

• the critical value v*, the Lorentz force dominates the viscous drag force, leading to instabilities in vortex motion. The dependence of v* on T is given by: where Tc is the superconducting critical temperature, D is the quasiparticles diffusion coefficient, and ζ(x) is the Riemann zeta function. The

• vortex velocity than a single superconducting strip [27]. This result may be attributed to proximity-induced superconductivity in the normal layer. At the interface, superconductivity is induced into the normal metal over the coherence length where DN = vFl/3 [36] is the electron diffusion coefficient in

• electron diffusion coefficient and the ferromagnet exchange energy, respectively. Since, at low temperatures, Eex (≈0.01–1 eV) largely exceeds the thermal energy, kBT, ξF is typically of the order of 1–5 nm [33]. As a result, in contrast to the much longer decay observed in S/N systems, superconducting

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• , and carrier mobility. As a result, precise control over oxidation depth and lateral diffusion during processing may require the use of lower voltages and carefully optimized humidity conditions. Hybrid approaches, which combine LAO with complementary techniques such as chemical vapor deposition or

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• diffusion of reactants and products to and from the active sites. Carbon black shows the lowest BET surface area (167 m2·g−1) and total pore volume (0.57 cm3·g−1). Most of the pores are again in the microporous region (<2 nm) (Figure S1c, Supporting Information File 1), concomitant with a less accessible

• volume. These features provide a more favorable environment for mass transport, reactant diffusion, and nanoparticle dispersion, making rGO a more effective catalyst support, so we expect a better catalytic activity with rGO. In addition to the morphological and textural properties of carbon supports

• efficient mass transport and diffusion of reactants. For Au@SiW9-AC, only 85% conversion was reached after 8 h, whereas the rGO equivalent achieved 100%. Conversely, the textural and morphological properties of rGO (Figure 2), characterized by increased mesoporosity (Figure 3), create a more favorable

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• diffusion of material present in the copper foil before growth [36][37], which could lead to variations in the properties of graphene once transferred from the Cu foil to an alternative substrate. We also explore the gas permeation properties of the CVD graphene on Cu [38] by examining the oxygen detected

• present within the graphene films, which facilitate oxygen diffusion, depending on the growth process. The variation in the colour distribution also reflects potential variations in the composition of the oxide layer that forms on the surface. To further explore the extent of the substrate oxidation in

• region in the centre of the sputtered crater, at regular intervals of time during the sputter process up to a depth of ≈180 nm. To compare the extent of oxygen diffusion through the graphene layers, regions of interest were selected in the images corresponding to the graphene signal (i.e., regions where

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• polymers in thin films are known to markedly differ from those observed in the bulk, with significant differences in glass transition behavior, diffusion, and viscoelastic properties [4]. The assembly of polymer molecules from solution to solid state play a critical role in determining thin film morphology

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• incomplete uptake, are suitable adjustments in the incubation time, temperature, and NL concentration, as well as pH and ion concentrations. Optimization of these factors is essential for accurate identification of transport mechanisms, like diffusion or receptor-mediated endocytosis, also reflecting the

• internalization of nanoliposomes can take place through several energy-dependent endocytic pathways (i.e., phagocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolin-mediated endocytosis, clathrin/caveolae-independent endocytosis, and micropinocytosis), as well as through passive transport or diffusion which is an

• uncompetitive movement of the nanosystems, either directly through membrane phospholipids (simple diffusion) or in combination with membrane proteins (facilitated diffusion) [8][34]. Therefore, endocytosis is a process that occurs through membrane–particle adhesion followed by elastic deformation of the cell

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• and demonstrate that both R-PE and 5-FU were effectively incorporated into the nanocarriers. Moreover, the observed spectral modifications suggest that the lipid bilayer not only acted as a physical barrier to immediate diffusion but also provided a stabilizing microenvironment that preserved the

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• conductivity [55]. Similar to the case reported herein, He et al. reported that higher intensity ratios of ID/IG and ID+D'/I2D (or ID+G/I2D, as denoted herein) were related to better electrochemical performance of the examined materials. Moreover, such an optimal additive improved the diffusion coefficient in

Competitive helical bands and highly efficient diode effect in F/S/TI/S/F hybrid structures

• Tairzhan Karabassov,
• Irina V. Bobkova,
• Pavel M. Marychev,
• Vasiliy S. Stolyarov,
• Vyacheslav M. Silkin and
• Andrey S. Vasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 15–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.2

• Hamiltonian in Equation 1 within the microscopic approach based on the quasiclassical Green’s functions in the diffusive limit, that is, when the coherence length ξ is much larger than the electron mean free path l. Such model can be described by the Usadel equations [79][80][81] Here D is the diffusion

