Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• binding is a highly selective interaction because both enthalpy and entropy are involved in the binding thermodynamics [73]. In case of multivalent particles, the entropy loss on binding is less than that of the two molecules in free solution. The multivalent NPs are very specific for the corresponding

Two-dimensional molecular networks at the solid/liquid interface and the role of alkyl chains in their building blocks

• Suyi Liu,
• Yasuo Norikane and
• Yoshihiro Kikkawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 872–892, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.72

• were partially desorbed from the surface of HOPG. Desorption from the surface is unfavorable regarding enthalpy. However, the detached alkyl chain is mobile in the solution phase; thus, desorption from the surface is favorable concerning entropy. Therefore, the peculiar 2D structural change can be

• explained by the nonlinearity of the entropy term in the Gibbs free energy. 3.2 Pore size The fabrication of nanoscale porous networks has attracted attention owing to their ability to accommodate guest molecules in the confined pores. Modification of the alkyl chain length facilitated the tuning of the

A wearable nanoscale heart sound sensor based on P(VDF-TrFE)/ZnO/GR and its application in cardiac disease detection

• Yi Luo,
• Jian Liu,
• Jiachang Zhang,
• Yu Xiao,
• Ying Wu and
• Zhidong Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 819–833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.67

• were mistakenly classified as normal. After verification, the heart sound classification model trained in the experiment achieved an accuracy rate of 94.8%. According to Liu et al. [38], adaptive noise-complete empirical modal decomposition permutation entropy combined with a support vector machine was

Temperature and chemical effects on the interfacial energy between a Ga–In–Sn eutectic liquid alloy and nanoscopic asperities

• Yujin Han,
• Pierre-Marie Thebault,
• Corentin Audes,
• Xuelin Wang,
• Haiwoong Park,
• Jian-Zhong Jiang and
• Arnaud Caron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 817–827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.72

• + Adγ* or which allows for a correlation of the thermal sensitivity of the surface or interfacial tension with the surface or interfacial entropy According to [27][28], the temperature sensitivity of the surface energy of simple metallic melts depends on the change of the cohesion energy with

• energy of the system. The larger the individual free surface energies, the larger the energetic gain upon the formation of an interface. Above, we have related the temperature sensitivity of the surface energy κ to the surface entropy Ss. For most liquids, the value κ is negative, owing to an increase in

• entropy at higher temperatures. This entropy increase can be rationalized by decreasing the coordination number at a liquid surface at higher temperatures. However, a few exceptions have been observed to take positive values. For pure silver, a positive temperature sensitivity has been observed in the

Recent advances in nanoarchitectures of monocrystalline coordination polymers through confined assembly

• Lingling Xia,
• Qinyue Wang and
• Ming Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 763–777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.67

• through self-assembly [130]. The assembly process is usually driven by thermodynamics to form entropy-favored periodic arrangements. The periodically assembled monocrystalline coordination polymers have unique features. For instance, the assembly of polyhedral coordination polymers can form a more complex

Design and selection of peptides to block the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain by molecular docking

• Kendra Ramirez-Acosta,
• Ivan A. Rosales-Fuerte,
• J. Eduardo Perez-Sanchez,
• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Josue Juarez and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 699–711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.62

• solvation potentials are neglected, while van der Waals potential, the nondirectional hydrogen bond term, the hydrophobic term, and a conformational entropy penalty are considered) [20][21]. It can be observed that the binding energy values (Table 1 and Table 2) are significantly lower than the binding

Surfactant-free syntheses and pair distribution function analysis of osmium nanoparticles

• Mikkel Juelsholt,
• Jonathan Quinson,
• Emil T. S. Kjær,
• Baiyu Wang,
• Rebecca Pittkowski,
• Susan R. Cooper,
• Tiffany L. Kinnibrugh,
• Søren B. Simonsen,
• Luise Theil Kuhn,
• María Escudero-Escribano and
• Kirsten M. Ø. Jensen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 230–235, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.17

• by the Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF-149) Center for High-Entropy Alloys Catalysis (CHEAC). This research used resources of the Advanced Photon Source, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility, operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory

Influence of magnetic domain walls on all-optical magnetic toggle switching in a ferrimagnetic GdFe film

• Rahil Hosseinifar,
• Evangelos Golias,
• Ivar Kumberg,
• Quentin Guillet,
• Karl Frischmuth,
• Sangeeta Thakur,
• Mario Fix,
• Manfred Albrecht,
• Florian Kronast and
• Wolfgang Kuch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 74–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.5

• directed, would be into the direction of higher fluence, not into the direction of lower fluence. Domain-wall motion towards the higher temperature in a temperature gradient can be explained by entropy [23][24] or conservation of angular momentum during the transmission of magnons driven by the temperature

