Sustainable fabrication of 2D-based devices through reuse of substrates with microfabricated electrodes

• Ying Zhang,
• Yigit Sozen,
• Esteban Zamora-Amo,
• Thomas Pucher,
• Nuria Jiménez-Arévalo,
• Zdenek Sofer,
• Yong Xie and
• Andres Castellanos-Gomez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 818–827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.58

• /substrate interface. In liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) [25][26], polar aprotic solvents such as NMP and dimethylformamide (DMF) [27] have long been recognized as effective solvents for layered materials [28][29]. In this work, both NMP and DMF deliver strong cleaning performance under our post-transfer

• immersed in NMP and treated in an ultrasonic bath at 50 °C. The effectiveness of the ultrasonic cleaning is likely related to the interaction between NMP molecules and the interface between the 2D material flakes and the SiO2/Si substrate. NMP is known for its strong affinity for surface contaminants and

• assist in lifting the flakes. As a result, NMP molecules may penetrate the interface between the 2D material and the SiO2 surface, which assists flake detachment while preserving the visible integrity of the underlying electrodes (see schematic illustration in Figure 1b). As an initial test of the

Glycerol photoelectrochemical oxidation reaction at carbon nitrides/BiVO₄ materials

• Charles Garcia da Cunha,
• Isabelle M. D. Gonzaga,
• Cristian Hessel,
• Izadora F. Reis,
• Ivo F. Teixeira,
• Lucia H. Mascaro and
• Elton Sitta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 806–817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.57

• within the CN layer or at the interface between CN and BiVO4, both of which can be tuned by the CN crystalline structure. Considering that the Eg values observed for pristine CNs are maintained after thermal treatment under the Bi layer, the low photoactivity for glycerol oxidation at the PTI-Li/BiVO4

Tuning the electronic properties of defect-rich MoS₂

• Eric Juriatti,
• Martina Binninger,
• Carolin Schüle,
• Maren Zirwick,
• Katarina Margetic,
• Erika Giangrisostomi,
• Marcus Scheele and
• Heiko Peisert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 796–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.56

• techniques, heterostructuring with (fluorinated) transition metal phthalocyanines (TMPcs) has been shown to modify the interfacial electronic properties of pristine TMDCs [8][9][10]. For the interface between CoPcF16 and defect-free MoS2, a slight doping in the TMDC was recently observed, however without

• heterostructure is determined. It is proposed that the electronic properties at the interface of defect-rich surfaces can be tuned by the interaction with the deposited molecule. Experimental All experiments were conducted either at our home laboratory setup or at the LowDosePES endstation of the PM4 beamline

• shown in this study were extracted from 3D images in Γ–K and Γ–M directions, that is, the most important points of high symmetry within the reciprocal space. Results and Discussion Effects of sputtering on the MoS2 surface and interface properties of MoS2/CoPcF16 In Figure 1, the variations of the

Substrate-dependent pore formation in molybdenum disulfide monolayers under ion irradiation

• Yossarian Liebsch,
• Umair Javed,
• Lucia Skopinski,
• Leon Daniel,
• Franziska Appel,
• Radia Rahali,
• Clara Grygiel,
• Henning Lebius,
• Carolin Frank,
• Lars Breuer,
• Leon Kirsch,
• Frieder Koch,
• Jani Kotakoski and
• Marika Schleberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 769–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.54

• under both HCI and SHI irradiation conclusively demonstrate the central role of substrate and interface-dependent electronic dissipation pathways regarding damage under these types of ion irradiation. Keywords: defects; MoS2; nanopores; SiO2; scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM

• layers in van der Waals heterostructures. Although graphene is an excellent in-plane conductor, the out-of-plane electrical (and thermal) coupling across the graphene/MoS2 interface is comparatively weak [57][58]. Indeed, simulations by Schwestka et al. [28] suggest that the out-of-plane conductance

• across the graphene/MoS2 interface is two orders of magnitude smaller than the in-plane conductance of the individual layers. Consistent with limited charge transfer between MoS2 and graphene, no strong PL quenching through loss of photoexcited charge carriers from the MoS2 into the graphene is observed

Interface-engineered Caco-2 cell culture on a collagen-coated liquid–liquid interface in a microfluidic device

• Satoru Kuriu and
• Soo Hyeon Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 760–768, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.53

