Cryogenic low-noise amplifiers for measurements with superconducting detectors

• Ilya L. Novikov,
• Boris I. Ivanov,
• Dmitri V. Ponomarev and
• Aleksey G. Vostretsov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1316–1320, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.115

• bipolar junction transistor technology. The amplifiers show high gain values of more than 60 dB at 300, 77, and 48 K. The minimum voltage noise spectral density was achieved at 77 K and corresponded to 0.33 nV/Hz0.5 with a flicker noise of 20 Hz. The maximum voltage gain was 70 dB at 77 K for a frequency

• density of 0.33 nV/ with a 1/f flicker noise corner frequency of 0.1 Hz but there is no information about gain and noise performance at 77 K. Moreover, it would be useful to compare room-temperature results of BJT-based differential amplifiers with results obtained at 77 K. Also, modern cryogenic

• amplifier design is simple to modify, fast to implement, and requires only a proper selection of components. The amplifiers show a high gain value of 70 dB for a frequency range from DC to 17 kHz, a low voltage noise spectral density of 0.33 nV/ and low flicker noise at 77 K. The total power consumption for

Hybridization vs decoupling: influence of an h-BN interlayer on the physical properties of a lander-type molecule on Ni(111)

• Maximilian Schaal,
• Takumi Aihara,
• Marco Gruenewald,
• Felix Otto,
• Jari Domke,
• Roman Forker,
• Hiroyuki Yoshida and
• Torsten Fritz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1168–1177, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.101

• matrix. However, we can exclude higher-order commensurate (HOC) and point-on-line (POL) coincidences with a substrate order lower than four. By tendency, the higher the substrate order, the lower is the epitaxial energy gain and therefore the probability of the coincidence [35][36]. In the case of highly

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• of the nanoparticles can become very large in relation to the volume, and the constituent atoms can be known in numbers. At the nanometer scale, the electromagnetic forces between the atoms gain importance and significantly influence the general behavior of the matter. This changes completely the

A new photodetector structure based on graphene nanomeshes: an ab initio study

• Babak Sakkaki,
• Hassan Rasooli Saghai,
• Ghafar Darvish and
• Mehdi Khatir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1036–1044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.88

• Abstract Recent experiments suggest graphene-based materials as candidates in future electronic and optoelectronic devices. In this paper, we propose to investigate new photodetectors based on graphene nanomeshes (GNMs). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed to gain insight into

Atomic layer deposition for efficient oxygen evolution reaction at Pt/Ir catalyst layers

• Stefanie Schlicht,
• Korcan Percin,
• Stefanie Kriescher,
• André Hofer,
• Claudia Weidlich,
• Matthias Wessling and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 952–959, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.79

• further subsequent loss upon polarization (8% overall). Their ALD counterparts, however, remain unaffected (Figure 5b). Thus, a Pt/Ir catalyst coated with the ALD method on anodized felts results in a significant stability gain with respect to the traditional thermal decomposition method of catalyst

• not this activity gain remains as large in the membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs) of full devices depends on the accessibility of the nanostructured surface to the polyelectrolyte. Furthermore, for application to regenerative fuel cells the studies will have to be repeated for the ORR and expanded

• −2 of salt based on macroscopic sample area. Only 1 cm2 of the support material was dipped into the well-mixed coating solution for 3 min. Subsequently, the sample was placed in an oven at 90 °C for 20 min. Based on the weight gain these steps were repeated until the desired loading was reached

Measurement of electrostatic tip–sample interactions by time-domain Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Christian Ritz,
• Tino Wagner and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 911–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.76

• sampled points. For the TD controller, these values represent the gain of each estimated channel. The sampling-rate-independent continuous noise density QK (QD) is divided (multiplied) by fs to obtain the discrete noise density Q. After the prediction step, a measurement update is performed. The Kalman

• gain Kk is calculated as It determines how much weight should be put onto the currently measured Δfk. Again, Hk has to be updated before using Equation 19 where the linearization is made around the time-updated state and the current bias voltage Uts,k. The a posteriori estimate and covariance are

• before conducting an actual closed-loop measurement. The algorithm is reliable and robust for a wide range of gain values. The three parameters of the state transition matrix are the only tuning parameters needed, apart from the PSD of the thermal noise, which can be calculated beforehand. Code

Adsorption behavior of tin phthalocyanine onto the (110) face of rutile TiO₂

• Lukasz Bodek,
• Mads Engelund,
• Aleksandra Cebrat and
• Bartosz Such

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 821–828, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.67

• optimal position. In the case of SnPc, the interaction is mainly concentrated in the central area of the molecule. The orientation of the molecule on the surface reflects the accommodation to the corrugated morphology of the substrate and is directed by weak physical forces. Consequently, the energy gain

Hexagonal boron nitride: a review of the emerging material platform for single-photon sources and the spin–photon interface

• Stefania Castelletto,
• Faraz A. Inam,
• Shin-ichiro Sato and
• Alberto Boretti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 740–769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.61

Structural optical and electrical properties of a transparent conductive ITO/Al–Ag/ITO multilayer contact

