Liquid fuel cells

• Grigorii L. Soloveichik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1399–1418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.153

• (Equation 12). Though the highest cell voltage was measured for a fuel concentraion of 5 M , the cell optimal performance was reached for 3 M EtOH and 5 M NaOH [80]. Direct isopropanol fuel cells Isopropanol (IPA) is relatively inexpensive, has a low toxicity and is miscible with water. Electrooxidation of

A nanometric cushion for enhancing scratch and wear resistance of hard films

• Katya Gotlib-Vainshtein,
• Olga Girshevitz,
• Chaim N. Sukenik,
• David Barlam and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1005–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.114

• Corp.). 4) 1 mm thick polycarbonate PC3107 sheets (Palram). Prior to titania coating, the as-received sheets were cut into 1 cm × 1 cm squares, washed with isopropanol, and dried under nitrogen. Before the titania coating, the surface was pretreated by exposing to an air plasma (Harrick, model PDC-3XG

Towards precise defect control in layered oxide structures by using oxide molecular beam epitaxy

• Federico Baiutti,
• Georg Christiani and
• Gennady Logvenov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 596–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.70

• -layer growth mode is achieved. The STO substrate was TiO2 terminated by etching in buffered HF acid and a following annealing at 950 °C in oxygen flow. The LSAO substrate was simply cleaned in an ultrasonic bath with aceton and following isopropanol without special treatment for surface termination

Hole-mask colloidal nanolithography combined with tilted-angle-rotation evaporation: A versatile method for fabrication of low-cost and large-area complex plasmonic nanostructures and metamaterials

• Jun Zhao,
• Bettina Frank,
• Frank Neubrech,
• Chunjie Zhang,
• Paul V. Braun and
• Harald Giessen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 577–586, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.68

• steps are described. The videos can be found at the website of Beilstein TV [24][25]. Experimental Hole-mask fabrication Before the mask fabrication, all substrates are cleaned with acetone and isopropanol in an ultrasonic bath for about 5 min, respectively, and then dried with nitrogen gas. In addition

Mesoporous cerium oxide nanospheres for the visible-light driven photocatalytic degradation of dyes

• Subas K. Muduli,
• Songling Wang,
• Shi Chen,
• Chin Fan Ng,
• Cheng Hon Alfred Huan,
• Tze Chien Sum and
• Han Sen Soo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 517–523, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.60

• (CAN) in ethylene glycol and isopropanol as the solvent and reductant was heated up to 130 °C to yield mesoporous cerium oxide nanospheres after work-up. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern (Figure 1a) indicates that the as-prepared cerium oxide material can be indexed to a superposition of

• . Control experiments were performed in the absence of scavengers (black line, Figure 5a). The established scavengers used include sodium oxalate for h+ (red), CrO3 for e− (green), isopropanol for •OH (blue), and 1,4-benzoquinone for •OOH/•O2− (grey, Figure 5a) [5]. The inhibition of photocatalytic activity

• secondary roles in the photocatalytic destruction of RhB. Conclusion In summary, we have presented a facile, solvothermal synthesis of new mesoporous cerium oxide nanospheres, with isopropanol and ethylene glycol as the solvents and reducing agents. No expensive surfactants and templates have been used in

Encapsulation of nanoparticles into single-crystal ZnO nanorods and microrods

• Jinzhang Liu,
• Marco Notarianni,
• Llew Rintoul and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 485–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.56

• experiment NDs from isopropanol solution were dispersed onto both ZnO nano/microrods and a Si substrate. If a lithography technique is employed to grow ordered ZnO nanorods onto a lattice-constant-matched substrate, nanoparticles on the substrate can be avoided and the size of nanorod cavity can be well

• different nanoparticles were used: two types of diamond nanoparticles with average diameters of 10 nm and 40 nm, respectively, and polymer nanobeads with mean size of 200 nm. Nanopowder of NDs with mean size of 10 nm (Aldrich Sigma) was dispersed into isopropanol (0.2 mg/mL) to prepare a suspension. An

Exploring the complex mechanical properties of xanthan scaffolds by AFM-based force spectroscopy

