Polymer blend lithography: A versatile method to fabricate nanopatterned self-assembled monolayers

• Cheng Huang,
• Markus Moosmann,
• Jiehong Jin,
• Tobias Heiler,
• Stefan Walheim and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 620–628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.71

• SAM template. The cross section shown here is the average of the trace and the retrace images. (d) Schematic drawing of the AFM friction imaging. The first SAM that was deposited is APTES. Its height is half the height of the FDTS-SAM, which was complemented after the PMMA mask had been removed

Nanotribology at high temperatures

• Saurav Goel,
• Alexander Stukowski,
• Gaurav Goel,
• Xichun Luo and
• Robert L. Reuben

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 586–588, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.68

• , Livermore, California, USA School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201306, India 10.3762/bjnano.3.68 Abstract Recent molecular dynamics simulation results have increased conceptual understanding of the grazing and the ploughing friction at elevated temperatures, particularly

• friction and nearly zero wear [1]. Recent research, however, has shown a steep rise in the grazing friction during wearless sliding, primarily attributed to the adhesion between the interacting surfaces [2]. A major assumption in the atomistic simulation associated with this finding was the consideration

• of the diamond tip as a wearless rigid body for ease of computation. Accordingly, it has been suggested [2] that the steep rise in grazing friction and the gradual drop in ploughing friction at high temperatures may affect all materials and should be pursued experimentally [3]. However, diamond is

Mapping mechanical properties of organic thin films by force-modulation microscopy in aqueous media

• Jianming Zhang,
• Zehra Parlak,
• Carleen M. Bowers,
• Terrence Oas and
• Stefan Zauscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 464–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.53

• atomic force microscopy; biomolecules; elastic modulus mapping; nanomechanical characterization; self-assembled monolayers; Introduction Mapping the mechanical properties, such as elastic modulus, friction, and adhesion of surfaces and thin films in aqueous (or liquid) environments with nanoscale

• , which suggests that the thiol molecules are not close-packed, and have some disorder in their arrangement on the surface. The contrast in the lateral-force image shows a friction difference between the gold surface and the EG3 patterns that can be attributed to the surface-energy difference between the

• stripping off of the photoresist, and backfilling in 0.5 mM EG3-thiol for 1 h. Both height and friction images do not show any pattern-related contrast, which suggests that the molecules have a similar height and the same surface chemical properties. Importantly, however, the original patterns become

Drive-amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy: From vacuum to liquids

• Miriam Jaafar,
• David Martínez-Martín,
• Mariano Cuenca,
• John Melcher,
• Arvind Raman and
• Julio Gómez-Herrero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 336–344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.38

• dissipation setpoints of 1.2 pW and 4.5 pW, respectively, with the PLL enabled, as calculated following the expression [23][24] where P0 is the power dissipation caused by internal friction in the freely oscillating cantilever given by Stable imaging in DAM does not require tip safe or any other kind of

• regime, in which it is contaminated by the polymer. DAM-AFM in liquids Low quality factors are common when imaging in liquids due to the viscous hydrodynamic loading between the cantilever and the environment. This friction in some cases induces an overdamped dynamic of the cantilever, making it very

Wavelet cross-correlation and phase analysis of a free cantilever subjected to band excitation

• Francesco Banfi and
• Gabriele Ferrini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 294–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.33

• ; Introduction Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has made important progresses towards the characterization of material properties at the nanoscale (elastic constants, force interactions, friction, molecular interactions, to name only a few) by means of dynamic techniques that extended the microscope capabilities

Modeling noncontact atomic force microscopy resolution on corrugated surfaces

• Kristen M. Burson,
• Mahito Yamamoto and
• William G. Cullen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 230–237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.26

• neither crystalline nor atomically flat and this presents a challenge for the assessment of measurement resolution and the ultimate determination of the structures of interest. Problems of friction and adhesion serve as examples in which roughness is a determining factor, and a full understanding of the

Quantitative multichannel NC-AFM data analysis of graphene growth on SiC(0001)

• Christian Held,
• Thomas Seyller and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 179–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.19

• around 100 kHz. This choice of cantilever gives the opportunity to perform complementary contact-mode friction and noncontact KPFM experiments on the same surface areas [20]. Graphene grown in UHV The substrate material for the study is the Si face of 6H-SiC(0001). The unit cell of 6H-SiC is composed of

