Scaling law to determine peak forces in tapping-mode AFM experiments on finite elastic soft matter systems

• Horacio V. Guzman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 968–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.98

• . A closed-form analytical equation to estimate the tip–sample peak forces while imaging soft materials in liquid environment and within an elastic deformation regime has been deduced. We have combined a multivariate regression method with input from the virial–dissipation equations and Tatara’s

• ). One strategy to reduce the order of the cascade function (Equation 5) is to base our modelling on top of one available analytical approach to determine Fts in dynamic AFM [21][42][43]. We have applied the virial–dissipation method [19] to determine an initial equation for the peak force as a function

First examples of organosilica-based ionogels: synthesis and electrochemical behavior

• Andreas Taubert,
• Ruben Löbbicke,
• Barbara Kirchner and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 736–751, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.77

• that the IL content in the MBA series is somewhat higher at 85 to 90% as derived from TGA analysis (Figure 10). Taking one of the better performing IGs, MBA40IL, a further study scrutinizes the dielectric properties to better understand the presence of two Ea. The dissipation factor tan δ (= ε”/ε’) is

Dispersion of single-wall carbon nanotubes with supramolecular Congo red – properties of the complexes and mechanism of the interaction

• Anna Jagusiak,
• Barbara Piekarska,
• Tomasz Pańczyk,
• Małgorzata Jemioła-Rzemińska,
• Elżbieta Bielańska,
• Barbara Stopa,
• Grzegorz Zemanek,
• Janina Rybarska,
• Irena Roterman and
• Leszek Konieczny

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 636–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.68

• CR-dispersed SWNTs (obtained at 5:1 CR/SWNT ratio) analysing mechanical parameters such as elasticity, adhesion, dispersion (dissipation energy) and deformation (Figure 11). Cholate dispersed SWNTs form a monolayer at the mica surface (Figure 11.1) while SWNT–CR complexes form a thick layer with

• ), deformation (the indentation of the surface under the tip), dispersion (dissipation, loss of energy of microcantilever of scanning probe when passing through different areas on the sample surface). Absorption spectra of free Congo red (A) and SWNT-bound Congo red (D) (0.05 M Tris/HCl buffer, pH 7.4); Congo

• modulus), red – the lowest value; (1B; 2B) adhesion (green – lowest value); (1C) dissipation (dark – the lowest value); (2C) deformation (white – the highest value). Arrows point to local thickening and decreased stiffness (high plasticity) on the surface of the CR-covered nanotubes. Diameter of nanotubes

Copper atomic-scale transistors

• Fangqing Xie,
• Maryna N. Kavalenka,
• Moritz Röger,
• Daniel Albrecht,
• Hendrik Hölscher,
• Jürgen Leuthold and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 530–538, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.57

• V) of the three most promising approaches, namely multigate transistors, tunnel field-effect transistors, and germanium nanodevices [59][60][61][62]. The dynamic power dissipation of the CMOS devices is proportional to the square of drain supply voltage (VDD) [58]. The copper atomic-scale

The longstanding challenge of the nanocrystallization of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

• Florent Pessina and
• Denis Spitzer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 452–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.49

• industry [97] to heat dissipation of electronic chips and laser devices [98]. Brown and York [99] found a critical temperature above which the liquid jet burst by rapid bubbling. They injected water up to 13 bar through simple single-hole nozzles with a minimal diameter of 500 μm into ambient pressure. The

Impact of contact resistance on the electrical properties of MoS₂ transistors at practical operating temperatures

• Filippo Giannazzo,
• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Aurora Piazza,
• Salvatore Di Franco,
• Giuseppe Greco,
• Simonpietro Agnello and
• Fabrizio Roccaforte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.28

• power dissipation. From the analysis of the transfer characteristics (ID−VG) in the subthreshold regime, the Schottky barrier height (ΦB ≈ 0.18 eV) associated with the Ni/MoS2 contact was evaluated. The resulting contact resistance in the on-state (electron accumulation in the channel) was also

• room temperature to 400 K is a realistic range for device operation in circuits/systems, taking into account the heating effect they undergo due to inefficient heat dissipation. However, to date, only a limited number of papers have focused on the high temperature behavior of MoS2 transistors [8][9

Photo-ignition process of multiwall carbon nanotubes and ferrocene by continuous wave Xe lamp illumination

• Paolo Visconti,
• Patrizio Primiceri,
• Daniele Longo,
• Luciano Strafella,
• Paolo Carlucci,
• Mauro Lomascolo,
• Arianna Cretì and
• Giuseppe Mele

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 134–144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.14

• required to ignite the SWCNT material. They believe that the lack of oxygen access and the loss of heat into the bulk of the denser samples make their ignition more difficult. In more detail, if the CNT material is more dense, many bundles are in contact resulting in fast heat dissipation into the bulk. In