• Hao Liang,
• Guanghong Zeng,
• Yinli Li,
• Shuai Zhang,
• Huiling Zhao,
• Lijun Guo,
• Bo Liu and
• Mingdong Dong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 365–373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.42

• investigated by AFM and FS, respectively. The xanthan scaffold structures were obtained at both air/mica and isopropanol/mica interfaces, and three representative structures were probed by FS. We used a straightforward method to explain the complex force curve of the xanthan scaffold structure. The complex

• mechanical responses are actually the combinations of the force curves of three representative structures. Besides, the relative small persistence length in our study could indicate that xanthan is in its denatured form in isopropanol under our experimental conditions, which is of great importance in

• (Ted Pella, Inc.) and air-dried for about 30–60 min. For AFM imaging in liquid and force spectroscopy measurements, 2 μL xanthan solution was deposited onto mica. After 60 s adsorption, an O-ring cell was equipped and a suitable amount of isopropanol (J&K Co) was injected as imaging buffer [5]. The AFM

3D-nanoarchitectured Pd/Ni catalysts prepared by atomic layer deposition for the electrooxidation of formic acid

• Loïc Assaud,
• Evans Monyoncho,
• Kristina Pitzschel,
• Anis Allagui,
• Matthieu Petit,
• Margrit Hanbücken,
• Elena A. Baranova and
• Lionel Santinacci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 162–172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.16

• , isopropanol and ethanol and deoxidized by dipping in 1% HF for 5 s. The alumina template was coated by a thin NiO layer grown from nickelocene (NiCp2, 99% from STREM chemicals), and ozone as chemical precursors. The temperature of the ALD chamber during the deposition was set to 250 °C. The ALD cycle

Cyclic photochemical re-growth of gold nanoparticles: Overcoming the mask-erosion limit during reactive ion etching on the nanoscale

• Burcin Özdemir,
• Axel Seidenstücker,
• Alfred Plettl and
• Paul Ziemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 886–894, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.100

• second process step is the deposition of a 5 mM HAuCl4 solution and its exposure (typically for 6 min) to UV-radiation in order to accomplish the selective growth of the Au NP. The substrates are cleaned in acetone and isopropanol baths, followed by drying with nitrogen. After the subsequent annealing of

• homogeneously dispensed. The controlled seed growth of Au NPs was established under UV-irradiation (Osram Hg lamp; exposure wavelengths: 365 and 390 nm) provided by a mask aligner (Karl SUSS MJB 3 Mask UV 400). Afterwards, the substrates were subsequently cleaned in acetone and isopropanol and dried with

Surface passivation and optical characterization of Al₂O₃/a-SiC_x stacks on c-Si substrates

• Gema López,
• Pablo R. Ortega,
• Cristóbal Voz,
• Isidro Martín,
• Mónica Colina,
• Anna B. Morales,
• Albert Orpella and
• Ramón Alcubilla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 726–731, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.82

• on both sides with solution of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) in isopropanol (IPA) solution. Before film deposition, four wafers, two n-type (one textured and one polished) and two p-type (one textured and one polished) were cleaned following an RCA sequence and cut to quarters. Al2O3 films

Deformation-induced grain growth and twinning in nanocrystalline palladium thin films

• Aaron Kobler,
• Jochen Lohmiller,
• Jonathan Schäfer,
• Michael Kerber,
• Anna Castrup,
• Ankush Kashiwar,
• Patric A. Gruber,
• Karsten Albe,
• Horst Hahn and
• Christian Kübel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 554–566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.64

• blade, cleaned in an ultrasonic acetone bath for 15 min, and rinsed with isopropanol on a resist spinner. This cleaning procedure, developed by Lohmiller et al. [20], provides enhanced adhesive support of the thin metallic film preventing strain localization and film delamination, allowing for a

Porous polymer coatings as substrates for the formation of high-fidelity micropatterns by quill-like pens

• Michael Hirtz,
• Marcus Lyon,
• Wenqian Feng,
• Andrea E. Holmes,
• Harald Fuchs and
• Pavel A. Levkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 377–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.44

