Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• , and characterization of such materials [9][10]. Silver NWs are among the most extensively studied materials for NW-based transparent electrodes. High-quality Ag NWs can be synthesized relatively easily in large quantities, with precise control over their length and diameter [11][12]. Compared to

Modulated critical currents of spin-transfer torque-induced resistance changes in NiCu/Cu multilayered nanowires

• Mengqi Fu,
• Roman Hartmann,
• Julian Braun,
• Sergej Andreev,
• Torsten Pietsch and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 360–366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.32

• Discussion The AAO template was fabricated by directly anodizing a ca. 1 µm thick aluminum (Al) film on a silicon (Si) substrate covered with 200 nm SiO2 and patterned Ti/Au (5/50 nm) bottom electrodes. It has pores with a diameter of around 35 nm, an interpore distance of around 50 nm, and a height of

• around 1 µm. The electrodeposition of multilayered nanowires was carried out in situ using a three-electrode potentiostat in the pulsed mode [20] at 25 °C. Note that the nanowires were selectively deposited in the pores on the top of the Ti/Au bottom electrodes as shown in Figure 1a. Therefore, most of

• the surface area of the AAO template (or Si substrate) is isolated from the bottom electrodes and the magnetic nanowires, thereby largely improving the flexibility for the design of the top electrodes. After removing the overgrowth by a thin blade or milling in argon plasma, a thick Al film of 180 nm

Controllable physicochemical properties of WO_x thin films grown under glancing angle

• Rupam Mandal,
• Aparajita Mandal,
• Alapan Dutta,
• Rengasamy Sivakumar,
• Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 350–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.31

• heterostructures were performed by preparing Ag electrodes (1 mm diameter) on top of the WOx films and p-Si substrates. The I–V data were acquired by applying DC voltage sweeps (−1 V→0 V→+1 V) using a Keithley source meter (Model 2400, Tektronix, USA) in a sandwiched configuration. During the measurements, the

Ultrasensitive and ultrastretchable metal crack strain sensor based on helical polydimethylsiloxane

• Shangbi Chen,
• Dewen Liu,
• Weiwei Chen,
• Huajiang Chen,
• Jiawei Li and
• Jinfang Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 270–278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.25

• wires as electrodes on both sides of the helical polydimethylsiloxane. Fabrication of the metal crack strain sensor The helical structure of PDMS was achieved by utilizing a screw as a mold, as depicted in Figure 5. To ensure the absence of bubbles within the grooves of the screw, a precisely fitting

CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a booster in the active layer of distributed ternary organic photovoltaics

• Gabriela Lewińska,
• Piotr Jeleń,
• Zofia Kucia,
• Maciej Sitarz,
• Łukasz Walczak,
• Bartłomiej Szafraniak,
• Jerzy Sanetra and
• Konstanty W. Marszalek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.14

• CPE (CPE-T) is responsible for the polarization of the sample in various areas of the material structure and on the electrodes. The mechanisms of ionic or electronic conductivity are represented by the resistance R [54]. Substitute systems with nanodots QD520:P3HT:PC71BM, QD580:P3HT:PC71BM, and QD600

• diagram of a potential solar cell with aluminum and indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes is presented in Figure 10. The HOMO was determined using the UPS spectrum of the valence bands for all samples. The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) was determined by subtracting the energy gap from the HOMO

In situ optical sub-wavelength thickness control of porous anodic aluminum oxide

• Aleksandrs Dutovs,
• Raimonds Popļausks,
• Oskars Putāns,
• Vladislavs Perkanuks,
• Aušrinė Jurkevičiūtė,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Uldis Malinovskis,
• Iryna Olyshevets,
• Donats Erts and
• Juris Prikulis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 126–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.12

• heating, electrolyte flow [19], arrangement of the electrodes, and crystallographic orientation of the aluminum substrate [20]. In this work, we continuously recorded the reflectance spectra from a PAAO-coated aluminum surface during anodization. In a similar reflective interference spectroscopy (RIfS

Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• hydrogel structure. The changes are within the range of 79.7–1390.5 kΩ at 0.01 Hz and 3.5–18.6 kΩ at 1 Hz. The trend of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results shows the capacitive-dominant nature of the hydrogel for all analysed hydrogel-based electrodes. Three different regions were

