Preparation of micro/nanopatterned gelatins crosslinked with genipin for biocompatible dental implants

• Reika Makita,
• Tsukasa Akasaka,
• Seiichi Tamagawa,
• Yasuhiro Yoshida,
• Saori Miyata,
• Hirofumi Miyaji and
• Tsutomu Sugaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1735–1754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.165

• ) [30], coating on patterned substrates [31][32][33], self-assembly of collagen fibers [34], and crosslinking, using glutaraldehyde [35], formaldehyde [36], carbodiimide [37], genipin [38][39], riboflavin [40], transglutaminase [41], silane coupling agents [42], as well as thermal dehydration [43][44

• of biological tissues and for the reinforcement of scaffolds. Genipin has low toxicity, being about 10,000 times less cytotoxic than other crosslinking agents, such as glutaraldehyde [47]. Crosslinking with genipin has been shown to result in an improvement in tensile strength, elastic modulus, and

• in the cell culture medium, gelatin surfaces with grooves (500 nm width and 500 nm height) were immersed in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). After 1 h, 7 days, or 14 days of incubation, the immersed gelatin grooves were fixed with glutaraldehyde and

Noble metal-modified titania with visible-light activity for the decomposition of microorganisms

• Maya Endo,
• Zhishun Wei,
• Kunlei Wang,
• Baris Karabiyik,
• Kenta Yoshiiri,
• Paulina Rokicka,
• Bunsho Ohtani,
• Agata Markowska-Szczupak and
• Ewa Kowalska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 829–841, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.77

• times with sterile Milli-Q water and mounted on a piece of copper tape. The bacterial cells were fixed by 2.0% glutaraldehyde and 2.0% paraformaldehyde in 30 mM HEPES buffer for 1 h. After fixation, cells were washed with 30 mM HEPES buffer for 1 min, dehydrated by a graded series of ethanol (30, 50, 70

Ultralight super-hydrophobic carbon aerogels based on cellulose nanofibers/poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide (CNFs/PVA/GO) for highly effective oil–water separation

• Zhaoyang Xu,
• Huan Zhou,
• Sicong Tan,
• Xiangdong Jiang,
• Weibing Wu,
• Jiangtao Shi and
• Peng Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 508–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.49

• Zhejiang Lishui, China. Graphite powder (40 μm), used as the source for GO, was obtained from Qingdao Henglide Graphite Co., Ltd. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA, Mw ≈ 95,000 g/mol), glutaraldehyde (GA, crosslinker, 25 wt % in H2O), potassium hydroxide (KOH), Sudan III, acetic acid (CH3COOH), hydrogen peroxide

• ), and GO solution (4.5 g, 3.34 wt %) were mixed together by vigorous stirring for 1 h. Sulfuric acid (0.8 mL, 1.0 vol %) was then added to the CNF/PVA/GO solution with pH of approximately 5. Then, a glutaraldehyde solution (0.8 mL, 25 wt %) was added to the resulting CNF/PVA/GO solution with mechanical

Bombyx mori silk/titania/gold hybrid materials for photocatalytic water splitting: combining renewable raw materials with clean fuels

• Stefanie Krüger,
• Michael Schwarze,
• Otto Baumann,
• Christina Günter,
• Michael Bruns,
• Christian Kübel,
• Dorothée Vinga Szabó,
• Rafael Meinusch,
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 187–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.21

• ), calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2·2H2O, ≥99%, Carl Roth), ethanol (EtOH; 99%, VWR), ethyl acetoacetate (EtAcAc, 99%, Alfa Aesar), glutaraldehyde solution (GA, 25% in H2O, Sigma-Aldrich), hydrogen tetrachloridoaurate(III) trihydrate (HAuCl4·3H2O, 99.99%, Alfa Aesar), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO780, nominal

• washed three times with 50 mL of water at room temperature. Characterization Samples for all transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations were prepared as follows: small pieces (ca. 2 mm2) of the wet hybrid materials were immersed in a 3% glutaraldehyde solution in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7

Involvement of two uptake mechanisms of gold and iron oxide nanoparticles in a co-exposure scenario using mouse macrophages