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• properties to fit the targeted application in fields such as mechanics, optics, electronics, and biomaterials. Various types of coatings can be produced, from pure metals to metal oxides, nitrides, carbides, oxynitrides to metal alloys, or chemically more complex combinations such as high-entropy alloys [24

First-principles study of the structural, optoelectronic and thermophysical properties of the π-SnSe for thermoelectric applications

• Muhammad Atif Sattar,
• Najwa Al Bouzieh,
• Maamar Benkraouda and
• Noureddine Amrane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1101–1114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.82

• large entropy impact which accelerates the phonon–phonon scattering process. The total thermal conductivity (κtot) for the π-SnSe alloy is also plotted and presented in Figure 9c. It can be noted that initially, by the increase in temperature, κtot decreases and reaches its minimum value of 1.089 W·m−1

Criteria ruling particle agglomeration

• Dieter Vollath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1093–1100, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.81

• direction of a minimum of the free enthalpy. In this context, one may observe mechanisms leading to a reduction of the surface energy or controlled by the van der Waals interaction. Additionally, the ensemble may arrange in the direction of a maximum of the entropy. Simulations based on Monte Carlo methods

• teach that, in case of any energetic interaction of the particles, the influence of the entropy is minor or even negligible. Complementary to the simulations, the extremum of the entropy was determined using the Lagrange method. Both approaches yielded identical result for the particle size distribution

• of an agglomerated ensemble, that is, an exponential function characterized by two parameters. In this context, it is important to realize that one has to take care of fluctuations of the entropy. Keywords: agglomeration; enthalpy; entropy; simulation; surface energy; van der Waals interaction

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• process of forward and backward propagation is done many times until some accuracy/loss threshold is reached. The loss function has different formulae for different tasks. For example, binary-cross entropy, or categorical-cross entropy losses can be applied, respectively, for binary and categorical

Agglomerates of nanoparticles

• Dieter Vollath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 854–857, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.70

• or (attracting) highly agglomerated particles. For these two cases different distribution functions for the agglomerates were found. The size distribution of the agglomerates is ruled by the maximum of the entropy of the ensemble of agglomerates, which is calculated using Gibbs formula of entropy

• . The exact determination of the size distribution of the agglomerates also gives the maximum size of the agglomerates. These considerations lead to an improved understanding of ensembles of agglomerated nanoparticles. Keywords: agglomeration; enthalpy; entropy; Gibbs entropy; nanoparticles; size

• published [7][8]. In these studies, a distribution of particles exhibiting a maximum of the entropy was sought. These studies resulted in arrangements of particles in which the majority of particles was not found in agglomerates. Furthermore, the results of these studies [7][8] were also applied to

Using gold nanoparticles to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms: toward liquid biopsy

• María Sanromán Iglesias and
• Marek Grzelczak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 263–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.20

• formation of DNA circuits and include hybridization chain reaction (HCR), catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) and entropy-driven catalysis [64]. These mechanisms have shown a great potential for developing biosensors of high sensitivity and high selectivity since the target DNA itself is used as a catalyst to

• is released based on a thermodynamically driven entropy gain process. The released target then triggers the next cycle to produce numerous HDP/HAP complexes [135]. In their work, Sang and co-workers [72] have proposed a method called target-catalyzed hairpin assembly amplification. Aggregation of

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• micelles or vesicles. The driving forces of this assembly are a loss of entropy during the self-assembly and different interactions acting on the monomer units of the polymer. Whereas polymer/polymer interactions are favored for the hydrophobic block, interactions between the hydrophobic block and water

Magnetic segregation effect in liquid crystals doped with carbon nanotubes

• Danil A. Petrov,
• Pavel K. Skokov,
• Alexander N. Zakhlevnykh and
• Dmitriy V. Makarov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1464–1474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.145

• interaction of the CNTs with the NLC molecules, and the last term is the contribution of the entropy of mixing an ideal gas of CNTs in the NLC. The volume fraction of CNTs in an NLC sample is assumed to be small (f ≪ 1), which makes it possible to neglect the interaction of the carbon nanotubes with each

Pure and mixed ordered monolayers of tetracyano-2,6-naphthoquinodimethane and hexathiapentacene on the Ag(100) surface

• Robert Harbers,
• Timo Heepenstrick,
• Dmitrii F. Perepichka and
• Moritz Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1188–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.118

• fluctuations in the STM current when apparently void surface regions are scanned. The occurrence of a gas-type phase is indicative of only very small or even repulsive intermolecular interactions that cannot compensate the loss in entropy related to the condensation of the HTPEN into islands. The LEED pattern

Coexisting spin and Rabi oscillations at intermediate time regimes in electron transport through a photon cavity

• Vidar Gudmundsson,
• Hallmann Gestsson,
• Nzar Rauf Abdullah,
• Chi-Shung Tang,
• Andrei Manolescu and
• Valeriu Moldoveanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 606–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.61