• , 9.26 mF/cm2, and 4.38 mF/cm2, respectively, for , , and electrodes [56], but with four times higher catalyst loading. The catalytic kinetics of the hydrogel samples showed a much lower Tafel slope value for pure hydrogel (141 mV/dec) than those obtained for the hydrogel with catalyst and conductive

• . Table 2 compares the results obtained for the hydrogel samples investigated by us with the data of hydrogel-based electrodes obtained by other scientific groups. Comparing the overpotential values obtained by us and data obtained by other groups for hydrogel electrodes with various types of

Josephson dynamics and Shapiro steps at high transmissions: current bias regime

• Artem V. Galaktionov and
• Andrei D. Zaikin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 51–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.5

• ) electrodes is kept much shorter than the superconducting coherence length, that is, d ≪ ξ0 ∼ vF/Δ. Here, Δ is the absolute value of the order parameter in superconducting electrodes and vF denotes the Fermi velocity. For simplicity here and below, we set the Planck and Boltzmann constants equal to unity (ℏ

Spatial variations of conductivity of self-assembled monolayers of dodecanethiol on Au/mica and Au/Si substrates

• Julian Skolaut,
• Jędrzej Tepper,
• Federica Galli,
• Wulf Wulfhekel and
• Jan M. van Ruitenbeek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1169–1177, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.97

• ][3] has always held a central role, as the flexibility and control over the structure of molecules is unmatched. One of the fundamental parts of devices employing a bottom-up approach combined with molecular electronics is comprised of metal electrodes and molecular layers deposited onto them. For

A multi-resistance wide-range calibration sample for conductive probe atomic force microscopy measurements

• François Piquemal,
• Khaled Kaja,
• Pascal Chrétien,
• José Morán-Meza,
• Frédéric Houzé,
• Christian Ulysse and
• Abdelmounaim Harouri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1141–1148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.94

• voltage between −1 V and +1 V. This approach mitigates the difficulties related to surface contamination on the gold electrodes during scanning. Resistance values for each electrode arm were determined from the slopes of the I–V straights using a regression model. For each value, the coefficient of

• effect is currently under thorough investigations for a future publication. Accordingly, a new set of images was acquired for the electrodes i = 3 to i = 15 at two bias voltages of +1 V and −1 V, and the corresponding resistance value was determined by their mean value. For each electrode, this imaging

Spatial mapping of photovoltage and light-induced displacement of on-chip coupled piezo/photodiodes by Kelvin probe force microscopy under modulated illumination

• Zeinab Eftekhari,
• Nasim Rezaei,
• Hidde Stokkel,
• Jian-Yao Zheng,
• Andrea Cerreta,
• Ilka Hermes,
• Minh Nguyen,
• Guus Rijnders and
• Rebecca Saive

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1059–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.87

• zirconate titanate (PZT), was integrated onto a silicon photodiode. The PZT layer was sandwiched between two lanthanum nickelate (LNO) electrodes and ultimately the backside of the silicon substate was etched to enhance the motion of the membrane. More detailed information on the fabrication and cross

• with a diluted BHF:HNO3:H2O solution and a HCl solution, respectively. To avoid shunting of the device, a SiO2 insulating layer was deposited. Patterned aluminum (Al) contacts which connect to the top and bottom electrodes of the PBZT were fabricated through a lift-off process. The fabrication was

• waveform voltage at an adjustable frequency, operated through a function generator (GWInstek, SFG-1013). Here, the selected modulation frequency was 1 Hz. It should be noted that the active area of the device stack of piezoelectric layer (PZT) and LNO electrodes is transparent and thus the incoming light

A visible-light photodetector based on heterojunctions between CuO nanoparticles and ZnO nanorods

• Doan Nhat Giang,
• Nhat Minh Nguyen,
• Duc Anh Ngo,
• Thanh Trang Tran,
• Le Thai Duy,
• Cong Khanh Tran,
• Thi Thanh Van Tran,
• Phan Phuong Ha La and
• Vinh Quang Dang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1018–1027, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.84

• relations under reverse and bias voltages, indicating a good ohmic contact between semiconductor materials and Ag electrodes [42]. It is worth noting that the current rise corresponds to the light intensity increase. The highest photocurrent reached 18 μA under a light illumination of 1.28 mW·cm−2. The low