• Dimitri Vanhecke,
• Dagmar A. Kuhn,
• Dorleta Jimenez de Aberasturi,
• Sandor Balog,
• Ana Milosevic,
• Dominic Urban,
• Diana Peckys,
• Niels de Jonge,
• Wolfgang J. Parak,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.239

• , ethanol, and deionized water, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at a 10× solution, electron microscopy grade glutaraldehyde (GA) 25% solution, D-saccharose, glycine, biotin-free and molecular biology grade albumin fraction V (BSA), and sodium cacodylate trihydrate were obtained from Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG

• pixel-dwell times between 30 and 100 μs were used. The image sizes were 2048 × 1768 or 1024 × 884 pixels. The electron dose for an image ranged between 81 and 376 e−/Å2, and was below the limit of radiation damage [49]. Transmission electron microscopy Fixation was carried out with 2.5% glutaraldehyde

A biofunctionalizable ink platform composed of catechol-modified chitosan and reduced graphene oxide/platinum nanocomposite

• Peter Sobolewski,
• Agata Goszczyńska,
• Małgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Karolina Urbaś,
• Joanna Derkowska,
• Agnieszka Bartoszewska,
• Jacek Podolski,
• Ewa Mijowska and
• Mirosława El Fray

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1508–1514, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.151

• microplotter (Sonoplot GIX Microplotter Desktop). As a proof of concept, printed patterns were biofunctionalized with DNA oligonucleotide probes for Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B streptococcus) using glutaraldehyde as a linker. Confocal microscopy revealed the successful hybridization of complementary

• of concept, we reacted our amine-terminated DNA oligonucleotide probes for Group B streptococcus (GBS) to the printed, annealed nanocomposite ink stripes using glutaraldehyde as a linker [15]. Next, the modified structures were allowed to hybridize with Cy3-fluorescence-labeled, PCR-amplified

• the catechol-modified chitosan matrix (Figure 4B). Chitosan/DNA interactions are largely driven by electrostatic interaction and, as a result, solution pH value, degree of deacetylation and molecular weight all play important roles [18]. Following biofunctionalization via glutaraldehyde linker to the

Low uptake of silica nanoparticles in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial barriers

• Dong Ye,
• Mattia Bramini,
• Delyan R. Hristov,
• Sha Wan,
• Anna Salvati,
• Christoffer Åberg and
• Kenneth A. Dawson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1396–1406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.141

• and processed using Imaris imaging software (BitPlane, Zurich, Switzerland). Transmission electron microscopy After exposure to the nanoparticles as described above, Caco-2 cell monolayers grown on 3.0 μm PTFE transwell membranes were fixed with glutaraldehyde (2.5%, v/v) at room temperature for 1 h

Characterization of ferrite nanoparticles for preparation of biocomposites

• Urszula Klekotka,
• Magdalena Rogowska,
• Dariusz Satuła and
• Beata Kalska-Szostko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1257–1265, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.127

• nanoparticles was functionalized afterwards with –COOH and –NH2 groups to obtain a bioactive layer. To achieve our goal, two different modification approaches were realized. In the first one, glutaraldehyde was attached to the nanoparticles as a linker. In the second one, direct bonding of such nanoparticles

• dispersive X-ray and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The effect of the obtained biocomposites was monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The obtained results show that in some cases the use of glutaraldehyde was crucial (albumin). Keywords: albumin; EDX; glucose oxidase; IR spectroscopy; lipase

• , we have used nanoparticles with or without attached glutaraldehyde that served as a linker between the nanoparticle and enzymes and gives more space for interaction. The enzymes tested in this paper were: albumin, glucose oxidase, lipase, and trypsin. This study is a continuation of our previous

Silicon microgrooves for contact guidance of human aortic endothelial cells

• Sara Fernández-Castillejo,
• Pilar Formentín,
• Úrsula Catalán,
• Josep Pallarès,
• Lluís F. Marsal and
• Rosa Solà

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 675–681, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.72

• cell adhesion and surface stability following the 3-amimoptopyl triethoxylane (APTES)–glutaraldehyde (GTA)–collagen sequence as described in Experimental section. Cytotoxicity of silicon substrates Cytotoxicity was assessed by measuring LDH activity 24 h, 2 days, 3 days, 6 days and 7 days (D1–D7) after

