Fast diffusion of silver in TiO₂ nanotube arrays

• Wanggang Zhang,
• Yiming Liu,
• Diaoyu Zhou,
• Hui Wang,
• Wei Liang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.105

• -dimensional structures. To increase the electric performance of TiO2, TiO2-based materials have been developed by incorporating metal nanoparticles in TiO2 nanotube arrays, using electrochemical deposition [21], irradiation of microwave [22], reduction [23], and sol–gel process [24], which involve the use of

Controlled graphene oxide assembly on silver nanocube monolayers for SERS detection: dependence on nanocube packing procedure

• Martina Banchelli,
• Bruno Tiribilli,
• Roberto Pini,
• Luigi Dei,
• Paolo Matteini and
• Gabriella Caminati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 9–21, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.2

• underlying AgNC arrays and how the resulting differences in the structural features of the hybrid system affect the spectroscopic properties and eventually SERS enhancement. Different approaches have been explored to assemble nanoparticles, including vacuum deposition, electrochemical deposition

• derivatives and nanoparticles including metal evaporation, electrochemical deposition and layer-by-layer self-assembly techniques [51]. Zarbin's group [20] directly synthesized and assembled silver nanoparticle/graphene oxide nanocomposites at a water/toluene liquid–liquid interface whereas Wang et al. [52

Growth and morphological analysis of segmented AuAg alloy nanowires created by pulsed electrodeposition in ion-track etched membranes

• Ina Schubert,
• Loic Burr,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1272–1280, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.131

• spherical surfaces compared to cylindrical structures [60]. Conclusion In conclusion, we demonstrated the electrodeposition of segmented AuAg alloy nanowires with controlled dimensions by pulsed electrochemical deposition. The Au:Ag concentration is governed by the electrolyte and by the voltage applied

Simple approach for the fabrication of PEDOT-coated Si nanowires

• Mingxuan Zhu,
• Marielle Eyraud,
• Judikael Le Rouzo,
• Nadia Ait Ahmed,
• Florence Boulc’h,
• Claude Alfonso,
• Philippe Knauth and
• François Flory

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 640–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.65

• as chemical etching and electrochemical deposition. To our knowledge, these two processes have never been combined for the production of such a hybrid material. Experimental SiNW etching and tapering Before chemical etching, the Si wafers (phosphorus-doped, <100> oriented, resistivity 1–10 Ω∙cm

Filling of carbon nanotubes and nanofibres

• Reece D. Gately and
• Marc in het Panhuis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 508–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.53

• the TCNSs. Although it is also possible to combine more than one technique (e.g., chemical and capillary [70]), here we describe the general principle of each method individually. Electrochemical filling Electrochemical deposition on both the interior and exterior surfaces of TCNSs has been achieved

Electrical properties of single CdTe nanowires

• Elena Matei,
• Camelia Florica,
• Andreea Costas,
• María Eugenia Toimil-Molares and
• Ionut Enculescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 444–450, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.45

• for the preparation of CdTe nanowires. For this purpose, electrochemical deposition from a bath containing Cd and Te ions was employed. This process leads to high aspect ratio CdTe nanowires, which were harvested and placed on a substrate with lithographically patterned, interdigitated electrodes

• [13]. This method allows for control of pore density by taking into account that each ion leaves a single, cylindrical track and pore size throughout the etching process. These parameters are usually chosen in connection with the desired final nanowire size and quantity. Electrochemical deposition is

• found that (similar to other cases of semiconductor nanowires) the surface passivation leads to an improvement in the electrical properties [16][17]. Results and Discussion Electrochemical deposition of CdTe is a process that has been studied over several decades, and is one of the first reports of an

Self-organization of mesoscopic silver wires by electrochemical deposition

• Sheng Zhong,
• Thomas Koch,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Harald Rösner,
• Eberhard Nold,
• Aaron Kobler,
• Torsten Scherer,
• Di Wang,
• Christian Kübel,
• Mu Wang,
• Horst Hahn and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1285–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.142

• technique allows to fabricate predefined metallic structures on surfaces with nanoscale resolution, which, however cannot be fabricated as freestanding wires [25][26]. Here we report a unique method to long, straight, and single-crystalline mesoscopic silver wires by electrochemical deposition in the