• , increasing the visible-light intensity promotes more excited electrons in the conduction band (CB) of CuO NPs. These electrons transfer to the CB of ZnO NRs and increase the photocurrent collected by the Ag electrodes. Response time and recovery are essential when evaluating a photodetector’s performance

• the Ag electrodes and generate the photocurrent, while holes accumulate near the surface of ZnO NRs to desorb ionized oxygen and release gaseous oxygen: Conclusion In this report, a visible-light photodetector based on CuO NPs/ZnO NRs was fabricated by simple and time-saving methods. Spherical CuO

Ni, Co, Zn, and Cu metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials for electrochemical reduction of CO₂: A review

• Ha Huu Do and
• Hai Bang Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 904–911, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.74

• converting individual MOFs into MOF-derived carbon-support nanomaterials. Another issue is the durability of the working electrodes. Many studies have employed drop casting and the use of binders to affix MOFs onto the substrate for electrode fabrication. This approach presents drawbacks such as reduced

• accessibility to active sites and unstable MOFs/substrate interfaces. Therefore, further studies are required to develop binder-free electrodes by in situ synthesis of MOFs on conductive substrates, such as nickel foam, copper foil, and carbon cloth, to overcome the aforementioned limitations and advancing the

A wearable nanoscale heart sound sensor based on P(VDF-TrFE)/ZnO/GR and its application in cardiac disease detection

• Yi Luo,
• Jian Liu,
• Jiachang Zhang,
• Yu Xiao,
• Ying Wu and
• Zhidong Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 819–833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.67

• signal, which is then amplified by the power amplifier and delivered to the speaker to convert the electrical signal into an acoustic signal. A flexible nanoscale heart sound sensor is placed 1 cm above the speaker, and its electrodes are connected to the charge amplifier and then to the oscilloscope

In situ magnesiothermic reduction synthesis of a Ge@C composite for high-performance lithium-ion batterie anodes

• Ha Tran Huu,
• Ngoc Phi Nguyen,
• Vuong Hoang Ngo,
• Huy Hoang Luc,
• Minh Kha Le,
• Minh Thu Nguyen,
• My Loan Phung Le,
• Hye Rim Kim,
• In Young Kim,
• Sung Jin Kim,
• Van Man Tran and
• Vien Vo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 751–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.62

• , is a possible alternative for graphite electrodes due to its high theoretical capacity of 1623 mAh·g−1 (four times higher than that of graphite) and good rate performance due to high electronic (2.1 S·m−1, 1 × 104 times higher than that of silicon) and ionic (6.51 × 10−12 cm2·s−1, 400 times higher

• than Si at room temperature) conductivity [14]. However, electrodes based on alloying suffer from deterioration during repeated lithiation/delithiation because of the large variation in volume. Despite the lower volume change ratio compared to Si (370% for Ge and 400% for Si) and the structural

• nanoparticles and a carbon matrix using a hydrothermal route has been reported, and the enhancement in the electrochemical performance of Ge@C electrodes was demonstrated [33]. In this work, a one-pot synthesis route has been followed to prepare a Ge@C composite using an in situ magnesiothermic reduction of

A graphene quantum dots–glassy carbon electrode-based electrochemical sensor for monitoring malathion

• Sanju Tanwar,
• Aditi Sharma and
• Dhirendra Mathur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 701–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.56

• /reduction behavior and charge transfer resistance, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were performed. An investigation of the relationship between concentrations and peak currents was conducted using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). In this study, the modified GQD electrodes

• GCE and GQDs/GCE electrodes was first evaluated using cyclic voltammetry in 0.1 M KCl containing 0.05 M [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− at a scan rate of 100 mV·s−1, as shown in Figure 7a. The bare GCE exhibits well-defined anodic and cathodic redox peaks at 1.45 and 0.16 V, respectively. In the cathodic direction

• quantitation (LOQ) of 2.06 nM was calculated using a k value of 10. A comparison of the GQDs/GCE electrode with other existing electrodes for malathion detection is presented in Table 1. It indicates that the proposed GQDs-based electrode has a lower detection limit than other electrodes. The modified GQDs/GCE