Impact of surface wettability on S-layer recrystallization: a real-time characterization by QCM-D

• Jagoba Iturri,
• Ana C. Vianna,
• Alberto Moreno-Cencerrado,
• Dietmar Pum,
• Uwe B. Sleytr and
• José Luis Toca-Herrera

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 91–98, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.10

• (USP), Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirao Preto (FFCLRP), Department of Chemistry, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil 10.3762/bjnano.8.10 Abstract Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) has been employed to study the assembly and recrystallization kinetics of

• and dissipation factors, either individually or combined as the so-called Df plots, showed a much faster formation of crystalline coatings for hydrophobic samples, characterized by a phase-transition peak at around the 70% of the total mass adsorbed. This behavior has been proven to mimic, both in

• : bacterial S-layers; Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D); recrystallization kinetics; surface wettability; Introduction Crystalline bacterial protein layers (S-layers) are arrays of (glyco)proteins (Mw of 40 to 200 kDa) forming the outermost envelope of prokaryotes, and represent

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of self-assembled thiol monolayers and supported lipid membranes on thin anodic porous alumina

• Marco Salerno,
• Amirreza Shayganpour,
• Barbara Salis and
• Silvia Dante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 74–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.8

• during the second step, were independently monitored by using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) technique. The SLB membranes represent a simplified model system of the living cells membranes, which makes the successful observation of SERS on these films promising in view

• buffer solution. If not stated otherwise, changes in frequency and dissipation of the seventh overtone (35 MHz) are shown; all experiments were carried out at a temperature of 22 °C. Results and Discussion SERS-active tAPA–Au substrates The control of the geometrical features of nanostructured substrates

• quantification of the adsorbed mass onto the surface of a vibrating Au-coated quartz electrode through the measurement of the mass-induced frequency shift. Additionally, the measurement of the dissipation gives indication about the viscoelastic properties of the adsorbed layer. The quartz–Au substrate was thus

Structural and tribometric characterization of biomimetically inspired synthetic "insect adhesives"

• Matthias W. Speidel,
• Malte Kleemeier,
• Andreas Hartwig,
• Klaus Rischka,
• Angelika Ellermann,
• Rolf Daniels and
• Oliver Betz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 45–63, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.6

• during their separation). During the detachment process, excessively sticky tarsal insect adhesives might actually transfer their viscous dissipation to the viscoelastic cuticle, largely hampering tarsal release. Indeed, recent empirical and theoretical analyses in stick insects predict that the adhesive

• strength and viscosity of the tarsal secretion should be rather low, thereby decreasing viscous dissipation during tarsal retraction [48]. From this perspective, our four second generation emulsions SA2, OA2, SW2 and OW2 (all combining the hydrocarbons squalane or octacosane with the protein albumin or

• since the tarsal adhesive secretion actually acting as a kind of "release-layer" (due to its reduced wetting ability according to its semi-solid consistence), minimizing the viscous dissipation of both the adhesive liquid and the viscoelastic pad material during detachment [48]. On the contrary

Annealing-induced recovery of indents in thin Au(Fe) bilayer films

• Anna Kosinova,
• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Leonid Klinger and
• Eugen Rabkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2088–2099, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.199

• dissipation and the formation of shallow depressions nearby after subsequent annealing treatments. This annealing-induced evolution of nanoindents was interpreted in terms of annihilation of dislocation loops generated during indentation, accompanied by the formation of nanopores at the grain boundaries and

• the dissipation of the pore. At the end, the film should return to its original, planar state, slightly disturbed by the grain boundary grooves. According to this scenario, an apparent violation of mass conservation in Figure 8b and Figure 8c is compensated for by the grain boundary pore, by a slight

• ) annihilation of the loops, formation of the hillock, and generation of excess vacancies and the grain boundary pore, (iii) dissipation of the hillock and the grain boundary pore by surface and grain boundary diffusion mechanisms. This morphology transformation is controlled by irreversible processes, such as

Thickness-modulated tungsten–carbon superconducting nanostructures grown by focused ion beam induced deposition for vortex pinning up to high magnetic fields

• Ismael García Serrano,
• Javier Sesé,
• Isabel Guillamón,
• Hermann Suderow,
• Sebastián Vieira,
• Manuel Ricardo Ibarra and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1698–1708, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.162

• magnetic fields on type-II superconductors gives rise to a vortex lattice that is hexagonal in most cases [23]. In the presence of a current, vortices move under the action of the Lorentz force [24], producing dissipation and limiting its electrical current and magnetic field working ranges. Vortex motion