• potentiostatic mode without the need to use any templates, surfactants or additives. At the same time, our method has the advantages of high deposition rate, low reaction temperature, and low cost which are traditionally associated with electrochemical deposition techniques [27]. Results and Discussion The

• the wire are rough. Conclusion We have reported a novel technique for fabricating single-crystalline silver wires by electrochemical deposition, without introducing templates, additives and surfactants. The simple experimental setup and the wide range of control parameters make this approach a

Growth and characterization of CNT–TiO₂ heterostructures

• Yucheng Zhang,
• Ivo Utke,
• Johann Michler,
• Gabriele Ilari,
• Marta D. Rossell and
• Rolf Erni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 946–955, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.108

• on large area polystyrene bead arrays [31]. After removing the polystyrene, a transparent, electrically conductive, hollow sphere array was obtained on top of which an urchin-inspired nanobuilding block design of a solar cell with n-type ZnO nanowires could be realized by using electrochemical

• deposition [32]. Non-covalent surface functionalization leaves the pristine CNTs sp2 structure and carbon atom conjugation intact. Examples include in-situ NO2 physisorption which permitted the uniform growth of Al2O3 on SW-CNT [33], MW-CNT [34] and graphene [35], as well as the physisorption of ethanol and

Antimicrobial properties of CuO nanorods and multi-armed nanoparticles against B. anthracis vegetative cells and endospores

• Pratibha Pandey,
• Merwyn S. Packiyaraj,
• Himangini Nigam,
• Gauri S. Agarwal,
• Beer Singh and
• Manoj K. Patra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 789–800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.91

• morphologies of nanometer-scaled CuO, i.e., nanorods and multi-armed NPs, were synthesized by either using a simple wet-chemical route or an electrochemical deposition route. The nanoparticles have shown a strong bactericidal potential against B. anthracis vegetative cells that was comparable to their activity

Encapsulation of nanoparticles into single-crystal ZnO nanorods and microrods

• Jinzhang Liu,
• Marco Notarianni,
• Llew Rintoul and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 485–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.56

• generator [6], etc. Since the first report of ZnO nanobelts in 2001 [7], methods for growing ZnO 1D nanostructures have been well developed, including high-temperature vapour-phase growth [8], low-temperature aqueous solution growth [9], and electrochemical deposition [10]. The aqueous solution growth is

Dye-doped spheres with plasmonic semi-shells: Lasing modes and scattering at realistic gain levels

• Nikita Arnold,
• Boyang Ding,
• Calin Hrelescu and
• Thomas A. Klar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 974–987, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.110

• symmetry and turn from nanoshells with spherical symmetry to semi-shells, sometimes also called nano-caps or nano-cups. Such semi-shells can be produced either via the evaporation of noble metals on top of dielectric spheres [4][5][6], via the electrochemical deposition through a self-assembled template of

Ultramicrosensors based on transition metal hexacyanoferrates for scanning electrochemical microscopy

• Maria A. Komkova,
• Angelika Holzinger,
• Andreas Hartmann,
• Alexei R. Khokhlov,
• Christine Kranz,
• Arkady A. Karyakin and
• Oleg G. Voronin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 649–654, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.72

• electrochemical deposition of six layers of hexacyanoferrates (HCF), more specifically, an alternating pattern of three layers of Prussian Blue and three layers of Ni–HCF. The microelectrodes modified with mixed layers were continuously monitored in 1 mM hydrogen peroxide and proved to be stable for more than 5 h

Deformation-induced grain growth and twinning in nanocrystalline palladium thin films

• Aaron Kobler,
• Jochen Lohmiller,
• Jonathan Schäfer,
• Michael Kerber,
• Anna Castrup,
• Ankush Kashiwar,
• Patric A. Gruber,
• Karsten Albe,
• Horst Hahn and
• Christian Kübel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 554–566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.64

• . Bulk nc metals are typically produced by severe plastic deformation [8][9][10][11], inert gas condensation [4][12] or electrochemical deposition [13]. The different approaches result in significant differences in dislocation and twin density, porosity and impurity levels of the nc metals, where, e.g

Functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Eloise Van Hooijdonk,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Rony Snyders and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 129–152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.14

