Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• Gaussian cross section will lead to pattern infidelity in subsequent pattern transfer into the underlying substrate. The aim of this work is to use FEBIE to modify the sidewalls of as-deposited FEBID lines in order to obtain vertical sidewalls. The paper is organised as follows. First, the idea is

• imaging is used to monitor the etching. As the SE emission from the sidewall is known to depend on the angle between the beam and the surface, an increase in SE emission is expected as the sidewall angle approaches 90°. For a sufficiently thick deposit, this change could lead to edge highlighting in the

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• . However, during prolonged heat treatment (lasting minutes or more), surface atom diffusion can lead to morphological changes in NWs even at temperatures several hundred degrees below the melting point of the material [26][27]. Sintering of Ag and Au NWs at intersections can occur at temperatures as low as

• the real system. Nevertheless, such results may give an additional hint for understanding the mechanisms responsible for splitting in different configurations. In particular, we can speculate that repeated heat-induced bending of the suspended part in scheme 1 can lead to fatigue and formation of

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• ; oxidative stress; Introduction Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in proper cellular functions and adaptation. However, an excess of free ROS in biological systems can lead to oxidative stress-related diseases such as inflammatory disorders, neurological diseases, aging-related diseases

• because most drugs cannot cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) [115][116]. Besides, the accumulation of drugs at damaged areas of the BBB can lead to an unprotected, disrupted BBB and to disturbances of the brain microenvironment. In contrast, the integrity of the BBB can decrease the accumulation of drugs

• to biological systems can cause detrimental effects on human health. Sobolewski et al. confirmed the Fe2O3 nanoparticles with sizes between 11.2 and 13.6 nm can lead to oxidative damage and neurotoxicity in the mouse brain [189]. Meanwhile, the rapid clearance of SiNPs from blood depletes plasma

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• displays two steps corresponding to the backscattering from Si and Ar for channel numbers ≈1050 and ≈1275, respectively. Defect clustering may lead to a subsequent increase of the damage peak in irradiated samples as compared to that of pristine Si and Ge samples. To understand the evolution of the lattice

Modulated critical currents of spin-transfer torque-induced resistance changes in NiCu/Cu multilayered nanowires

• Mengqi Fu,
• Roman Hartmann,
• Julian Braun,
• Sergej Andreev,
• Torsten Pietsch and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 360–366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.32

• ][13] and ferromagnetic resonance modes [14][15]. Meanwhile it has been shown that it might also lead to sequential flipping of different free layers, which, on the one hand, increases the complexity of the STT effects [16] and, on the other hand, expands its applications [5]. In this work, we present

• 1 and 2 lead to one oscillation period of Ic+. A similar argumentation holds for Ic− and Imicro. Note that for the whole features under µ0H between −0.15 T and 0.16 T in Figure 3b and Figure 3c, the flipping and nonuniform excitation process would be even more complex, and further studies are needed

Controllable physicochemical properties of WO_x thin films grown under glancing angle

• Rupam Mandal,
• Aparajita Mandal,
• Alapan Dutta,
• Rengasamy Sivakumar,
• Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 350–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.31

• within the forbidden gap. These states lead to a reduction in bandgap energy and an upward shift of the Fermi level [41][42]. This is the reason behind the observed reduction in bandgap with higher thicknesses (Figure 2b,c) [43]. To probe the Fermi level position, KPFM is a useful tool to acquire

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• with fetal components in vivo [16][17][18]. The consumption of glutathione resulting from its reaction with BNZ metabolites would later lead to oxidative stress processes. One of the main disadvantages of BNZ pharmacotherapy is the high doses administered, thought to be responsible for the pronounced

• idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (ADRs), caused by BNZ reduction products, which are maximal in adults and lead to treatment discontinuation [19]. Typical ADRs include headache, anorexia, weakness and/or lack of energy, skin rash, gastrointestinal complaints, and mild, peripheral neurological effects [20

• caused 100% [determined by parasitological, fresh blood examination, haemoculture, peripheric blood PCR, and serological (ELISA) methods] cure rate compared to 75% for BNZ, while free LYC reduced parasitemia and improved mice survival but did not lead to a cure [71]. The most relevant results in the

Exploring the relationships between physiochemical properties of nanoparticles and cell damage to combat cancer growth using simple periodic table-based descriptors

• Joyita Roy and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 297–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.27

• oxidative damage through free radical accumulation, which could lead to changes in the survival rate of cancerous cells. The developed QSPR and quantitative structure–activity relationship models also give hints regarding safer design and toxicity assessment of MeOx NMs. Keywords: cancer cell treatment