A novel electrochemical nanobiosensor for the ultrasensitive and specific detection of femtomolar-level gastric cancer biomarker miRNA-106a

• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Kobra Omidfar and
• Hossein Ghanbarian

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2023–2036, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.193

• , respectively). Furthermore, the shifted N–H bond has formed a detectable peak at 1502 cm−1 in the spectrum of TMC@Fe3O4 NPs. This curve contains another notable peak at about 1630 cm−1 which arises from the interaction between the N–H groups of TMC and the CHO group of glutaraldehyde known as “Schiff base

• -ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA), streptavidin, K3Fe(CN)6, and K4Fe(CN)6 were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (USA). Analytical grade HCl, NaCl, D-glucose, glutaraldehyde, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), iodomethane, sodium

• were synthesized using D-glucose as the reducing agent via a typical short procedure at 60 °C [36]. In the following, 200 mg of magnetic NPs was exposed to appropriate amount of previously produced TMC (Fe3O4/TMC molar ratio of 1) in a 20 mL solution containing glutaraldehyde (25%, 2 mL), NaCl (0.5 M

Layered composites of PEDOT/PSS/nanoparticles and PEDOT/PSS/phthalocyanines as electron mediators for sensors and biosensors

• Celia García-Hernández,
• Cristina García-Cabezón,
• Fernando Martín-Pedrosa,
• José Antonio De Saja and
• María Luz Rodríguez-Méndez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1948–1959, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.186

• deposited onto the PEDOT/PSS/EM electrode. After drying at room temperature for approximately 45 min., the biosensors were immersed in glutaraldehyde (2.5% v/v, buffer solution) for 5 min and dried in air for 15 min at room temperature. The biosensors were then rinsed with phosphate buffer to remove any

Facile fabrication of luminescent organic dots by thermolysis of citric acid in urea melt, and their use for cell staining and polyelectrolyte microcapsule labelling

• Nadezhda M. Zholobak,
• Anton L. Popov,
• Alexander B. Shcherbakov,
• Nelly R. Popova,
• Mykhailo M. Guzyk,
• Valeriy P. Antonovich,
• Alla V. Yegorova,
• Yuliya V. Scrypynets,
• Inna I. Leonenko,
• Alexander Ye. Baranchikov and
• Vladimir K. Ivanov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.182

• was determined, according to the protocol of the manufacturer. Cellular staining We used two methods for visualizing cells by synthesized O-dots: without fixing, and with fixing, using a mixture containing 2.5% glutaraldehyde (Sigma) and 4% paraformaldehyde (Sigma) in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2

Viability and proliferation of endothelial cells upon exposure to GaN nanoparticles

• Tudor Braniste,
• Ion Tiginyanu,
• Tibor Horvath,
• Simion Raevschi,
• Serghei Cebotari,
• Marco Lux,
• Axel Haverich and
• Andres Hilfiker

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1330–1337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.124

• fixed, dehydrated, dried, and a thin metallic layer was sputtered on top of them in order to avoid charging effects during scanning. The fixation process was performed at 4 °C in 2.5% glutaraldehyde for 12 h after the samples were kept in 0.2 M sodium cacodylate buffer for 24 h. The dehydration process

Improved biocompatibility and efficient labeling of neural stem cells with poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles

• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Marina Dobrivojević,
• Lada Brkić Ahmed,
• Michal Babič,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Daniel Horák and
• Srećko Gajović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 926–936, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.84

• reagent, washed once with DMEM/F-12 medium, separated by centrifugation and fixed overnight with 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, and contrasted in 2% uranyl acetate in water. The samples were dehydrated in acetone and embedded in resin Durcupan (Sigma

Active multi-point microrheology of cytoskeletal networks

• Tobias Paust,
• Tobias Neckernuss,
• Lina Katinka Mertens,
• Ines Martin,
• Michael Beil,
• Paul Walther,
• Thomas Schimmel and
• Othmar Marti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 484–491, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.42

• measurement according to [31]. The test of the functionality of the setup was performed in bi-distilled water by observing only the trapped particle. For SEM measurements the networks were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde (in 0.1 M phosphate buffer with 1% saccharose) for 30 min and contrasted with OsO4 (2% in

Time-dependent growth of crystalline Au⁰-nanoparticles in cyanobacteria as self-reproducing bioreactors: 2. Anabaena cylindrica