• matching effects is given by the comparison of the resistance–field curves at 2.5 K for all the investigated samples, as shown in Figure 5. In the flat sample (no corrugation), the resistance is observed to increase monotonously above 0.5 T, ascribed to the dissipation caused by the vortex motion, and

• Equation 3. Two results should be highlighted. First, in all the samples with thickness modulation, the normalized resistance is smaller than in the flat sample at all magnetic fields. This suggests the relevance of the used pinning landscape to hamper the vortex motion and the associated dissipation. For

Photothermal effect of gold nanostar patterns inkjet-printed on coated paper substrates with different permeability

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Anni Määttänen,
• Petri Ihalainen,
• Maddalena Collini,
• Elisa Cabrini,
• Giacomo Dacarro,
• Piersandro Pallavicini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1480–1485, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.140

• and subsequent dissipation of the heat to the surrounding environment (see Supporting Information File 2). As a comparison, control experiments performed by irradiating the blank substrate under the same conditions showed a negligible photothermal effect (ΔT ≤ 0.4 °C). The much higher temperature

• increase achieved on the printed GNS patterns under ambient conditions compared to the values previously reported for GNS in aqueous solutions [17][30] is likely due to the absence of the thermal dissipation from the bulk solvent (water) that has a high thermal capacity compared to air (see the model

Adiabatic superconducting cells for ultra-low-power artificial neural networks

• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Igor I. Soloviev and
• Maxim V. Tereshonok

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1397–1403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.130

• , 124460, Russia 10.3762/bjnano.7.130 Abstract We propose the concept of using superconducting quantum interferometers for the implementation of neural network algorithms with extremely low power dissipation. These adiabatic elements are Josephson cells with sigmoid- and Gaussian-like activation functions

Influence of ambient humidity on the attachment ability of ladybird beetles (Coccinella septempunctata)

• Lars Heepe,
• Jonas O. Wolff and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1322–1329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.123

• ) humidity-dependent material properties of insect cuticle and β-keratin (main constituent of gecko setae) [41][42][43][44]. In geckos, the effect of a RH on viscoelastic properties of the setal shaft was shown [13]. It was argued that with an increasing humidity the viscoelastic bulk energy dissipation

• about where tarsal liquids are actually secreted and delivered in hairy attachment pads of beetles. Moreover, assuming capillarity to be responsible for the generated traction forces, it is not clear how the proposed increase in the viscoelastic bulk energy dissipation with increasing humidity should

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques III

• Thilo Glatzel and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1052–1054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.98

• . Combined AFM and STM measurements reveal related force and electronic properties [9], energy dissipation in manipulation processes can be examined via the excitation voltage needed to keep a constant amplitude of the probe oscillation [10][11], pulling forces of atomic or molecular wires can be determined

Signal enhancement in cantilever magnetometry based on a co-resonantly coupled sensor

• Julia Körner,
• Christopher F. Reiche,
• Thomas Gemming,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Gerald Gerlach and
• Thomas Mühl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1033–1043, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.96

• However, it is obvious that in the limit of small dissipation or correspondingly a high quality factor of the cantilever these frequencies coincide well. The resonance frequency of a beam can easily be determined from amplitude response curves and, since all our discussions will be based on such curves

The influence of phthalocyanine aggregation in complexes with CdSe/ZnS quantum dots on the photophysical properties of the complexes

• Irina V. Martynenko,
• Anna O. Orlova,
• Vladimir G. Maslov,
• Anatoly V. Fedorov,
• Kevin Berwick and
• Alexander V. Baranov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1018–1027, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.94

• PL of tetrapyrrole molecules [26]. In nonconjugated complexes of cysteamine-capped QDs and chlorin e6 additional channels of nonradiative energy dissipation in QDs and/or in chlorin e6 took place when the relative chlorin e6 concentration in the mixture was increased [19][27]. Aggregation of acceptor

• of dissipation of the photoexcitation energy with rate constants higher than that of FRET. PL quantum yield of the PcSz molecules in complexes with n = 0.1, calculated according to Equation 7, is 12% (as seen in Figure 2b). This is practically the same as for free molecules in aqueous solution [41

High-resolution noncontact AFM and Kelvin probe force microscopy investigations of self-assembled photovoltaic donor–acceptor dyads

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Pierre-Olivier Schwartz,
• Laure Biniek,
• Martin Brinkmann,
• Nicolas Leclerc,
• Elena Zaborova and
• Stéphane Méry

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 799–808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.71

• ). It is also clear that the standing lamellae coexist with other domains (highlighted in Figure 4a–c) giving rise to a strong contrast in the dissipation images, as shown by Figure 4c. In these parts of the surface, the supramolecular packing cannot be directly resolved from the nc-AFM data. In turn