• platforms for the microarray spotting using SPTs. A pattern of 10 × 10 spots with a 50 µm pitch and dwell time of 0.5 s was written on each of the substrates by using a 10 mM solution of phloxine B in isopropanol mixed with 30 vol % glycerol (87% in water) to prevent drying of the dye solution in the SPT

• phloxine B in isopropanol was mixed 7:3 with a glycerol stock solution of 87% glycerol in water. Bromophenol blue solution: 1.4 mg/mL bromophenol blue in water was mixed 7:3 with a glycerol stock solution of 87% glycerol in water. Analyte solution: A mix of 10% BSA in water and glycerol stock solution (87

Bimodal atomic force microscopy driving the higher eigenmode in frequency-modulation mode: Implementation, advantages, disadvantages and comparison to the open-loop case

• Daniel Ebeling and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 198–207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.20

• in a droplet of ultrapure water. In this case the cantilever and its holder were rinsed by isopropanol, ethanol and water prior to imaging. Schematic setup of our AFM operated in AM-OL or AM-FM mode. AM-OL mode can be accomplished by adding the drive signals of two function generators for exciting

Characterization and properties of micro- and nanowires of controlled size, composition, and geometry fabricated by electrodeposition and ion-track technology

• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 860–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.97

• membrane, the wires are dispersed in isopropanol. The solution containing the segmented wires is drop-cast onto a substrate. In a subsequent step, the substrate is dipped into concentrated nitric acid to dissolve the silver segments of the wires selectively. The generation of gaps with sizes between 7 and

Current–voltage characteristics of single-molecule diarylethene junctions measured with adjustable gold electrodes in solution

• Bernd M. Briechle,
• Youngsang Kim,
• Philipp Ehrenreich,
• Artur Erbe,
• Dmytro Sysoiev,
• Thomas Huhn,
• Ulrich Groth and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 798–808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.89

• are dissolved in toluene (Tol), isopropanol (IPA) or a mixture of 50% tetrahydrofuran and 50% toluene (THF/Tol) and switched to either the open or the closed form by irradiation at the suitable wavelength. TSC is investigated in both IPA and THF/Tol to test potential influence of the solvent on the

Spontaneous dissociation of Co₂(CO)₈ and autocatalytic growth of Co on SiO₂: A combined experimental and theoretical investigation

• Kaliappan Muthukumar,
• Harald O. Jeschke,
• Roser Valentí,
• Evgeniya Begun,
• Johannes Schwenk,
• Fabrizio Porrati and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 546–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.63

• -doped) substrates with thermal oxide layers of 50 nm up to 285 nm were used. Before use, the substrates were chemically cleaned by acetone, isopropanol and distilled water in an ultrasound bath. In the plasma activation experiments the silica sample surface (285 nm oxide layer) was exposed to the plasma

Reduced electron recombination of dye-sensitized solar cells based on TiO₂ spheres consisting of ultrathin nanosheets with [001] facet exposed

• Hongxia Wang,
• Meinan Liu,
• Cheng Yan and
• John Bell

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 378–387, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.44

• Hierarchically structured TiO2 spheres of the nanosheets were synthesized by following the method originally reported by Chen et al. [6]. Briefly, a precursor solution containing titanium isopropoxide (Sigma-Aldrich; 1.15 mL) and diethylenetriamine (DETA; 0.02 mL) in 32 mL isopropanol was prepared by vigorous

• thoroughly washed with detergent water, distilled water, acetone, isopropanol and ethanol in sequence under sonication for 15 min. The cleaned FTO substrate was first coated with a compact layer of TiO2 film by spray pyrolysis to reduce the electron back reaction at the interface between the bare FTO and the

• -tetrabutylammonium (N719, Dyesol) in ethanol for 16 h to form a dye-coated photoanode. A platinum counter electrode was prepared by dropping 5 μL isopropanol solution containing H2PtCl6·6H2O (5 mM) onto a cleaned FTO substrate (1.5 × 1.0 cm2). After being allowed to dry in air, the substrate was then sintered at 390

Ultraviolet photodetection of flexible ZnO nanowire sheets in polydimethylsiloxane polymer

• Jinzhang Liu,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Soonil Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 353–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.41