Humidity-dependent electrical performance of CuO nanowire networks studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Juris Katkevics,
• Jana Andzane,
• Raitis Sondors,
• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Kiryl Niherysh,
• Yelyzaveta Rublova and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 683–691, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.54

• , which was explained by water chemisorption on the nanowire surface [6][13][18][19]. Nevertheless, for single nanowires assembled on electrodes by dielectrophoresis (DEP), the opposite response to humidity was observed [21]. Besides, unusual responses to humidity were shown for nanowires of other

• the gap (Figure 1d); however, the electrical signal was assumed to come from the CuO nanowire bundles interconnecting the electrodes. Examples of impedance spectra of the CuO networks interconnecting the metal electrodes are shown in Figure 2. Figure 2a shows Nyquist plots measured for variable

• −12, and “pseudo chi imaginary” was less than 1.0 × 10−10, meaning that these spectra are valid for further analysis [36]. The EIS model of the whole tested sample consisted of 152 electrochemical cells, formed by nanowires interconnecting a pair of electrodes, connected in a parallel circuit. Using

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

• then measure the resulting current [61]. In voltammetric sensors that typically have two or three electrodes (the working electrode, the counter electrode, and the reference electrode), the current is measured as a function of the applied voltage at the working electrode. Currently, cyclic voltammetry

• nanocomposites. Because of their large surface area, ordered structure, tunable physico-chemical properties, and good absorbability, MOFs exhibit high potential among the various materials used for electrochemical sensor electrodes [63]. Strong interactions between the functional groups of MOFs and the target

Evaluation of electrosynthesized reduced graphene oxide–Ni/Fe/Co-based (oxy)hydroxide catalysts towards the oxygen evolution reaction

• Karolina Cysewska,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Marcin Zając,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 420–433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.34

• influence of the addition of GO to NiFe and CoNiFe oxides/(oxy)hydroxides catalysts towards the OER was studied. NiFe, CoNiFe, NiFe-GO, and CoNiFe-GO were synthesized by electrodeposition directly on nickel foam. The process made it possible to fabricate OER electrodes with reduced GO and without any

• plate-like structure remained for NiFe and CoNiFe catalysts. However, in each case, some material agglomeration occurred randomly on the surface of the electrodes. No detachment of the catalyst from the surface of the nickel foam was observed. Discussion The studies showed that the addition of GO to

• , the substrates were cleaned ultrasonically in distilled water (5 min) and acetone (5 min). The reference and counter electrodes were Ag/AgCl (4 M KCl) and platinum mesh, respectively. Distilled water was used for the solutions. The measurement temperature was controlled by a thermostat (Julabo F12

A novel approach to pulsed laser deposition of platinum catalyst on carbon particles for use in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

• Bogusław Budner,
• Wojciech Tokarz,
• Sławomir Dyjak,
• Andrzej Czerwiński,
• Bartosz Bartosewicz and
• Bartłomiej Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 190–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.19

• support Platinum was deposited on the synthesized carbon material C-11 and Vulcan XC-72R, one of the most popular materials used as catalyst support in the anode and cathode electrodes of PEMFCs. The platinum deposition was performed in vacuum at a pressure of around (4.6 ± 0.8) × 10−5 mbar. The PLD

• properties of the investigated catalysts. The number of electrons obtained in the oxygen reduction reaction (the number of electrons per O2 molecule) on electrodes made of the tested catalytic materials, and the resulting amount of hydrogen peroxide produced were determined based on polarization curves

• . The durability of fabricated catalysts in RRDE tests is, after all, proportional to the amount of deposited platinum. Efficiency of manufactured catalysts in a fuel cell system Fabricated materials A, B, C, and D were used to make electrodes to investigate the efficiency of the fabricated Pt-based

A distributed active patch antenna model of a Josephson oscillator

• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 151–164, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.16

• and the flux-flow phenomenon. (iii) The slow propagation speed of EMWs inside the JJ, c0 ≪ c. This is caused by a large kinetic inductance of superconducting electrodes. For Nb-based JJs, c/c0 ≈ 40 (see the estimation in section Discussion). For atomic-scale intrinsic JJs in layered cuprates, c0 can