• additional features not apparent in the other channels. These features correspond essentially to individual or a few A–D lamellae with strong potentiometric contrasts, mostly in the form of brighter stripes in the CPD images. The absence of equivalent features in topography and dissipation images (Figure S2

Thermo-voltage measurements of atomic contacts at low temperature

• Ayelet Ofarim,
• Bastian Kopp,
• Thomas Möller,
• León Martin,
• Johannes Boneberg,
• Paul Leiderer and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 767–775, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.68

• temperature gradients into electrical energy and for the local energy dissipation. More fundamentally, the study of thermoelectric effects in atomic-scale nanostructures and in molecular junctions gives important additional information of charge transport [2][3][4]. The thermopower is quantified by the

Coupled molecular and cantilever dynamics model for frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy

• Michael Klocke and
• Dietrich E. Wolf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 708–720, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.63

• . It is shown how this may lead to a systematic shift between the periodic patterns obtained from the frequency and from the damping signal, respectively. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM); energy dissipation; Introduction The physical background

• of the dissipation signal in frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM) was unclear for a long time, and different effects had been discussed, before it was shown that the main contribution comes from adhesion hysteresis [1][2][3]. However, agreement between theoretical predictions and

• experimental dissipation rates has remained a challenge [4] in many cases. The detailed reaction path for a given system can be quite complicated, involving different types of hysteresis [5] and additional effects such as lateral tip displacements [6][7]. Computer simulations have been indispensable to

Correlative infrared nanospectroscopic and nanomechanical imaging of block copolymer microdomains

• Benjamin Pollard and
• Markus B. Raschke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 605–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.53

• correlative analysis of chemical composition, spectral IR line shape, modulus, adhesion, deformation, and dissipation acquired for a thin film of a nanophase separated block copolymer (PS-b-PMMA) reveal complex structural variations, in particular at domain interfaces, not resolved in any individual signal

• important complimentary information on heterogeneous material systems [9]. By measuring the force on a scanning probe tip as it interacts with the sample, material properties including friction, adhesion, deformation, modulus, and dissipation can be quantified and mapped over nanoscale distances [10][11][12

• dissipation of the tip–sample interaction, simultaneously [12][13]. Corresponding quantitative values can be extracted from calibrated force–distance curves at every pixel to build up a multidimensional force–distance image. In this work we acquire force–distance curves, as shown in Figure 1a, using a

Nanoscale effects in the characterization of viscoelastic materials with atomic force microscopy: coupling of a quasi-three-dimensional standard linear solid model with in-plane surface interactions

• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 554–571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.49

• properties under assumed ideal conditions. For example, consider a 50 nm thick film with = k1 / T0 = 0.075 N/m·nm2 as used recently in [22]. In this case, k1 = = 0.075 N/m·nm2 × 50 nm = 3.75 GPa, which is in the expected range for a typical polymer film investigated with AFM [10]. For the dissipation

• also worth emphasizing the counterintuitive observation that in Figure 8a the force curves corresponding to a larger 2D surface elastic modulus (which Figure 8f indicates lead to shallower indentations) exhibit the largest amount of dissipation (they have hysteresis loops of larger area [14]). This is

• significant implications for the interpretation of experiments, for which it is customary to assume that larger amounts of dissipation are expected for samples that are “more viscous” and/or “less elastic”. However, the above simulations suggest that the correlation between dissipation and bulk properties can

Charge and heat transport in soft nanosystems in the presence of time-dependent perturbations

• Alberto Nocera,
• Carmine Antonio Perroni,
• Vincenzo Marigliano Ramaglia and
• Vittorio Cataudella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 439–464, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.39

• on heat transport and dissipation. Moreover, the effect of time perturbations not only on the charge dynamics but also on the energy transport is becoming a new field of study where both electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom are involved [30][31][32][33][34][35]. It has been shown that

• the fluctuation–dissipation relation at the equilibrium, and they include the semiclassical corrections fundamental to treat the out-of-equilibrium regime. Of course, the Ehrenfest dynamics can be combined in a simpler way with ab initio calculations [75] of the electronic and/or vibrational systems

• using the fluctuation–dissipation theorem. Clearly, out of equilibrium (finite bias and/or time perturbations) not only the imaginary part of the retarded Green’s function is important, but, as discussed in the previous section, also other Green’s functions are relevant. In this review, we will analyze

Rigid multipodal platforms for metal surfaces

• Michal Valášek,
• Marcin Lindner and
• Marcel Mayor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 374–405, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.34

• gold surfaces as compared with the corresponding monopodal anchor groups. However, the electron-transfer and charge-dissipation characteristics of the tripodal thiolated molecules and monopodal thiolated species are generally similar, which proved that the redox-active termini are electronically well