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Search for "interaction" in Full Text gives 1546 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.
Upcycling agroindustrial waste into graphene oxide supports for gold nanoparticles: toward sustainable nanomaterials
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 489–504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.32
- photochemical growth of AuNPs. This approach takes advantage of the strong affinity between gold precursors and oxygen-containing functional groups on the GO surface, which act as nucleation and anchoring sites for AuNPs, thereby modulating their size, spatial distribution, and interaction with the carbon
- organic pollutants, including nitroaromatic compounds and dye molecules, under mild reaction conditions [57][58][59]. The synergistic interaction between AuNPs and GO enhances electron transfer, enabling lower noble-metal loading while maintaining high catalytic performance. Furthermore, AuNPs@GO
- agroindustrial waste-derived samples (Agro-GOP, Agro-GOX, and Agro-GOC). UV–vis spectra of AuNPs and AuNPs supported on GO samples. The plasmon resonance peak appears at 522 nm for AuNPs and is redshifted (526–531 nm) in the hybrids, indicating interaction with the GO surface. TEM images of AuNP-decorated GO
Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31
- Abstract Compared to bulk solids, defects in low-dimensional materials and, specifically, 2D systems are expected to have a stronger effect, detrimental or beneficial, on their properties. Owing to their geometry, defects in 2D materials can easily be formed due to the interaction with the environment or
- -mediated engineering of nanomaterials for energy and quantum applications” organized by the Beilstein-Institut. Following the discussions at the symposium, here, we present the challenges and open questions in our understanding of the behavior of defective 2D materials, interaction of energetic particles
- to the interaction with the environment, for example, because of oxidation. The imperfections have a strong influence on the electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties of 2D materials [2][3]. They normally deteriorate the characteristics; but they can also be beneficial, for example, in
Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30
- previously demonstrated for SSE-based systems [27]. The incorporation of alginate contributes to biocompatibility and creates a hydrogel microenvironment resembling the extracellular matrix, which may favour tissue interaction [33]. The upper layer, composed of a CMC hydrogel containing titanium dioxide
Nanoinformatics: spanning scales, systems and solutions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 423–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.28
- milk consisting of the six most abundant milk proteins found in natural cow milk and lactose, the most abundant sugar found in dairy products, based on their corresponding interaction strengths. The resulting freely accessible multiscale computational model enables predictions of the binding strength
- , preferred orientations, and relative abundance of the specified molecules on the specified material surfaces giving an insight into the mechanisms of bio–nano interaction [4]. Varsou et al. demonstrated a novel approach to evaluate the performance of different models for the same endpoint (zeta potential of
- to treat neurodegenerative disease [10]. Moving into the realm of mixture toxicity and environmental impacts of nanomaterials, Petry et al. investigated the interaction of graphene oxide (GO) with tannic acid (TA) and its consequences for GO toxicity to the earthworm Caenorhabditis elegans. Reactive
Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27
- interaction with target cells [58]. Common techniques include (i) physical co-extrusion, where nanoparticles and membranes are forced through porous membranes to form uniform coatings; (ii) sonication, which uses ultrasonic energy to induce membrane fusion and often favors correct protein orientation; and
- to damaged vasculature (common in tumors) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs); they also express CD47 for extended circulation and modulate immune cell interactions and inflammation [154]. These properties allow for deep tumor penetration and direct interaction with immune components within the TME
Eco-efficient materials for agricultural crops based on a mineral rich in MOR- and HEU-type zeolites
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 381–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.26
- affect the interaction of chemical species with the zeolitic matrix, altering the behaviour of the resulting materials. In this work, a mineral consisting mainly of a mixture of two zeolites, mordenite (MOR) and clinoptilolite-heulandite (HEU) with equivalent fractions, was used to develop materials
- key role in its interaction with various chemical species, which affects the behaviour of the resulting material. In general, due to the peculiarities of geochemical processes, only one main zeolitic phase is usually formed during the formation of zeolite deposits. This main phase coexists with other
- absorption bands near to 1400 cm−1 corresponding to the bending vibrations of N–H bonds in NH4+-modified natural zeolites. In general, when ammonium interacts with the oxygen atoms of the zeolitic structure, various configurations are formed, each of which exhibits different interaction strength depending on
Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25
- integrins and, at the same time, high Rku with sharp nanofeatures hindered cell migration. As a result, there was no sufficient cell–cell interaction, which may lead to the detachment of cells [34]. It was reported that surfaces characterized by low CA values do not support fibroblast adhesion. Kim et al
- groups (positively charged) are likely to promote platelet adhesion (negatively charged) by electrostatic interaction, as also observed in the case of SS-PDA 10 min variant. Moreover, low –NH2 content is linked to suppression of thrombogenicity since it enhanced maintaining the natural conformation of
Ferroelectric nanodot reservoir for neuromorphic computing
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 352–364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.24
- interaction of local polarization with an effective dipolar field, where: The final term U0 is independent of the configuration {mi}. Because all Jij are positive, the system is highly frustrated, meaning it has many nearly degenerate states near the energy minimum, a property that enables high information