• mode, the argument of J0 becomes (c0/c)πnsinΘ. Since c0 ≪ c, k0a is small. Expanding in Equation 6, J0(x) ≃ 1 − x2/4 (for x ≪ 1), we obtain: It is seen that the mutual conductance for a JJ with thin electrodes (slow c0) is not negligible and can be as big as the single-slot conductance G1, Equation 5

• radiative losses to free space, characterized by the radiative resistance Rrad. They are connected by the transmission line impedance, Here Zsurf is the surface impedance of the electrodes, GQP = 1/RQP is the quasiparticle conductance, L is the inductance, and C is the capacitance of the JJ. The bars

Cooper pair splitting controlled by a temperature gradient

• Dmitry S. Golubev and
• Andrei D. Zaikin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 61–67, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.7

• Moscow, Russia 10.3762/bjnano.14.7 Abstract Electrons in two different normal metallic electrodes attached to a sufficiently thin superconducting island may become entangled due to the effect of Cooper pair splitting. This phenomenon is of fundamental importance and may also have serious implications

• reflection (CAR): A Cooper pair may split into two electrons [2] (see Figure 1a), thereby generating pairs of entangled electrons in different metallic electrodes [3]. This phenomenon and its effect on electron transport in normal metal–superconductor–normal metal (NSN) hybrid structures were intensively

• conducting channel transmissions τ1,n and τ2,n with n being the integer number enumerating all conducting channels. The two junctions are located at a distance considerably shorter than the superconducting coherence length ξ. Normal electrodes are kept at different temperatures T1 and T2, thus creating a

Observation of collective excitation of surface plasmon resonances in large Josephson junction arrays

• Roger Cattaneo,
• Mikhail A. Galin and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1578–1588, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.132

• oscillating state. We use an external detector to measure the emission of electromagnetic waves. The emission power correlates with the step amplitude. Our results indicate that the emission is facilitated by the cavity modes in the electrodes. The modes are collectively excited by active junctions. In turn

• , the standing wave imprints its order on the array, facilitating mutual phase-locking of junctions. This provides an indirect coupling mechanism, allowing for the synchronization of junctions, which do not directly interact with each other. Our results demonstrate that electrodes can effectively work

• interaction via shared electromagnetic fields and currents [26]. For conventional overlap JJs the scale of such interaction is short (nanoscale) because it is limited by the corresponding screening lengths in superconducting electrodes [27]. However, for planar JJs the direct interaction can be of long range

Utilizing the surface potential of a solid electrolyte region as the potential reference in Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Nobuyuki Ishida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1558–1563, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.129

• electrodes. In Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) measurements on electrochemical cells, the surface potential is generally measured relative to electrical ground instead of a stable reference. Here, we show that the changes in the surface potential, measured using KPFM relative to the surface potential in

• interface [13]. In the case of KPFM measurements, the CPD can be measured not only at the electrodes but also over the electrolyte region. Therefore, the change in the potential difference across the electrode–electrolyte interface can, in principle, be detected without a reference electrode, although this

• has not yet been directly confirmed. This study explored the possibility of obtaining a stable reference for KPFM measurements performed on electrochemical devices without a reference electrode. To this end, we prepared an electrochemical cell consisting of two Au electrodes and one Li reference

Induced electric conductivity in organic polymers

• Konstantin Y. Arutyunov,
• Anatoli S. Gurski,
• Vladimir V. Artemov,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Azat R. Yusupov,
• Danfis D. Karamov and
• Alexei N. Lachinov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1551–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.128

• cyclohexanone immediately before applying the polymer solution. The electrodes consisted of two mutually perpendicular lead strips with a width of ≈1 mm, between which the PDP polymer film was ‘sandwiched’ (Figure 2a). Lead was chosen as fairly low-melting metal exhibiting superconducting properties. Formation

• of thin-film lead electrodes with thicknesses from 50 nm to 200 nm was carried out by thermal evaporation in vacuum. The critical temperature of bulk lead is Тс(Pb3D) = 7.2 K. However, in the form of a thin film, the critical temperature of a superconductor can differ significantly from the tabulated

• value [15][16]. In our samples, the critical temperature of lead electrodes varied from 7.8 K < Tc(Pbfilm) < 8.2 K. Submicron PDP films were prepared by centrifuging the polymer from a solution in cyclohexanone on a solid substrate. When preparing the solution, the polymer was first soaked in a small