• optoelectronic and sensing applications. Aligned carbon nanotubes were coated uniformly by electrochemical deposition with an appropriate conducting polymer [126][127]. In order to manufacture plastic solar cells, transparent and flexible conductors are required. Traditionally, indium tin oxide (ITO) is

• traditional organic electrolytes, they used ionic liquids because of their nonflammability, nonvolatility, nontoxicity, large electrochemical window, and wide liquid-phase range. Practically, VA-CNTs were etched by H2O plasma in order to open the extremities of the nanotubes prior to an electrochemical

• deposition of V2O5 on the sidewalls of the tubes. Opening the tips facilitates the penetration of the electrolyte inside the composite electrode. Oxygen-based functionalization by plasma techniques can lead to morphological and chemical modifications of the nanomaterials [102][103] (Figure 10

Characterization and properties of micro- and nanowires of controlled size, composition, and geometry fabricated by electrodeposition and ion-track technology

• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 860–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.97

• Electrodeposition of nanowires This section presents the setting for nanowire electrodeposition, and discusses the electrochemical deposition processes as analysed by chronoamperometric monitoring. 1.2.1 Electrochemical cells: The photograph in Figure 5a shows our electrochemical cell, currently in use. The polymer

• from the first compartment (I) and the membrane is rinsed with distilled water. For the electrochemical deposition process, the specific electrolyte is introduced in the second compartment (II) and an adequate deposition potential is applied. At a preselected constant temperature, the nanowires then

• ]. Among them, electrochemical deposition is most suitable for fabrication of nanostructures in trenches of small dimensions and/or high aspect ratios (length/diameter) [70]. Based on the above-described template technique, poly- and single-crystalline Cu nanowires with aspect ratios above 500 and

Reversible mechano-electrochemical writing of metallic nanostructures with the tip of an atomic force microscope

• Christian Obermair,
• Marina Kress,
• Andreas Wagner and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 824–830, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.92

• -selective electrochemical deposition. Here, we demonstrate the reversibility of this process and study the long-term stability of the resulting metallic structures. The remarkable stability for more than 1.5 years under ambient air without any observable changes can be attributed to self-passivation. After

• AFM-activated electrochemical deposition of copper nanostructures on a polycrystalline gold film and subsequent AFM imaging, the copper nanostructures could be dissolved by reversing the electrochemical potential. Subsequent AFM-tip-activated deposition of different copper nanostructures at the same

• successfully demonstrated on the nanometer scale. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; electrochemical deposition; electrochemistry; nanoelectronics; nanofabrication; nanolithography; nanotechnology; MEMS and NEMS; reversible processes; scanning probe microscopy and lithography; Introduction The

Revealing thermal effects in the electronic transport through irradiated atomic metal point contacts

• Bastian Kopp,
• Zhiwei Yi,
• Daniel Benner,
• Fang-Qing Xie,
• Christian Obermair,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Johannes Boneberg,
• Paul Leiderer and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 703–711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.80

• metallic contacts under the influence of external light fields. Various processes can be of relevance here, whose underlying mechanisms can be studied by comparing different kinds of atomic contacts. For this purpose two kinds of contacts, which were established by electrochemical deposition, forming a

• contact leads. This gap was then closed, as for the GCQS described in the previous section, by electrochemical deposition in an AgNO3 electrolyte. Before the electronic measurements were performed the electrolyte was carefully removed. In spite of the mechanical perturbations it was possible to keep the

• electrochemical deposition, with the two Au electrodes as working electrodes 1 and 2, and in addition a reference and a counter electrode. A voltage of –12.9 mV is applied across the two working electrodes for the conductance measurement of the metallic atomic-scale point contact. The potential at one working

The oriented and patterned growth of fluorescent metal–organic frameworks onto functionalized surfaces

• Jinliang Zhuang,
• Jasmin Friedel and
• Andreas Terfort

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 570–578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.66

• ][30], electrochemical deposition [33], gel-layer deposition [35], spin-coating deposition from a precursor solution [17][45], Langmuir–Blodgett based layer-by-layer method [34][46], and direct step-wise layer-by-layer growth [29][31][44][47][48]. Of these, the latter method is particular suitable

A facile approach to nanoarchitectured three-dimensional graphene-based Li–Mn–O composite as high-power cathodes for Li-ion batteries