- interaction with the ferroelectric reservoir without physical wiring, expanding integration possibilities with optical platforms, scanning probe tools, and flexible electronics. In the implementations illustrated in Figure 7, the ferroelectric reservoir is operated using contactless methods for data input and
- coupled system. Interaction matrix and local fields arise naturally from electrostatic coupling, while the discrete polarization states map to binary Ising variables. This analogy provides a physically grounded platform for implementing neuromorphic functionality. The system operates through charge
Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22
- –material interaction and temporal modification to optimise pulse duration and energy delivery. The current advancements in beam shaping techniques, their impact on the nanoparticle characteristics, and their broader implications for scaling pulsed laser ablation in liquids to meet industrial demands are
- they enable. Similarly, temporal pulse shaping modifies the interaction time and heat generation and dissipation, allowing for better control of overheat accumulation and nonlinear effects during ablation. These approaches provide a path toward more consistent and tunable NP synthesis, further
- synthesis and the underlying optical mechanisms including its influence on ablation efficiency, size control, and colloidal stability. Refractive elements rely on the interaction of light with a transparent material with a different refractive index than air. Standard refractive optics elements such as
Calculation of the dynamic stiffness of a cantilever under torsional oscillation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 303–308, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.21
- the lateral interactions [7][12][13][14]. The torsional oscillation modes of AFM cantilevers are sensitive to in-plane interaction [15][16][17]. This method enabled highly accurate imaging of the in-plane crystalline orientation by utilizing friction information [14]. Quartz tuning fork AFM is useful
- of 4 pm [18]. Quantitative interpretation of the conservative interaction energy and the energy dissipation requires the stiffness of the oscillators [19][20][21]. The oscillator exhibits different stiffnesses in dynamic and static cases [22][23][24]. While the static stiffness is easily obtained
Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20
- ]. The enhancement of vortex dynamics and the reduction of τE are strongly linked to the optimization of quasiparticle relaxation mechanisms. Excited quasiparticles can relax primarily through two processes, namely thermal electron–phonon (e–ph) interaction and electron–electron (e–e) recombination [1
- , substrate-related thermal effects can be considered equivalent, and the observed differences can be attributed to the specific properties of the capping layers and their interaction with the superconducting film. In this respect, Au and Py are expected to affect the vortex dynamics in qualitatively
Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19
- low throughput of traditional SPL. 3.2.5 Machine learning. Optimizing LAO process parameters (such as pulse amplitude, width, and tip–sample interaction) remains a complex challenge. Recent developments in numerical simulation and machine learning (ML) offer promising avenues to address these
Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18
- nanoparticles act against viruses involves the interaction with the surface of the NPs, leading to adhesion and inactivation, thereby preventing the virion from entering the host cell. NPs release ions or transfer them to microorganisms, inducing oxidative stress. Given these possible mechanisms, viral
- treating the fibers at the end of the manufacturing process. Those methods require the use of previously prepared NPs, which are then bonded to the textile through chemical bonding or electrostatic interaction. The pad–dry–cure method is an effective alternative for applying nanoparticles to the surface of
Multilayered hyperbolic Au/TiO2 nanostructures for enhancing the nonlinear response around the epsilon-near-zero point
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 251–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.17
- of light. As a consequence, light does not differentiate between the constituting materials and only “sees” them as a single material. To study the interaction of light with these metamaterials, we use the effective media approximation to calculate the optical properties of these materials. These
Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15
- facilitate charge transfer between the metal and the support, enhancing the activation of molecular oxygen and promoting the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) pathway. This synergistic interaction should not only improve the intrinsic catalytic activity but also allow the catalyst to achieve high efficiency
- -containing functional groups strongly influences catalytic activity [24][25]. AC contains a significant number of functional groups, such as carboxyl, hydroxy, and phenol groups, which enhance its interaction with metal nanoparticles and improve catalytic performance [26][27], rGO possesses a higher amount
- dehydrogenation (ODH) reactions. A minor component at slightly higher binding energies (88.2 and 84.7 eV) is attributed to Au+ species resulting from surface interaction with oxygenated groups of rGO. The predominance of Au0 demonstrates that the active sites mainly consist of metallic gold nanoparticles. The C
Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13
- ambient exposure detected on the surface. This is of note as the graphene/Cu interaction strength is known to depend on the Cu crystal orientation as well as the epitaxial relationship [49][50][51], which leads to anisotropy in the Cu oxidation rate at the graphene/Cu interface for different Cu
Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12
- interaction between the chromophores (Figure 7). Side chains from different main chains of the polymer can interact in a similar way to form supramolecular aggregates (Figure 8) [22]. The π-stacked aggregates are usually classified as H- and J-aggregates, and this classification (originally worked out by
From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10
- , those with neutral or negative charge exhibit longer circulation times, reduced immune clearance, and improved therapeutic efficacy. Further, positively charged nanocarriers exhibit enhanced cellular uptake due to their electrostatic interaction with negatively charged cell membranes; however, they may
- enhances cellular uptake by facilitating better interaction with the negatively charged cell membrane, improving drug delivery efficiency [45]. For example, nanoparticles engineered with pH-responsive polymers facilitate the controlled release of therapeutic agents specifically within the acidic tumour