• surface areas such as the one in Figure 4b by KPFM allows subsequent experiments to be aimed at a direct comparison between single and double layer graphene, for example, in friction experiments. While this visualization method allows for a quick identification of the surface structure, we will now

Current-induced forces in mesoscopic systems: A scattering-matrix approach

• Niels Bode,
• Silvia Viola Kusminskiy,
• Reinhold Egger and
• Felix von Oppen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 144–162, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.15

• the scattering matrix and its parametric derivatives. These are given by Equation 39 for the mean force Fν(X), Equation 42 for the correlator Dνν′(X) of the stochastic force ξν, and Equation 47, and Equation 50 for the two kinds of forces (dissipative-friction force and effective “Lorentz” force, as

• given by Equation 44. (For an alternative derivation confirming the positive sign of the friction coefficient in a resonant-level system, see [52]). After some manipulation, we obtain and hence the damping coefficient becomes We can evaluate the remaining integrals analytically in the zero-temperature

• Information File 1, Section D) combines with the elastic force to give rise to the effective potential depicted, for zero temperature, in Figure 3. As in the case studied in the previous section, the system can exhibit various levels of multistability with changes in the bias. The results for the friction

Self-assembly of octadecyltrichlorosilane: Surface structures formed using different protocols of particle lithography

• ChaMarra K. Saner,
• Kathie L. Lusker,
• Zorabel M. LeJeune,
• Wilson K. Serem and
• Jayne C. Garno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 114–122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.12

• images indicate differences in tip–surface interactions, but were not normalized for the comparison of friction changes between different tips or experiments. The tips were silicon nitride probes. Tips used with tapping-mode AFM were rectangular shaped ultrasharp silicon tips that have an aluminium

Electron-beam patterned self-assembled monolayers as templates for Cu electrodeposition and lift-off

• Zhe She,
• Andrea DiFalco,
• Georg Hähner and
• Manfred Buck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 101–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.11

• the same. The depth between the Cu surface and the copper-free area was 30 nm after lift-off, revealing an incomplete filling of the trench by the glue, which is again likely due to trapping of air. On comparison of the friction images of the Cu structure as deposited and after lift-off (Figures 9b

• and 9d), a very different friction contrast is seen between deposition and Cu free areas according to the mechanical properties of the materials. While in both cases the friction inside the trench is higher than on the Cu deposit, the difference between the two areas is more than 30 times larger

• quality of passivation of the cross-linked MBP0-SAM. Topography (a,c) and friction (b,d) images of the Cu structure as deposited (a,b) and after transfer to epoxy glue (c,d); (e) height and (f) friction profile along the line for Cu as deposited; (g,h) corresponding profile for the lifted-off structure

Impact of cell shape in hierarchically structured plant surfaces on the attachment of male Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)

• Bettina Prüm,
• Robin Seidel,
• Holger Florian Bohn and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 57–64, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.7

• forces are due to an improved grip of the beetles’ claws caused by the elevated cell shape. Furthermore, friction might be increased with the setae possibly getting caught behind the elevated epidermal cells. In plant surfaces possessing epicuticular wax crystals or cuticular folds the influence of cell

• . To understand fully the underlying mechanism of force reduction including the proportion of friction and adhesion on insect attachment, further investigations are needed. Taking into account the multifunctionality of the plant surfaces [1], our results indicate that the main function of convex and

Self-assembled monolayers and titanium dioxide: From surface patterning to potential applications

• Yaron Paz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 845–861, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.94

Self-assembly at solid surfaces

• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Jacob Sagiv

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 824–825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.91

• examination, prevention of spreading of liquids, friction and wear reduction, and surface passivation and protection. Whereas the early study of such monolayers indeed attracted considerable attention over the years, perhaps their greatest impact was yet to come, in new directions of research that could not

Current-induced dynamics in carbon atomic contacts

• Jing-Tao Lü,
• Tue Gunst,
• Per Hedegård and
• Mads Brandbyge

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 814–823, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.90

• properties when exchanging modes(n ↔ m) and electrodes(α ↔ β), and which are helpful when examining the terms in Equation 11, which are summarized in the following: Friction – The first term in Equation 11 is imaginary and symmetric in mode index m,n. It describes the friction force due to the generation of