• Wenyu Zhang,
• Yi Zeng,
• Chen Xu,
• Ni Xiao,
• Yiben Gao,
• Lain-Jong Li,
• Xiaodong Chen,
• Huey Hoon Hng and
• Qingyu Yan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 513–523, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.59

• also be applicable for the preparation of other lithium-metal-oxide/graphene hybrids for high-power LIB applications. Results and Discussion The samples from the electrochemical deposition were prepared by the electrolysis of MnSO4 using graphite sheets as the working electrodes. In this process, metal

Parallel- and serial-contact electrochemical metallization of monolayer nanopatterns: A versatile synthetic tool en route to bottom-up assembly of electric nanocircuits

• Jonathan Berson,
• Assaf Zeira,
• Rivka Maoz and
• Jacob Sagiv

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 134–143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.14

• different from those usually produced in conventional electrochemical deposition on thiol/gold monolayers [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45], which may occur in the monolayer-free regions of a destructively patterned monolayer [36][37][38][39][40][41][42], underneath the monolayer [41][42], or on top

• data in Figure 5 support this view. The crux of the selective electrochemical deposition of silver on the OTSeo surface has to do with the fact that single Ag0 atoms are highly reactive and therefore short-lived [49][50][51]. Reaching a critical nucleus size that would allow further stable growth of a

• their ionic state (by electron transfer to surrounding water molecules [54][55]) or redeposit on preexisting stamp-metal grains, before aggregation into stable metal clusters residing on the OTS surface can occur. Conclusion The high selectivity achieved in the contact electrochemical deposition of

Electron-beam patterned self-assembled monolayers as templates for Cu electrodeposition and lift-off

• Zhe She,
• Andrea DiFalco,
• Georg Hähner and
• Manfred Buck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 101–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.11

• ) adsorbed on polycrystalline gold substrates served as templates to control electrochemical deposition of Cu structures from acidic solution, and enabled the subsequent lift-off of the metal structures by attachment to epoxy glue. By exploiting the negative-resist behaviour of MBP0, the SAM was patterned by

• electrochemical deposition the influence of the irradiation dose on the quality of the Cu structures was also studied. In a series of lines written by the electron beam, the dose was varied between 50 and 750 mC/cm2. As seen from Figure 6a, there is a pronounced improvement in the definition of the lines for

• -electrode configuration. Cu wires served as both reference and counter electrodes. The area of the working electrode was 40 mm2. Electrodeposition of Cu was carried out with a 50 mM CuSO4/H2SO4 solution of about pH 1 (chemicals from Sigma-Aldrich, 99.999%). After electrochemical deposition the substrates

Lifetime analysis of individual-atom contacts and crossover to geometric-shell structures in unstrained silver nanowires

• Christian Obermair,
• Holger Kuhn and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 740–745, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.81

• was formed by electrochemical deposition of silver into a nanoscale gap between two gold electrodes. Applying a control potential relative to a third, independent gate electrode allows opening and closing of an atomic-scale gap by the controlled and reversible relocation of individual atoms. In this

• point contacts obtained by electrochemical deposition allowed the direct observation of the fingerprints of atom-by-atom and subsequent layer-by-layer growth of the metallic point contacts. We gave a complete quantitative description of the different stages of nanowire growth: First, individual-atomic

The atomic force microscope as a mechano–electrochemical pen

• Christian Obermair,
• Andreas Wagner and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 659–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.70

• microscopy; deposition; electrochemistry; nanoelectronics; nanofabrication; nanolithography; nanotechnology; NEMS and MEMS; scanning probe lithography; Introduction The controlled, patterned, electrochemical deposition of metals at predefined positions on the nanometer scale is of great interest for

• electrochemical deposition of metals for the fabrication of atomic-scale contacts and switches. By electrochemical deposition of nanoscale silver contacts and subsequent electrochemical cycling, an electrically controllable single-atom relay was demonstrated, which allows the controlled switching of an electrical

• experiments demonstrated that the tip of an electrochemical STM can also be used for local electrochemical deposition. Material electrochemically deposited on an STM tip was subsequently transferred to the surface [22][23], allowing controlled metallic nanopatterning of surfaces. Improvements of STM-based