• quartz tube for collection of the nanowire product [17]. Thin sheets of ZnO nanowires were fabricated by a simple filtration method. First, a ZnO-nanowire suspension, with a concentration of 1 mg·mL−1, was prepared by ultrasonic dispersion of the nanowires in isopropanol. Subsequently, the ZnO-nanowire

An MCBJ case study: The influence of π-conjugation on the single-molecule conductance at a solid/liquid interface

• Wenjing Hong,
• Hennie Valkenier,
• Gábor Mészáros,
• David Zsolt Manrique,
• Artem Mishchenko,
• Alexander Putz,
• Pavel Moreno García,
• Colin J. Lambert,
• Jan C. Hummelen and
• Thomas Wandlowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 699–713, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.76

• boiling Milli-Q water for 15 min, rinsed with isopropanol and dried with argon before each experiment. The Kel-F liquid cell including its cover, Kalrez O-ring and Teflon tubes for argon purging and solution exchange were cleaned in three alternating boiling cycles in 25% nitric acid and Milli-Q water to

Highly efficient ZnO/Au Schottky barrier dye-sensitized solar cells: Role of gold nanoparticles on the charge-transfer process

• Tanujjal Bora,
• Htet H. Kyaw,
• Soumik Sarkar,
• Samir K. Pal and
• Joydeep Dutta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 681–690, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.73

• ][39]. Briefly, a 1 mM zinc acetate solution in isopropanol was used to prepare the ZnO seed layer on a FTO substrate followed by annealing in air at 350 °C for 5 h. A 20 mM aqueous solution of zinc nitrate and hexamethylenetetramine was used as a precursor solution for ZnO-nanorod growth and the

Ceria/silicon carbide core–shell materials prepared by miniemulsion technique

• Lars Borchardt,
• Martin Oschatz,
• Robert Frind,
• Emanuel Kockrick,
• Martin R. Lohe,
• Christoph P. Hauser,
• Clemens K. Weiss,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Bernd Büchner and
• Stefan Kaskel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 638–644, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.67

• obtained as a mean value of five measurements at a magnification of 3000. TEM investigations were carried out by crushing the synthesized powders in a ball mill, followed by ultrasonically assisted suspension in ethanol or isopropanol. The resulting suspension was dropped onto a copper grid coated with

Plasmonic nanostructures fabricated using nanosphere-lithography, soft-lithography and plasma etching

• Manuel R. Gonçalves,
• Taron Makaryan,
• Fabian Enderle,
• Stefan Wiedemann,
• Alfred Plettl,
• Othmar Marti and
• Paul Ziemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 448–458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.49

• the two-dimensional colloidal crystals. Glass cover slides of 20 × 20 mm2 and quartz glass of the same size, but of 1 mm thickness (used for the fabrication of samples etched by RIE) were used as substrates. Each substrate was cleaned by sonication in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and isopropanol, and

• masks for the patterns to be etched on quartz by RIE were fabricated by nanosphere lithography and evaporation of Cr films of 5 to 15 nm thickness. The Cr coated spheres were removed by three sonications in MEK, and rinsing in MilliQ water and isopropanol. This cleaning is crucial, as chemical species

Review and outlook: from single nanoparticles to self-assembled monolayers and granular GMR sensors

• Alexander Weddemann,
• Inga Ennen,
• Anna Regtmeier,
• Camelia Albon,
• Annalena Wolff,
• Katrin Eckstädt,
• Nadine Mill,
• Michael K.-H. Peter,
• Jochen Mattay,
• Carolin Plattner,
• Norbert Sewald and
• Andreas Hütten

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 75–93, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.10

• hydrophobic tails. Such micelles have a size of 1 to 50 nm depending on the tenside concentration [18]. The precursor is confined within these defined droplets which may, thus, act as nanoreactors in which particle growth is initiated. A typical result obtained by the use of an isopropanol/water emulsion and

Preparation and characterization of supported magnetic nanoparticles prepared by reverse micelles

• Ulf Wiedwald,
• Luyang Han,
• Johannes Biskupek,
• Ute Kaiser and
• Paul Ziemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 24–47, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.5