• . To date, few studies have reported on the mechanism of apoptosis of cancerous cells after metal oxide treatment, which still remains unclear. Traditional approaches are very costly, time-consuming, involve a lot of resources and lead to ethical implications; also, they are inadequate in addressing

• enhance the catalytic activity of Fenton/Fenton-like reactions, but can also result in cellular damage [16]. ROS can break down the basic components of the cell, including DNA, proteins, and lipids. ROS can cause double-strand breaks in DNA by converting guanine to 8-oxoguanine. This conversion can lead

Determining by Raman spectroscopy the average thickness and N-layer-specific surface coverages of MoS₂ thin films with domains much smaller than the laser spot size

• Felipe Wasem Klein,
• Jean-Roch Huntzinger,
• Vincent Astié,
• Damien Voiry,
• Romain Parret,
• Houssine Makhlouf,
• Sandrine Juillaguet,
• Jean-Manuel Decams,
• Sylvie Contreras,
• Périne Landois,
• Ahmed-Azmi Zahab,
• Jean-Louis Sauvajol and
• Matthieu Paillet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 279–296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.26

• measurements of frequency of the A1g and E12g phonon modes of MoS2. These lead to a precise knowledge of the frequency difference ΔωA−E. It was established that ΔωA−E depends monotonously on the number of layers, and ΔωA−E is largely used as criterion to evaluate the thickness of MoS2 flakes [26][29][30]; (ii

• dependence of the A2D(Si)/A0(Si) ratio, its dependence on SiO2 thickness combined with experimental errors lead to the conclusion that the measured values for N and N + 1 can overlap for any N if the SiO2 thickness is not known with good accuracy. For a given SiO2 thickness, the gap between the A2D(Si)/A0(Si

• . However, the high temperature used in the CVD synthesis and interaction with the substrate can lead to lattice distortion and the presence of vacancies and doping. In the following, we limit our study to a number of layers N ≤ 4. Figure 4a compares the values of ΔωA−E measured on exfoliated (Figure 4a

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• thicker polymer layer may impede surface erosion. This aspect is crucial in drug release, as it can lead to a slower, more controlled release of the encapsulated drug [55]. Thus, the thickness of the PDA coating emerges as a pivotal factor influencing the release dynamics of the loaded drug [56]. Another

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• with a mask consisting of a 190 nm thick layer of Cr and PMMA. After the release, we strip the PMMA and Cr layers, while taking care to not break the cantilevers. The difficulties associated with using KOH lead us to prefer the dry-etch described above in step (h). Tip deposition In scanning probe

Quantitative wear evaluation of tips based on sharp structures

• Ke Xu and
• Houwen Leng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 230–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.22

• lead to tip breakage during probe engagement. Therefore, in our experiments, we used a higher set point for engaging the probe, ensuring stable contact with the sample surface. Once the tip was stably in contact, we gradually adjusted the set point to avoid damaging the tip during the engagement

Multiscale modelling of biomolecular corona formation on metallic surfaces

• Parinaz Mosaddeghi Amini,
• Ian Rouse,
• Julia Subbotina and
• Vladimir Lobaskin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 215–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.21

• engage in a complex interplay of dynamic physicochemical interactions, kinetics, and thermodynamic exchanges that can lead to undesirable outcomes [1][8][9][10]. In a more general context, the importance in understanding the mechanism of bionano interactions arises from the increasing awareness and

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• lead to the formation of the volatile Si(OH)4 compound. A similar mechanism is proposed by Rosamila et al. [33] for O2-promoted water etching of Si surface, established on the observation that the etching rate is proportional to the concentration of OH− groups. Those hydroxyl groups are also electron

Ferromagnetic resonance spectra of linear magnetosome chains

• Elizaveta M. Gubanova and
• Nikolai A. Usov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 157–167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.15

• along the chain axis. In contrast, it was shown [39] that the formation of magnetosomes in a bacterium can occur simultaneously in many germ vesicles along its length. In this case, it is not clear what reason can lead to the occurrence of E-type anisotropy in the chain. Rather, one would expect a

Enhanced feedback performance in off-resonance AFM modes through pulse train sampling

• Mustafa Kangül,
• Navid Asmari,
• Santiago H. Andany,
• Marcos Penedo and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 134–143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.13

• in both measurements were set just below the values that would lead to observable oscillations. Height images in Figure 4A show that the pulse sampling method has better tracking performance for rapid topography changes of the pits. The method provides sharper responses at the pit edges, indicating

• the proposed method, the reference curve is calculated by averaging multiple recorded waveforms to reduce the noise level. However, this reference only represents the tip–sample interaction for one given material, which can lead to over- or undercorrection of the interaction when the tip touches a

Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions

• Pathirannahalage Sahan Samuditha,
• Nadeesh Madusanka Adassooriya and
• Nazeera Salim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11