• Liz M. Rösken,
• Felix Cappel,
• Susanne Körsten,
• Christian B. Fischer,
• Andreas Schönleber,
• Sander van Smaalen,
• Stefan Geimer,
• Christian Beresko,
• Georg Ankerhold and
• Stefan Wehner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 312–327, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.30

• samples were chemically fixed using glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, dehydrated and embedded in epoxy resin according to standard procedures, see Supporting Information File 1 for a detailed description of the method. Ultrathin sections (about 60 nm thick) were analyzed in a Zeiss EM 902A transmission

• with an overall concentration of 0.8 mM Au3+, samples were taken after 15 minutes, 9.25 hours and 25.75 hours. These samples were processed for analysis by transmission electron microscopy by separating the supernatant and biomass by centrifugation, washing the biomass and fixing it with glutaraldehyde

Ultrastructural changes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus induced by positively charged silver nanoparticles

• Dulce G. Romero-Urbina,
• Humberto H. Lara,
• J. Jesús Velázquez-Salazar,
• M. Josefina Arellano-Jiménez,
• Eduardo Larios,
• Anand Srinivasan,
• Jose L. Lopez-Ribot and
• Miguel José Yacamán

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2396–2405, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.246

• spun down again for 10 min for washing. After washing two times, fixation of the bacterial cells was performed by resuspending each pellet in 1 mL of 4% formaldehyde and 1% glutaraldehyde in PBS. After 2 h of incubation at room temperature, the samples were stored at 4 °C until they were stained with 1

Fabrication of hybrid graphene oxide/polyelectrolyte capsules by means of layer-by-layer assembly on erythrocyte cell templates

• Joseba Irigoyen,
• Nikolaos Politakos,
• Eleftheria Diamanti,
• Elena Rojas,
• Marco Marradi,
• Raquel Ledezma,
• Layza Arizmendi,
• J. Alberto Rodríguez,
• Ronald F. Ziolo and
• Sergio E. Moya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2310–2318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.237

• deposition of GO and polymers, as well as for the subsequent NaOCl oxidation and capsule generation, is represented in Figure 2. In the first step, the red blood cells are crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. The crosslinking is necessary to insure that the polyelectrolytes will not disrupt the erythrocyte

• 15 kg/mol), polystyrenesulfonate sodium salt, (PSS, Mw 70 kg/mol), sodium hypochlorite with active chlorine 13%, phosphate buffered saline 10× (PBS), glutaraldehyde solution grade II 25% in water, Hank´s balanced salt solution 10×, sodium chloride and graphite powder (<45 μm, ≥99.99% trace metals

• at 4 °C depositing the erythrocytes at the bottom and the rest of the plasma in different phases above them. Only the erythrocytes were obtained and cleaned twice with Hank´s solution by centrifugation under the same conditions as before. Cells were then fixed for 1 h at 4 °C with glutaraldehyde at a

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biocompatibility study of Au/TMC/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites as a promising, nontoxic system for biomedical applications

• Hanieh Shirazi,
• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Soheila Kashanian and
• Kobra Omidfar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1677–1689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.170

• Figure 3. Next, chitosan and TMC were introduced to the magnetic core in the presence of glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker. According to the many reports on materials used for coating or encapsulating iron oxide nanoparticles, using chitosan results in particles with a rather broad distribution (20–100 nm

• 1502 cm−1 in the polymer/Fe3O4 spectra correlates with the shifted N–H bond. This is in addition to a new peak at about 1630 cm−1 which is supposed to be the result of the Schiff base formation due to the interaction between the N–H groups of the polymers and the CHO group of glutaraldehyde (which was

• purchased from Sigma (UK). T47D human ductal breast epithelial tumor cell line was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (USA). FeCl3·6H2O (99.0%), FeCl2·4H2O (99.0%), NaOH, and acetic acid were purchased from Acros Organics (USA). Analytical HCl, NaCl, D-glucose, glutaraldehyde, N

Tattoo ink nanoparticles in skin tissue and fibroblasts

• Colin A. Grant,
• Peter C. Twigg,
• Richard Baker and
• Desmond J. Tobin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1183–1191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.120