• substrates, which limit the physicochemical flexibility of the cellular microenvironment. Here, we introduce a microfluidic platform in which a collagen-coated liquid–liquid interface formed between perfluorocarbon (FC-43) and culture medium serves as a substrate for epithelial cell adhesion. By culturing

• Caco-2 cells in the device, we show that the liquid interface supports cell attachment and the formation of monolayers. Immunofluorescence observation reveals the development of tight junctions and organized actin cytoskeletons, indicating early-stage epithelial maturation. Our new microfluidic system

• enables the formation of stable liquid–liquid interfaces that serve as viable and flexible substrates for epithelial cell culture, offering new opportunities for multiphase microfluidic models of epithelial barriers. Keywords: Caco-2; collagen; FC-43; gut-on-a-chip; liquid–liquid interface; Introduction

Superconducting artificial neural networks and quantum circuits

• Anatolie S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 744–747, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.51

• superconducting devices. Geometry-controlled engineering of superconducting systems shows that geometric factors, such as interface curvature in normal metal–superconductor junctions, strongly influence the proximity effect and the decay length of Cooper-pair correlations [25]. For superconducting systems with

Environmental applications of silver nanoparticles: state-of-the-art review and emerging trends

• Soni Prajapati,
• Akash Kumar and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 697–736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.49

• junction formation at the Ag/semiconductor interface creates an internal electric field that suppresses electron–hole recombination, extending carrier lifetime and enabling band-alignment-dependent redox reactions [127]. Reactive oxygen species, primarily •OH, •O2−, h+, and 1O2, drive oxidative pollutant

afspm: A framework for manufacturer-agnostic automation in scanning probe microscopy

• Nicholas J. Sullivan,
• Julio J. Valdés,
• Kirk H. Bevan and
• Peter Grutter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 653–667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.45

• abstractions that may be suitable to other scientific fields. Bluesky does not solve the reusability issues described above, but may prove suitable as an interface to coordinate an SPM among other instruments. We have developed a software framework for SPM to write reusable and shareable automation scripts

• integrating and testing translators for each possible scripting interface type. We show the framework functioning beyond integration testing by running an automated experiment; specifically, we implement a drift estimation approach similar to that in [14]. In doing so, we enable easier reuse of this specific

• implementations in Figure 4d–g. In Table 1, we list a sampling of controllers from various manufacturers and the scripting interfaces they expose. With inter-process communication (IPC) interfaces (Figure 4a), scripts are run as separate processes from the microscope controller. An IPC interface allows different

Cellulose as a photocatalyst support material: extraction, structural features, and environmental applications

• Yee Teng Lim,
• Nur Farhana Jaafar,
• Azizul Hakim Lahuri and
• Endang Tri Wahyuni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 635–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.44

Two-step laser synthesis of Ag@TiO₂ nanomaterials for the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B

• Marija Kovačević,
• Miloš Tošić,
• Rafaela Radičić,
• Vladimir Rajić,
• Nikša Krstulović,
• Miloš Momčilović and
• Sanja Živković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 622–634, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.43

• resonance effects and facilitates the formation of Schottky barriers at the metal–semiconductor interface, both of which contribute to an extended light absorption range and enhanced charge carrier separation. The improved activity is primarily attributed to the narrowing of TiO2’s effective bandgap and the

Recent progress in enhancing built-in electric fields of perovskite solar cells via junction engineering

• Tong Xiao and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 602–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.42

• , carriers migrate at the interface through diffusion and drift, gradually establishing a built-in electric field (BEF) that aligns the Fermi levels on both sides. This field is not only the primary driving force that sustains carrier separation but also a direct determinant of device photovoltaic conversion

• engineering from the perspective of the BEF is warranted, with particular emphasis on unifying studies of homojunctions, gradient junctions, and 2D/3D heterojunctions into a coherent framework. Against this background, we define a “junction” as a generalized structure formed in the bulk or at the interface

• groundwork for the present review. Homojunctions focus on constructing continuous band bending and Fermi level gradients within the same material system using methods such as doping, surface reconstruction, or orientation induction, thereby smoothly extending the BEF from the interface into the bulk. Their

Probing tribological evolution in atomically thin MoS₂ at different scales

• Xingzhong Zeng and
• Miao Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 586–597, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.40