• deficiency or excess of Zn can lead to a cascade of metabolic processes that are detrimental to the health of plants as well as humans and other organisms [9]. Hence, there is a need for a better alternative to provide plants with the proper Zn concentration. Under such circumstances, designing more

Josephson dynamics and Shapiro steps at high transmissions: current bias regime

• Artem V. Galaktionov and
• Andrei D. Zaikin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 51–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.5

• voltage peaks can by no means alter any of our results and conclusions and may at most lead to an insignificant modification (decrease) of the numerical prefactor on the right-hand side of Equation 13. The result (Equation 13) demonstrates that the I–V curve of fully transparent superconducting junctions

Measurements of dichroic bow-tie antenna arrays with integrated cold-electron bolometers using YBCO oscillators

• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Viktor O. Zbrozhek,
• Andrey V. Samartsev,
• Anastasia N. Orlova,
• Dmitry V. Masterov,
• Alexey E. Parafin,
• Victoria Yu. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov,
• Leonid S. Kuzmin,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko,
• Silvia Masi and
• Paolo de Bernardis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 26–36, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.3

• temperature [20][21][22][23]. This advantage is important for space, balloon, and ground-based applications. While dilution refrigerators are able to cool down below 50 mK, they cannot operate in extreme or even slightly unstable conditions; even the small variation of a tilt angle can lead to the cryostat

Fluorescent bioinspired albumin/polydopamine nanoparticles and their interactions with Escherichia coli cells

• Eloïse Equy,
• Jordana Hirtzel,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Béatrice Heurtault,
• Eric Mathieu,
• Morgane Rabineau,
• Vincent Ball and
• Lydie Ploux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1208–1224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.100

• to heat up under irradiation by non-radiative relaxation. This is favorable to minimize the superposition between absorption and emission peaks, but might lead to a low quantum yield and, thus, poor emission intensity. Indeed, the quantum yield of Ox-BSA/PDA NPs in water (Φ) was calculated to be 0.1

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• composition and morphology of FEBID deposits fabricated in an ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) chamber were explored on different surfaces and at varied beam currents. In the gas phase, dissociative ionization was found to lead to significant carbon loss from this precursor, and about 50% of the chlorine was on average

• experiment, this would lead to a deposit composed of approx. 55 atom % Au, 29 atom % Cl, and 16 atom % C. With respect to the high gold content, this is in line with the UHV FEBID deposits. However, the carbon content is significantly lower than that observed in FEBID, and most noticeably, in both the UHV

Spatial variations of conductivity of self-assembled monolayers of dodecanethiol on Au/mica and Au/Si substrates

• Julian Skolaut,
• Jędrzej Tepper,
• Federica Galli,
• Wulf Wulfhekel and
• Jan M. van Ruitenbeek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1169–1177, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.97

• . All these indications lead to the conclusion that ordered DDT SAMs form on the surface with the chosen deposition technique. More importantly, the current maps in Figure 3 show that substrate and measurement technique are suitable for obtaining information on the conductivity of a molecular SAM, as

• in Figure 4 this is slightly distorted by a probe effect duplicating features, the systematic difference in surface structure between Au/Si and Au/mica, already observed in the bare substrates, is reproduced. Just as for the bare Au/Si, the substructures of the substrate lead to strong variations in

Hierarchically patterned polyurethane microgrooves featuring nanopillars or nanoholes for neurite elongation and alignment

• Lester Uy Vinzons,
• Guo-Chung Dong and
• Shu-Ping Lin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1157–1168, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.96

• wider, around 20–24 µm. The microridge height was 1.4–1.5 µm on the microgroove and hole–groove substrates, while it was 1.1 µm or 2 µm on the pillar–groove substrate if measured to the tip or base of the nanopillars, respectively. Water CA measurements on the grooved PU samples lead to two distinct CAs

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• radii lead to lower elastic values [33][35]. Figure 2 summarizes factors that impact the elasticity measurement results obtained by AFM. Due to the issues aforementioned discussed, it is tricky to compare different studies. In addition, it is not yet known which absolute elastic values should be chosen

A multi-resistance wide-range calibration sample for conductive probe atomic force microscopy measurements

• François Piquemal,
• Khaled Kaja,
• Pascal Chrétien,
• José Morán-Meza,
• Frédéric Houzé,
• Christian Ulysse and
• Abdelmounaim Harouri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1141–1148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.94

• droplets (F42240, lead-free solder paste – class 5, CIF, France). The fused silica substrate was placed on a heating plate set to 270 °C, which required around 3 min to reach the melting temperature of the solder droplets (217 °C), as observed under an optical microscope. Upon cooling, 16 SMD resistors