• Aliyu Kabiru Isiyaku,
• Ahmad Hadi Ali and
• Nafarizal Nayan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 695–702, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.57

• during deposition. During annealing the adatoms gain additional energy resulting in an increased mobility. This enables grain growth and crystallization [32][33][34]. The grain sizes of as-deposited and annealed IAAI films were calculated using the Scherrer equation, where λ is the wavelength of the X

Soybean-derived blue photoluminescent carbon dots

• Shanshan Wang,
• Wei Sun,
• Dong-sheng Yang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 606–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.48

• at various wavelengths. The Raman scattering of the annealed CDs has a relatively low yield. The Raman peaks can be only observed when the gain or slit bandwidth of the instrument is increased to compensate for the low fluorescence signal. In contrast to the annealed-CDs, the LA-CDs-10%, which are

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• indicated that some PAH chains penetrated into the PAA brush [37]. Notably, SAXS proved to be a powerful tool to gain more information about the inner structure of such systems. Driving forces for capsule formation The development of capsules with enhanced stimuli responsiveness, controlled loading and

Current measurements in the intermittent-contact mode of atomic force microscopy using the Fourier method: a feasibility analysis

• Berkin Uluutku and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 453–465, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.37

• in our case) acts like an antenna and creates a clear peak at the oscillation frequency in the measured current. This noise is not trivial to filter out due to its location being right at the principal frequency, where we also expect our strongest current peak. This noise may also cause high-gain

DFT calculations of the structure and stability of copper clusters on MoS₂

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 391–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.30

• allows us to investigate the first stages in the nucleation of a Cu film on MoS2 monolayers, as well as the fundamental copper–TMD interactions, and thus gain significant insights into the range of stable configurations for Cu adsorption on MoS2. In addition, we investigate the effect of a single S

• separated adatoms makes little difference for the stability; the difference in the binding energy is only 0.05 eV. The addition energy of the second Cu atom is similar to the binding energy in both cases, indicating that adding a second atom yields approximately the same energy gain as the adsorption of the

• . The addition energies were computed for addition of an atom at both sites, with a Cu atom already at the other site. With an atom adsorbed at site 1, adding a second atom at sites 2 or 3 gives an energy gain of −1.37 and −1.75 eV, respectively, while adding an atom at site 1 gives an addition energy

Interactions at the cell membrane and pathways of internalization of nano-sized materials for nanomedicine

• Valentina Francia,
• Daphne Montizaan and
• Anna Salvati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 338–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.25

• could help us to gain a better knowledge of the endocytic processes involved in the uptake of nano-sized materials. Conclusion Nanomedicine aims at delivering drugs more efficiently to their target to treat diseases. Designing the properties of nano-sized materials to be able to control the interactions

Implementation of data-cube pump–probe KPFM on organic solar cells

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Olivier Bardagot and
• Renaud Demadrille

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 323–337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.24

• , it is crucial to set a suitable time constant for the KPFM feedback loop and an adequate integration time per pixel. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio dramatically decreases when switching from KPFM to pp-KPFM due to a reduction of the bandwidth [22]. This effect demands a reduction of the loop gain

Using gold nanoparticles to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms: toward liquid biopsy

• María Sanromán Iglesias and
• Marek Grzelczak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 263–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.20

• is released based on a thermodynamically driven entropy gain process. The released target then triggers the next cycle to produce numerous HDP/HAP complexes [135]. In their work, Sang and co-workers [72] have proposed a method called target-catalyzed hairpin assembly amplification. Aggregation of

Nonclassical dynamic modeling of nano/microparticles during nanomanipulation processes

• Moharam Habibnejad Korayem,
• Ali Asghar Farid and
• Rouzbeh Nouhi Hefzabad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 147–166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.13

• be better employed. To gain a better understanding, it can be claimed that by decreasing the aspect ratio and increasing the manipulation distance, the results of classical and nonclassical models approach each other, and using classical models generates fewer errors. On the contrary, by increasing

Fabrication of Ag-modified hollow titania spheres via controlled silver diffusion in Ag–TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures

• Bartosz Bartosewicz,
• Malwina Liszewska,
• Bogusław Budner,
• Marta Michalska-Domańska,
• Krzysztof Kopczyński and
• Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 141–146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.12

• in Ag@TiO2 CSNs can occur in the following manner. Titania is oxidized in an air atmosphere and as a result, holes, which may further oxidize AgNPs surrounded by the titania shell, are generated. Upon oxidation, AgNPs gain a positive electric charge and may eject positively charged Ag clusters. In

Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides

• Ivana Ruseska and
• Andreas Zimmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 101–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.10

• a major breakthrough for the transport of macromolecules. They have been shown to successfully deliver proteins, peptides, siRNAs and pDNA in different cell types. In general, CPPs are basic peptides with a positive charge at physiological pH. They are able to translocate membranes and gain entry to

A review of demodulation techniques for multifrequency atomic force microscopy

• David M. Harcombe,
• Michael G. Ruppert and
• Andrew J. Fleming

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 76–91, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.8