• solution is effectively evaluated at all needed points in time using parallel methods for linear algebra operations in FORTRAN or CUDA [29]. The reduced density operator is used to calculate mean values of relevant physical quantities and the Réniy-2 entropy of the central system [31][32][33] The trace

• initially empty central system. In addition, this figure shows the mean value of the z-component of the total spin of the electrons, the trace of the reduced density matrix and the Réniy-2 entropy of the central system S (Equation 9). Initially, the central system gains electric charge through the states in

• the bias window. The plunger gate voltage is placed at Vg = 1.6 mV moving the one-electron ground state below the bias window. The steady state is reached when the ground state is fully occupied and the system is Coulomb blocked with no mean current flowing through it. The entropy of the central

Mo-doped boron nitride monolayer as a promising single-atom electrocatalyst for CO₂ conversion

• Qianyi Cui,
• Gangqiang Qin,
• Weihua Wang,
• Lixiang Sun,
• Aijun Du and
• Qiao Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 540–548, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.55

• -point energy (ZPE) difference between the products and reactants in the reaction whose expression is similar to ΔE, where T represents the temperature (T = 298.15 K), and ΔS represents the change of entropy. The entropies of free gas molecules and vibrational frequencies were all obtained from the NIST

• database [64], and the data of ZPE and entropy for the gas molecules at 298.15 K are shown in Table S1 in the Supporting Information File 1. ΔGU is the free energy of the electrode potential, which is ΔGU = −neU (n is the number of electrons transferred corresponding to the elementary steps and U is the

Polymorphic self-assembly of pyrazine-based tectons at the solution–solid interface

• Achintya Jana,
• Puneet Mishra and
• Neeladri Das

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 494–499, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.50

• proportional to the surface density of the molecules. This loss in entropy is compensated by enthalpic contributions from the intermolecular interactions and the molecule–substrate interaction. In the present system, slightly larger surface density for polymorph I and lesser hydrogen bonding sites make it less

Interaction of Te and Se interlayers with Ag or Au nanofilms in sandwich structures

• Arkadiusz Ciesielski,
• Lukasz Skowronski,
• Marek Trzcinski,
• Ewa Górecka,
• Wojciech Pacuski and
• Tomasz Szoplik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 238–246, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.22

• interstitial lattice sites accessible to the minority atom as well as higher coordination number. Therefore, a system in which minority atoms reside in such voids has a higher entropy S (and thus lower free enthalpy G) than a system in which they reside in a simple grain boundary. Therefore, the distribution

• sites available for semiconductor atoms to occupy [20][21] – precisely at the metal/semiconductor interface. Since such a system already has a high configurational entropy, and migration of semiconductor atoms towards the surface of the metal is unlikely to increase it. Therefore, the decrease in the

pH-mediated control over the mesostructure of ordered mesoporous materials templated by polyion complex micelles

• Emilie Molina,
• Mélody Mathonnat,
• Jason Richard,
• Patrick Lacroix-Desmazes,
• Martin In,
• Philippe Dieudonné,
• Thomas Cacciaguerra,
• Corine Gérardin and
• Nathalie Marcotte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.14

• of Pluronic-templated mesostructured silica [5][41][42][43], in which the primary step for a good mesostructure to be obtained is entropy driven by hydrogen bonding between the silica oligomers and PEO chains [5]. Variations in the respective sizes of the two nanodomains of the system, (1) the

Block copolymers for designing nanostructured porous coatings

• Roberto Nisticò

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2332–2344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.218

• /homopolymer formulations [81][82]. The microdomain arrangement is affected by heating, since BCs can exhibit phase mixing upon heating, due to the increase in the translational (or combinatorial) entropy and subsequent decrease of the phases interaction area. It can also exhibit phase separation as a result

• of the thermal expansion coefficients and/or directional enthalpy (or entropy) changes, as shown in [83]. Furthermore, crystallinity is also an important parameter that can influence the domain orientation. As reported by Register and co-workers [84], there are three different levels of orientation

The inhibition effect of water on the purification of natural gas with nanoporous graphene membranes

• Krzysztof Nieszporek,
• Tomasz Pańczyk and
• Jolanta Nieszporek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1906–1916, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.182

• configuration causes an initial pressure difference between the feed side (below and above graphene sheets, see Figure 1) and the permeating area. Therefore, the increase of entropy is the driving force of the process. It is worth mentioning that the presence of 400 molecules (CH4 + N2) in the retentate area at

Improving the catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution of monolayered SnSe_2(1−x)S_2x by mechanical strain

• Sha Dong and
• Zhiguo Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1820–1827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.173

• phase of hydrogen; because this quantity has a small contribution to ΔGH, it was neglected in this work. T is the temperature. ΔSH is the entropy contribution to ΔGH, which can be approximated as: ΔSH = 1/2SH2, where SH2 is the entropy of H2 in the gas phase under standard conditions (300 K, 1 bar) [69