• surface, respectively. We introduced the characteristic length , where Ds(N) is the diffusion constant in S(N) part and Tcs is the transition temperature of the bare S region. The self-consistency equations for the pair potentials read where the summation is performed up to the Debye frequency ωD. Finally

Geometry-controlled engineering of the low-temperature proximity effect in normal metal–superconductor junctions

• Munisa A. Tomayeva,
• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2265–2273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.155

• , the normal-metal coherence length, , where Dn is the electron diffusion coefficient and Tc is the critical temperature [8][9]. In a FM, the exchange field Eex further suppresses superconducting correlations, resulting in a shorter coherence length, [10][11][12][13]. This gradual decay of

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• absorption of VB12 (Figure 2), namely, passive diffusion and active transport [34][44]. In passive diffusion, a minor fraction (1–2%) of oral VB12 dose can be directly absorbed via the intestinal mucosa and the gastrointestinal tract surface without the need for the intrinsic factor (IF). If the active

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• here limit to the case of complete dehydration) (Table 1). DLS usually gives higher particle sizes due to the hydration layer [39][40], which slows the diffusion of NPs in aqueous solutions, especially our hydrophilic NPs. We suggest two possible explanations. First, the dimannose residues could be

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• NCs Disc diffusion assay Escherichia coli ATCC® 25922™ (gram-negative bacteria), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC® 29213™, and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 (gram-positive bacteria) were used for antibacterial assays. The antibacterial effectiveness of the synthesized NCs with different average sizes (15–20

• nm) was evaluated by a disc diffusion assay [23]. In this study, overnight cultures of S. aureus, B. subtilis, and E. coli clinical pathogens were inoculated separately on Mueller–Hinton agar (MHA) plates. NCs were dissolved in 10% DMSO. Following, sterile discs (6 mm diameter) loaded with 10 µL (20

• inset in Figure 2c. The particle size distribution graphs in this image unequivocally affirmed the successful attainment of the desired homogeneity. Biological applications Antibacterial activity of AgSbS2 NCs Disc diffusion. The antimicrobial activity of AgSbS2 NCs at a concentration of 10 mg/mL

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• , environmental remediation, and construction. The key transport processes in porous materials include diffusion, advection, capillary action, and sometimes reactions that might occur within the pores, highly complex phenomena one tries to understand as detailed as possible [15][16][17]. Laemmerhofer gave an

• diffusion coefficients [44]. In the mentioned studies, we have always used racemic 3CP containing both enantiomers. Because of our previous work on mesoporous organosilica materials containing chiral groups [47][48], particularly amino acid derivatives [49], we became interested in observing the two

• enantiomers (+)-3CP and (−)-3CP separately [45]. Because of the small pores (<10 nm), the confinement situation was very strong and diffusion was limited. The first indications reported were that materials with larger pores have promising properties, too. The paper here focuses exclusively on aerogel

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• potential suitability for subsequent applications. The observed discontinuities could act as preferential sites for accelerated diffusion and burst release of encapsulated compounds, potentially compromising a sustained release profile while being advantageous for applications requiring an initial burst. To

• successful formation of a core–shell structure via coaxial electrospinning, using the optimized parameters from the morphology study. Additionally, Figure 6B highlights the presence of pores on the PLA shell surface after washing, suggesting that core removal occurred through diffusion facilitated by these

• more prone to defects due to crystallization within a confined space [75]. As a result, water diffusion in these amorphous regions increases, and the catalytic effect of the carboxyl groups may accelerate the hydrolytic degradation of semicrystalline samples [20][65][73]. Furthermore, the crystallinity

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• created. The process of electron energy relaxation continues until their characteristic times reach the tunneling time determined by the parameters of the SIN transition, that is, the transparency of the barrier, the thickness of the normal metal film, and the diffusion rate of electrons in it. For

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• analyzed by high-field 1H NMR spectroscopy and diffusion-filter techniques. The ALC-0159 PEG lipid consists of a PEG2k chain conjugated to a C14–C14 dialkyl glycerol anchor. The surface PEG chain density was estimated at 27.3 PEG chains per 100 nm2 according to the average LNP diameter of 77 nm; this

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• permeation studies using porcine ear skin or synthetic membranes in Franz diffusion cells could be employed to further evaluate the cutaneous permeation profile of the phytol-loaded nanoemulsion. In addition to forming nanodroplets, nanoemulsions must maintain their structural and physicochemical integrity

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• chemical changes occurring during ion implantation. In reality, Ag+ implantation into GO and PI induces carbonization, changes in local density, and possible diffusion or agglomeration of Ag atoms, which can lead to a redistribution of silver compared to the initial ballistic projection. Moreover, surface