• factor limiting the performance and reliability of nanotechnology-enabled devices, including magnetic storage systems and micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) [1][2]. Unlike macroscale friction, nanoscale friction of two-dimensional (2D) materials exhibits unique size-dependent and interface

• gives rise to the layer-dependent nature of the strengthening effect. Thus, the transient strengthening effect can be regarded as a dynamic adaptation process of the tip–sample contact interface prior to attaining a stable sliding state. Regarding sub-nanoscale stick–slip motion, previous studies have

Impacts of annealing on structural and photophysical properties of zinc phthalocyanine adsorbed on graphene

• Gautier Creutzer,
• Quentin Fernez,
• Nataliya Kalashnyk,
• Zohreh Safarzadeh,
• Lydia Sosa Vargas,
• Céline Fiorini-Debuisschert,
• Nicolas Fabre and
• Fabrice Charra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 576–585, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.39

• a promising route to design original and innovative electronic devices [1] such as diodes [2][3], transistors [4][5][6], photodetectors [7][8], solar cells [9][10][11], or light-emitting devices [12]. In such heterostructures most electronic processes take place at the interface between graphene and

• , application in interface structure management, and impact on electronic or photonic properties are still poorly understood. In this paper, focusing on ZnPc, we report the demonstration and analysis by combined STM operated at the air–solid interface and optical microspectroscopy of a 2D phase change

• molecular architectures. These results could also open important outlooks in the context of future organic electronics, since numerous electronic processes take place at the interface between substrate and molecule, and a proper control of its molecular-scale structure may be determinant [13]. Experimental

Advances in nanotechnology applied to natural products

• Douglas Dourado,
• Fábio Rocha Formiga,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar and
• Franceline Reynaud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 555–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.36

• products have also been widely investigated for their antiparasitic activity [9]. Notably, some of the studies featured here suggest that nanoemulsion droplets can be internalized by infected macrophages, increasing local exposure at the host–parasite interface and thereby enhancing leishmanicidal activity

• compared with nonformulated oils. The issue also includes research illustrating the potential of nanoemulsions for vector control. This subject particularly highlights the potential of the high oil interface area of nanoemulsions in enhancing penetration through the cuticle of Aedes aegypti larvae [10] and

Electrochemical determination of ciprofloxacin using a MIL-101/reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode

• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Nguyen Ngoc Nghia,
• Nguyen Vinh Phu,
• Vo Thi Khanh Ly,
• Le Lam Son,
• Pham Khac Lieu,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Nguyen Dinh Luyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 541–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.35

• electrochemical performance of the composite material. This combination can promote efficient analyte adsorption and fast charge transfer at the electrode interface. Consistent with this idea, Gu et al. reported that MIL-101/rGO composites exhibit enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward the reduction of

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• ]. Indeed, in areas where the MoS2 layer was decoupled from the metal by a Au vacancy island at the interface [148], the Kondo resonance was absent, and the spectroscopy indicated a charge-neutral state [146]. More recently, the use of STM has been extended to detect signals of electron spin resonance (ESR

Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• presented a negative zeta potential. In addition to the low magnitude of the negative zeta potential, physical stability was further ensured by steric stabilisation, resulting from the presence of a non-ionic polymer (polysorbate 80) at the nanocapsule–water interface. The curcumin concentration in the

First-principles study on elastic properties of Cu, (Cu_1−x,Ni_x)₃Sn and interfacial mechanical properties of (Cu_1−x,Ni_x)₃Sn/Cu in the lead-free solder joint

• Guomin Hua

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 428–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.29

• the substrate [9]. In contrast to the barrier layer formed with lead-containing solder, the lead-free solder forms a compact interface between the intermetallics and the substrate without a barrier layer [9]. The compact interface could result in poor resistance to high temperatures and thermal shocks

• interfacial mechanical properties of lead-free solder joints. Considering the important role the interface between the intermetallics and the substrate plays in the strength and reliability of a solder joint, Gan et al. investigated the formation of Cu3Sn and Cu6Sn5 on a Cu substrate and determined the

• orientation relationship of ε-Cu3Sn/Cu interfaces as (001)ε//(111)Cu and [100]ε//[−110]Cu [13], that is, the interface was constructed by attaching the (001) facet of ε-Cu3Sn to the (111) facet of the Cu substrate and making the [100] axis of ε-Cu3Sn parallel to the [−110] axis of Cu substrate. Based on the

Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets

• Paulina Trzaskowska,
• Ewa Rybak,
• Maciej Trzaskowski,
• Kamil Kopeć,
• Jakub Krzemiński,
• Rafał Podgórski,
• Hatice Genc,
• Mehtap Civelek and
• Iwona Cicha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25

• homeostasis and suppress thrombogenic and proliferative responses [6]. Under long-term hemodynamic loading, stainless steel implants may also suffer from localized corrosion and metal-ion release, leading to chronic inflammation at the tissue–implant interface [8]. While rapid colonization of implant surfaces

Ferroelectric nanodot reservoir for neuromorphic computing

• Anna Razumnaya,
• Yuri Tikhonov,
• Dmitrii Naidenko,
• Léo Boron,
• Valerii Vinokur and
• Igor Lukyanchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 352–364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.24

• -Ising energy landscape, and outline practical interface schemes for signal injection and readout. Altogether, the presented framework connects the collective polarization dynamics of ferroelectric nanodots with emergent nonlinear and memory effects, providing a solid foundation for developing and

• associated readout layer can remain minimal, typically linear, while the principal feature transformation occurs within the reservoir itself. Interface architecture The setup considered in the previous section corresponds to the case where all nanodots are confined between the same pair of conducting

• , the ferroelectric reservoir utilizes no active current-driving elements, allowing for passive, high-density neuromorphic integration. To interface the ferroelectric reservoir with external neuromorphic systems, specific schemes for signal injection and readout are required. Several architectures

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• carried out, the propagation in air will not be affected by nonlinear effects, which require a high intensity above terawatt per square centimetre. The air–liquid interface represents the first difference between PLAL and material laser processing in air. The change in refractive index shifts the laser

Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures

• Francesco De Chiara,
• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Francesco Avitabile,
• Francesco Colangelo,
• Abhishek Kumar,
• Carmine Attanasio and
• Carla Cirillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20

• vortex velocity than a single superconducting strip [27]. This result may be attributed to proximity-induced superconductivity in the normal layer. At the interface, superconductivity is induced into the normal metal over the coherence length where DN = vFl/3 [36] is the electron diffusion coefficient in

• . As a consequence, the relaxation time does not exhibit any significant reduction and remains mainly governed by the underlying NbRe layer. The small improvement in the energy relaxation time could be related to the presence of the interface that moderately influences the quasiparticle relaxation

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• patterns through a biased conductive tip. The process relies on the formation of a nanoscale water meniscus [14] at the tip–sample interface, enabling electrochemical reactions that oxidize the substrate, creating protruding nanostructures mainly composed of oxide. Unlike other techniques requiring complex

• coworkers further demonstrated that charge accumulation within the growing oxide leads to space-charge-limited behavior, reinforcing the self-limiting character of LAO [47]. As the oxide thickens, the local electric field weakens, the supply of reactive species at the water–oxide interface decreases, and

• , and most commercial AFM nowadays implement some interface enabling LAO lithography. Often, the oxide features are used as masks to amplify the pattern depth, as shown in Figure 1e, where silicon nanowires (SiNWs) are created by patterning a SOI wafer [42]. In Figure 2b,c, we show some outcome of LAO

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• ambient exposure detected on the surface. This is of note as the graphene/Cu interaction strength is known to depend on the Cu crystal orientation as well as the epitaxial relationship [49][50][51], which leads to anisotropy in the Cu oxidation rate at the graphene/Cu interface for different Cu

• interface with the Cu foil substrate. Upon annealing, the interfacial PO3− signal is observed to diffuse to the surface of the PVD layer, indicating that the phosphorous species are very mobile within the Cu. The sulphur signal that was previously observed is no longer detectable, indicating that the

• corresponding sulphur compound is likely to be volatile under the annealing conditions. This all suggests that it is unlikely possible to prevent P buildup at the surface or interface between graphene and Cu foils, where P is present within the foils prior to growth, due to the apparent stability of these

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• between the same HSPC-based formulations. The enhanced encapsulation of R-PE with increasing HSPC content may reflect improved bilayer stability or more favorable partitioning into the aqueous core or thebilayer interface. In all formulations analyzed, the EE% of R-PE exceeded 90%, indicating a remarkably