• noise and much larger fundamental and/or harmonic components [19][36]. The performance of the demodulator in this regard can be quantified by a metric herein referred to as the off-mode rejection (OMR). OMR is defined as the gain ratio between a modeled carrier frequency fi and another frequency fj as

• block diagram of the Kalman filter implementation is shown in Figure 5, it follows the standard recursive algorithm equations [53][54]. The prediction step is computed as where Pk|k−1 denotes the predicted covariance matrix. This is followed by the Kalman gain and state measurement updates Lastly, the

• scalar gain γ instead of updating covariance matrix and Kalman gain equations. This gives the Lyapunov filter a computational complexity of as additional frequencies are modeled, a significant improvement over the Kalman filter. A key property of the Lyapunov filter is exponential convergence of the

Influence of the epitaxial composition on N-face GaN KOH etch kinetics determined by ICP-OES

• Markus Tautz,
• Maren T. Kuchenbrod,
• Joachim Hertkorn,
• Robert Weinberger,
• Martin Welzel,
• Arno Pfitzner and
• David Díaz Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 41–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.4

• and K700 tools. Epitaxy stacks A–E were prepared with different layer stacks (Figure 1). A acts as a reference sample in the following discussion. Usually 3D growth was applied in the layer closest to the substrate. We chose 2D growth to reach a high initial dislocation density and gain maximum

Synthesis of amorphous and graphitized porous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

• Maximilian Wassner,
• Markus Eckardt,
• Andreas Reyer,
• Thomas Diemant,
• Michael S. Elsaesser,
• R. Jürgen Behm and
• Nicola Hüsing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.1

• Abstract Amorphous and graphitized nitrogen-doped (N-doped) carbon spheres are investigated as structurally well-defined model systems to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between synthesis, structure, and their activity in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). N-doped carbon spheres were

• the ORR by comparison of as-synthesized and pre-graphitized N-doped carbon spheres. We believe that the use of structurally and chemically well-defined model systems, which necessarily might not be as sophisticated as other reported materials, is the proper way to gain a fundamental understanding of

Antimony deposition onto Au(111) and insertion of Mg

• Lingxing Zan,
• Da Xing,
• Abdelaziz Ali Abd-El-Latif and
• Helmut Baltruschat

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2541–2552, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.245

• potential was held at −0.31 V. Line-by-line correction was applied for the topographic images. The two profiles (g, h) correspond to the two black lines in image a and f. Sample bias of 50 mV, set point = 0.5 nA and scan rate of 3.04 ln/s. Integral gain: 6, proportional gain: 8. Arrows indicate the scan

• direction. STM images of the Sb adlayer structure on Au(111) in 0.25 mM Sb2O3/0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte at −0.74 V. (a) 50 × 50 nm; (b) 30 × 30 nm; (c) the cross section of image a; (d) the cross section of image b. Sample bias of 50 mV, set point = 0.5 nA and scan rate of 12 ln/s. Integral gain: 2 and

• proportional gain: 3. Arrows indicate the scan direction. Line-by-line correction is used for images. Tentative model of the Sb adlayer structure on Au(111) in the direction of the rows (direction of vector = (3,1), cf. Figure 5b)). White circles: Au atoms; yellow circles: Sb atoms. Only atoms that are

Small protein sequences can induce cellular uptake of complex nanohybrids

• Jan-Philip Merkl,
• Malak Safi,
• Christian Schmidtke,
• Fadi Aldeek,
• Johannes Ostermann,
• Tatiana Domitrovic,
• Sebastian Gärtner,
• John E. Johnson,
• Horst Weller and
• Hedi Mattoussi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2477–2482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.238

• comparison, no signal was measured from cells incubated with nanohybrids prepared in the absence of His6-MBP-γ (Figure S5 in Supporting Information File 1). To gain further insight into the distribution of QD stain, we visualized the cell cultures incubated with a lower nanohybrid concentration and lower MBP

Semitransparent Sb₂S₃ thin film solar cells by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for use in solar windows

• Jako S. Eensalu,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Erki Kärber,
• Lothar Weinhardt,
• Monika Blum,
• Clemens Heske,
• Wanli Yang,
• Ilona Oja Acik and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.230

• increases the EQE at above 650 nm, where P3HT does not absorb light. The magnitude of the gain in EQE due to this effect depends on the thickness of the HTM and that of the absorber [21]. The optical spacer effect can have a strong influence on the EQE when the thickness of the absorber is around 100 nm or

• (Se-annealed)/Au solar cells under continuous illumination by measuring J–V every 24 h [66]. The Se-annealed sample experienced a net gain in PCE in the first 24 h, which was retained over 400 hours of illumination [66]. The sample containing P3HT lost all PCE after 150 hours of illumination, mainly

• gain of FF and RSH at decreased light intensity. The exact reasons for this dependence are yet to be clarified. An investigation on the low light intensity behavior of Cu- and Se-doped Sb2S3-based hybrid solar cells showed that the PCE of these cells was also significantly higher at lower light