• electron–hole pairs in the electronic environment by the ionic motion. This process exists even in equilibrium [31]. For slowly varying AL/R with energy as compared to the vibrational energies (wide-band limit) we obtain the simple time-local electron friction force, , with NC (wind) force – The second

• term in Equation 11 is real and antisymmetric, which means that the general curl of this force is not zero. It describes the NC force, discussed very recently by Dundas and co-workers [5]. This force is finite, even in the limit of zero frequency, where the friction and Joule heating effect is not

Nonconservative current-induced forces: A physical interpretation

• Tchavdar N. Todorov,
• Daniel Dundas,
• Anthony T. Paxton and
• Andrew P. Horsfield

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 727–733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.79

• (first term) is due to the ordinary electronic friction experienced by the two independent modes X and Y (each of which carries half of the energy of mode (+)). This friction is due to phonon absorption by electrons, and is present even at zero current. The driving term (the second term) comes solely

Distinguishing magnetic and electrostatic interactions by a Kelvin probe force microscopy–magnetic force microscopy combination

• Miriam Jaafar,
• Oscar Iglesias-Freire,
• Luis Serrano-Ramón,
• Manuel Ricardo Ibarra,
• Jose Maria de Teresa and
• Agustina Asenjo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 552–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.59

• the topography of organic and inorganic materials and to study chemical (composition), mechanical (including friction and stiffness, etc.), electrical (surface potential, work function), magnetic (domain structure) or biological (specific recognition) properties. A priori, the unknown contribution of

Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopic imaging of patterned thiol monolayers

• Johannes Stadler,
• Thomas Schmid,
• Lothar Opilik,
• Phillip Kuhn,
• Petra S. Dittrich and
• Renato Zenobi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 509–515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.55

• properties (height, friction). One possible but very tedious way to distinguish the two thiols would have been to use high resolution STM (which is usually size limited to the nanometer range) to search for typical molecular patterns in the SAM structure. However, both thiols can assemble in several

Superhydrophobic surfaces of the water bug Notonecta glauca: a model for friction reduction and air retention

• Petra Ditsche-Kuru,
• Erik S. Schneider,
• Jan-Erik Melskotte,
• Martin Brede,
• Alfred Leder and
• Wilhelm Barthlott

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 137–144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.17

• ecological interest because an air film can reduce friction of solid bodies sliding through the water. This opens perspectives for biomimetic applications such as low friction fluid transport or friction reduction on ship hulls. For such applications the durability of the air film is most important. While

• relevant for this outstanding ability. Besides high air film persistence, the observation of a considerable fluid velocity directly at the air–water interface indicates the ability to reduce friction significantly. The combination of these two abilities makes these hierarchically structured surfaces

• extremely interesting as a biomimetic model for low friction fluid transport or drag reduction on ship hulls. Keywords: air film; aquatic insects; backswimmer; drag reduction; superhydrophobic surfaces; Introduction Superhydrophobic surfaces are of great economic interest because of their amazing

Manipulation of gold colloidal nanoparticles with atomic force microscopy in dynamic mode: influence of particle–substrate chemistry and morphology, and of operating conditions

• Samer Darwich,
• Karine Mougin,
• Akshata Rao,
• Enrico Gnecco,
• Shrisudersan Jayaraman and
• Hamidou Haidara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 85–98, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.10

• microscopy techniques and quantitative information on interfacial friction was extracted from the lateral manipulation of these nanoparticles [17]. These particles were first pushed on a graphite surface by the AFM tips and then manipulated by placing the AFM tip on top of the particles. Above a certain

• lateral force threshold, particle sliding was observed, which has allowed the transition from static to kinetic friction to be quantified [18]. A compromise between the contact and non-contact AFM techniques is the intermittent mode, the so called tapping mode. In this mode the phase shift of the

• of the dynamical processes occurring during manipulation, i.e., collisions between probing tips and particles, friction between particles and substrates, electrostatic interactions among all of them, etc. For this reason, colloidal particles have appeared as model nano-objects because they can be

Biomimetics inspired surfaces for drag reduction and oleophobicity/philicity

• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 66–84, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.9