• results were analysed and presented as a percentage of the untreated control samples. A cell plate that did not undergo the MTT procedure but did have cells incubated with the tattoo ink was treated with 4% glutaraldehyde for 20 min in order to chemically fix the cells for AFM analysis. Chemically fixed

Probing fibronectin–antibody interactions using AFM force spectroscopy and lateral force microscopy

• Andrzej J. Kulik,
• Małgorzata Lekka,
• Kyumin Lee,
• Grazyna Pyka-Fościak and
• Wieslaw Nowak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1164–1175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.118

• ) was used for the silanization of the mica and cantilever surfaces; (c) 2.5% glutaraldehyde aqueous solution, prepared from a 25% solution of glutaraldehyde was purchased from Sigma. All solutions were prepared using deionized water (Cobrabid water purification system, 0.08 µS). Cantilevers

• surface from gas phase for 2 h in a desiccator. Next, the sample was immersed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde aqueous solution for 20 min and afterwards rinsed with 10 mM PBS buffer. Then, the prepared sample was completely immersed in 0.1 mg/mL FN solution in PBS for 60 min, which prevented drying. Then, it was

• silanized using APTES from the gas phase, then their surface was activated using a 1.5% aqueous glutaraldehyde solution and rinsed with PBS buffer. Then, the cantilevers were immersed in a drop (≈50 µL) of PBS solution of 0.05 mg/mL Mab for 30 min, and afterwards rinsed with PBS buffer. These prepared

Silica micro/nanospheres for theranostics: from bimodal MRI and fluorescent imaging probes to cancer therapy

• Shanka Walia and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 546–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.57

• was then amine-functionalized through APS treatment for bioconjugation with FITC-IgG by using glutaraldehyde as linker. The characterization of the prepared NPs was carried out through XRD, UV–vis spectroscopy and PL emission spectra, VSM, TEM and SEM. The fluorescence spectra of mercaptosuccinic-acid

• -precipitation method and then coated with silica. Further these nanocomposites were treated with FITC-APTES and TEOS to obtain amine-functionalized silica-coated fluorescent magnetic NPs. The prepared NPs were then further functionalized with MeO-PEG-NH2 using glutaraldehyde as linker. The characterization of

Comparative evaluation of the impact on endothelial cells induced by different nanoparticle structures and functionalization

• Lisa Landgraf,
• Ines Müller,
• Peter Ernst,
• Miriam Schäfer,
• Christina Rosman,
• Isabel Schick,
• Oskar Köhler,
• Hartmut Oehring,
• Vladimir V. Breus,
• Thomas Basché,
• Carsten Sönnichsen,
• Wolfgang Tremel and
• Ingrid Hilger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 300–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.28

• microscopy For TEM analysis cells were cultured in 24-well plates as described above until they reached 90% confluency. Endothelial cells were treated with different nanoparticle formulations for 1 and 24 h. Subsequently, cells were fixed with 2% (v/v) glutaraldehyde solution (EM grade in 0.1 M cacodylate

Mammalian cell growth on gold nanoparticle-decorated substrates is influenced by the nanoparticle coating

• Christina Rosman,
• Sebastien Pierrat,
• Marco Tarantola,
• David Schneider,
• Eva Sunnick,
• Andreas Janshoff and
• Carsten Sönnichsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2479–2488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.257

• 2.5% glutaraldehyde for 1h. The fixing agent was removed and the sample was rinsed three times with PBS. Afterwards the sample was immersed in 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 95% ethanol for 30 min each. Finally, the sample was covered with 100 % ethanol overnight. After dehydration, the sample was dried in a

Interaction of dermatologically relevant nanoparticles with skin cells and skin

• Annika Vogt,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Berouz Nazemi,
• Chun Sik Choe,
• Maxim E. Darvin,
• Sabrina Hadam,
• Ulrike Blume-Peytavi,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Christina Graf,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Martina C. Meinke and
• Jürgen Lademann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2363–2373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.245

• HaCaT Cells: HaCaT cells were incubated for 24 h with 25 µg/mL AgNP. After fixation with 2.5% glutaraldehyde and dehydration with increasing concentrations of ethanol, cells were embedded in Epon resin. The block was sectioned (80 nm) and the cells were observed by means of a transmission electron