- bonds and functional groups that enable charge reversal, a strategy that significantly improves cellular interaction and drug delivery efficiency in tumour environments. Additionally, it should be noted that, unlike pH-responsive charge reversal, which is reversible due to protonation and deprotonation
Capabilities of the 3D-MLSI software tool in superconducting neuron design
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 122–138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.8
- inductances has not yet been obtained, and the optimal parameter values are selected numerically [1][31][39][40][41][42]. A generalized theory of the Gauss neuron, accounting for the interaction of all five elements of the experimental device, is currently under development by our group. The necessity of
- accounting for interaction between neuron elements was revealed during the first experimental measurements of TFs presented in [26][27]. The samples were fabricated as multilayer structures above a thick superconducting screen. Experimental curves generally agreed with theoretical expectations, but included
- an additional linear component. One of the reasons is that the input (control line) and the readout (two-junction SQUID) elements can exchange magnetic flux via circulating currents in the superconducting ground plane [33]. It was shown in [43] that such interaction effectively results in asymmetry
Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7
- involve particles up to four times larger than those in the present study [39]. Notably, co-loading of 5-FU and R-PE in HSPC liposomes improved EE% to 46% and 42% for HSPC 25 and HSPC 50, respectively. This suggests a possible interaction between the protein and the drug, enhancing 5-FU retention
- -IM-R-PE (as indicated by green-colored immunoliposomes). The lower phase angle indicates a more elastic, stiffer, and homogeneous lipid membrane, whereas the higher phase angle of HSPC-IM-R-PE is consistent with a more dissipative tip–sample interaction, which is characteristic of softer, flexible
Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6
- material, which could be cut and applied with precision. A control test using a PHB–EL gel (without DFO) confirmed no harmful interaction with the bare steel substrate. Cleaning performance was evaluated for 10, 20, and 30 min of application, and effectiveness was found to increase. Multimodal
- , causing rusty surfaces due to oxygen dispersed in water or to salt residues [57]. For these reasons, much effort is devoted to developing coatings that minimize water interaction, while ensuring that substrate-dependent properties such as porosity, roughness, and coating thickness are carefully considered
- hydrocarbon chain length and halogen content, which influenced their interaction with the geopolymer matrix. Both materials showed increased hydrophobicity, particularly when using long-chain or halogenated alkoxysilanes, which helped chemical bonding between the hybrid coatings and the geopolymer structure
Microscopic study of the intermediate mixed state in intertype superconductors
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 57–62, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.5
- multivortex (many-body) interaction effects while remaining computationally feasible. Vortex configurations The results of these calculations are presented in Figure 1 and Figure 2, which display the minimal-energy three-vortex configurations for representative values of the pairing constant g and temperature
- vortex–vortex interaction potential. This behavior indicates the coexistence of long-range attraction with short-range repulsion, which is characteristic of the IT superconductivity regime. At weaker coupling (g = 3.2), the system exhibits type-I behavior at high temperature: The three vortices merge
- together than the third. Similar asymmetric arrangements have been previously reported in zero-temperature calculations [30] and have been attributed to enhanced effects of many-body interaction. Phase diagram The complete set of calculations for all values of g and T is summarized in the phase diagram
Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4
- /bjnano.17.4 Abstract In taxa such as insects, spiders, bats, frogs, and lizards, adhesive structures at the distal ends of their limbs have independently evolved, enabling the animals to adhere to inclined or even inverted surfaces. The adhesive apparatus of geckos functions via a complex interaction
- microstructure type on the morphometric traits apical diameter, density, and effective bending stiffness, but no significant dependence of ecotype on the morphometric traits. Furthermore, no significant interaction between ecotype and microstructure type was evident (Table 4). The post hoc general linear
- . However, transitions towards lamella-like subdigital scales are associated more often with seta-bearing species than with prong- or spine-bearing species. Ecotype designation showed no significant interaction with the microstructure types. Although this contradicts our second hypothesis at the categorical
Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1
- [5] and physicochemical properties [6]. Among these properties, particle adhesion (which is determined by the interaction between the NP and the substrate) and the interface formed between NPs and substrate [7][8] play a decisive role. Particularly when the contact area between NPs and the substrate
- behavior shown in Figure 5 is affected by the interaction between tip and NPs. This could also explain why both calibration methods show peak values at certain NP sizes, suggesting that each method has certain particle ranges where it performs most reliably. The relationship between work of separation and
- –12 nm) require higher values of work of separation, as particularly evident at 100 and 1000 V. This may be due to increased adhesion, although interaction of the tip simultaneously with several NPs at once cannot be excluded. Nevertheless, we observed a trend towards increasing overall translation
Geometry-controlled engineering of the low-temperature proximity effect in normal metal–superconductor junctions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2265–2273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.155
- electrons from the normal side scatter into the superconductor, suppressing the superconducting order parameter near the interface [5][6][7]. In the normal region, the absence of intrinsic attractive electron–electron interaction causes Cooper pairs to break up beyond a characteristic length scale, namely
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