• the flow velocity obtained from flow rate Q divided by cross section area of the channel, and f is the friction factor which specifies the loss in pressure required to impel a flow over the surface or through the channel. The friction factor is generally a function of Reynolds number, surface

• roughness, and the geometry of the surface. DH is the hydraulic diameter which is proportional to four times the flow area divided by the perimeter of the surface containing the flow. For the rectangular channel, the hydraulic diameter is The friction factor for laminar flow is inversely proportional to the

• with flow velocity. k is the friction coefficient which can be found by the solution of Poisson’s equation over the cross section as [55] From Equation 5, the friction coefficient is dependent only on the shapes of the cross section and independent of the surface roughness. To improve the calculation

Switching adhesion forces by crossing the metal–insulator transition in Magnéli-type vanadium oxide crystals

• Bert Stegemann,
• Matthias Klemm,
• Siegfried Horn and
• Mathias Woydt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 59–65, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.8

• integrity, allows for relating frictional and electronic material properties at the nano scale. This behavior makes the vanadium Magnéli phases interesting candidates for technology, e.g., as intelligent devices or coatings where switching of adhesion or friction is desired. Keywords: adhesion force

• and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). In this context, a great technological challenge in advancing miniaturization is to overcome the strong adhesive attractions between nanoscopic tribo-elements in order to realize technical systems with low friction [12][13]. The atomic force microscope (AFM

• applications where switching of adhesion or friction is desired, such as intelligent devices or coatings. At the nanoscale, these adhesion measurements displayed a lower adhesion force in the metallic state than in the non-metallic, ceramic state, which is in contrast to the macroscopic experience in tribology

Review of "Contact Mechanics and Friction: Physical Principles and Applications" by Valentin L. Popov

• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 57–58, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.7

• Stanislav N. Gorb Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute at the University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24098 Kiel, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.2.7 Keywords: adhesion; capillarity; contact mechanics; continuum mechanics; friction; lubrication; materials

• science; structural mechanics; system dynamics; tribology; Popov, V. L. Contact Mechanics and Friction: Physical Principles and Applications, 1st ed. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010. XV, 362 pages, ISBN 978-3-642-10802-0 (Print), 978-3-642-10803-7 (Online). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-10803-7 The

• book “Contact Mechanics and Friction: Physical Principles and Applications” is written by a theoretical physicist but from the point of view of an engineer. It covers an amazingly broad spectrum of topics ranging from atomic scale friction, continuum and structural mechanics, materials science

Defects in oxide surfaces studied by atomic force and scanning tunneling microscopy

• Thomas König,
• Georg H. Simon,
• Lars Heinke,
• Leonid Lichtenstein and
• Markus Heyde

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.1

• quantum mechanics [10][11]. Furthermore magnetic forces, friction forces, capillary forces etc. can in principle occur in NC-AFM. These forces are not relevant in this paper, since, e.g., a magnetic tip is necessary to detect magnetic forces, or non conservative forces have to be measured to determine

• friction forces. The forces relevant in this work are described below. Coulomb forces are a result of interacting charges and can be stronger than most chemical binding forces [9]. The Coulomb potential ECoulomb between two charges Q1 and Q2 is given by where ε0 is the permittivity constant, ζ is the

Tip-sample interactions on graphite studied using the wavelet transform

• Giovanna Malegori and
• Gabriele Ferrini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 172–181, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.21

• spectrum. This thermal force induces cantilever displacements from the equilibrium position, that show a marked amplitude enhancement in correspondence of the flexural eigenfrequencies. Since the cantilever is subjected also to dissipative friction forces, the amplitude response of the cantilever around a

Scanning probe microscopy and related methods

• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 155–157, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.18

• . Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) uses probing tips to map properties, such as topography, local adhesive forces, elasticity, friction or magnetic properties. In the emerging fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology these types of microscopes help to characterize the nanoworld. In addition, local probes can

• molecules on surfaces. AFM has evolved considerably in the last few years, where new operation modes, such as non-contact force microscopy (nc-AFM), Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) or friction force microscopy (FFM), were developed. One main focus is the high resolution capabilities of nc-AFM, which

• gives insight into fascinating phenomena, such as metal-superconductor transitions or metal-insulator transitions. Another important development is related to nanomechanics, where phenomena, such as friction, wear, elasticity and plasticity are studied on an atomic scale. Atomic friction has been