Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• environments such as liquids [18][19]. As demonstrated by force–distance curve analyses [19], PFT enables direct extraction of quantitative mechanical properties (e.g., Young’s modulus and adhesion) for material discrimination. However, this capability is constrained by the requirement for precise probe

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• . Despite many synthesis methods are still mainly focused on the production of near-spherical NPs, a number of emerging applications require nanomaterials of nonspherical shape and developed surface, which determine the functional performance of nanostructured devices. Laser ablation in liquids has been

• stage of the development of laser ablation in liquids from the perspective of shape control of the forming nanomaterials. The key parameters influencing the NP shape are highlighted, including the composition of a liquid, laser focusing conditions and introduction of external fields, and the mechanism

• of their impact on the conditions for anisotropic NP formation and growth. The description of the methods developed for the control over nanomaterial morphology is summarized by the vision of the current challenges and development routes of laser ablation in liquids. Keywords: laser ablation in

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• , nanotechnological strategies have been used, such as polymeric nanocarriers [30], solid lipid nanoparticles [31], liposomes [32], and nanoemulsions [13][14][33]. Among these strategies, nanoemulsions, kinetically stable nanometric dispersions (20–500 nm) of two immiscible liquids, stabilized by surfactants, have

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• encapsulate bioactive molecules have proven effective against trypanosomatids [20][21] especially Leishmania spp. [22][23]. Among these systems, nanoemulsions (NEs) are one of the most common types. They are colloidal dispersions of two immiscible liquids – typically oil and water – stabilized by emulsifying

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• tracking surface chemical processes in real time. Due to the scattering of the photoelectrons in a gas environment at millibar pressures, APXPS is intrinsically a photon-hungry technique. Although pioneering work on gases and liquids performed by Kai and Hans Siegbahn date back to the 1970s [1], it was

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• for therapeutic applications [138]. Organic solvents, ionic liquids, inorganic strong alkalis and acids, enzymes, and hydrothermal treatment are used to obtain polysaccharide nanoparticles [139]. Consequently, polysaccharide-containing nanoparticles offer an alternative for cancer treatment, promoting

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• certain progress in this field, there is still a need for reliable and controlled synthesis methods for silicon-based nanostructures. Nowadays, pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL) has been recognized as a general and important route for the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) with tuned optical and

• , fabrication of micro/nano channels in transparent materials, nanopatterning, and photopolymerization [25][26]. The achieved advances in these fields allow one to expect benefits of varying beam shapes for laser ablation synthesis in liquids as well. However, studies that use different beam shapes in laser

• ablation synthesis of nanomaterials in liquids are still very rare. A typical PLAL experiment uses a Gaussian beam profile, which is known to have a tight focus along both transverse and propagation axes and the highest power density in the beam center. Non-Gaussian beam profiles are characterized by a non

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• reagents or solvent systems [39][40]. DESs are formed through hydrogen bonding between two solid components resulting in eutectic liquids having a melting point lower than those of the individual components [41][42]. They offer advantages such as simple synthesis, low cost, and broad applications in

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• Nanoparticles in their pure colloidal form synthesized by laser-assisted processes such as laser ablation/fragmentation/irradiation/melting in liquids have attained much interest from the scientific community because of their specialties like facile synthesis, ultra-high purity, biocompatibility, colloidal

• ; nanocolloids to thin films; photocatalysis; photovoltaics and photodetection; surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS); Review 1 Introduction This section provides a brief introduction to the fundamental laser processing techniques used in liquids, including ablation, fragmentation, melting, irradiation; it

• . These techniques have been important for progress in this field of study. 1.1 Laser ablation in liquids Laser ablation in liquids (LAL) is a well-established technique for synthesizing nanomaterials such as metals, semiconductors, ceramics, polymers, and alloys. Several review articles published since

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• solution; EELS; electron energy loss spectroscopy; laser processing in liquids; multicomponent alloy; STEM-EDX; selected area electron diffraction; X-ray diffraction; Introduction High-entropy alloys (HEAs), also referred to as compositionally complex solid solutions (CCSS) [1], are of great interest in

• approach for the synthesis of colloidal HEA NPs is magnetron sputtering, though special requirements such as vacuum stable solvents (e.g., ionic liquids) limit its widespread use [32] and scalability is limited. Colloidal NP products have several advantages. For instance, in the fabrication of

• colloids (LSPC) [41][42][43][44] provides nanoparticles dispersed in liquids without the addition of common additives (e.g., citrate [45], tensides [46], polymers [47]) or support material to stabilize the particles with high variability on the used solvent, yielding colloidal nanoparticles with

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• fragmentation in liquids; reactive oxygen species generation; Introduction Porphyrins and phthalocyanines (Pcs), exhibiting intense absorption in the visible to near-infrared (NIR) regions, are well studied as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT) [1]. Especially, Pcs absorb strongly light in the

• the activity of the target substance in general. An alternative and promising method for dispersing hydrophobic organic compounds as colloids is pulsed laser fragmentation in liquids (PLFL) [9][10]. This relatively new fabrication method has advantages because a microcrystalline sample powder

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.74 Abstract Laser synthesis and processing of colloids (LSPC) in liquids has gained widespread applications in producing nanomaterials of different classes of solids. While the technical processes in different cases

• . Ultrafast time-resolved probing approaches are key to revealing the transient states and pathways that govern material transformation in LSPC. Keywords: electron diffraction; laser processing in liquids; optical imaging; optical spectroscopy; pump–probe; single objects; time-resolved probing; X-ray

• reactions that span from atomic to macroscopic length scales. Consequently, it is paramount to understand the complex cascades that follow laser irradiation of condensed matter. Of particular importance here is the processing in the presence of liquids surrounding the irradiated material, but also

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• catalysts. In the soft X-ray range, the relatively high absorption of X-rays by gases or liquids at ambient pressure and the limited inelastic mean free path of secondary electrons, when total electron yield is used as a detection mode, put some constraints on the application of ambient pressure XAS in the

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• available for producing CCA NPs, pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL) stands out as a particularly promising method [41][42][43]. PLAL is a straightforward and versatile method that does not require expensive precursors, reducing agents, or surfactants [44][45]. The process is based on the laser

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• of a magnetic field by laser ablation in liquids. SEM and TEM images of FeS2 nanoparticles prepared without a magnetic field revealed spherical particles with varying sizes, aggregation and agglomeration with an average size of approximately 40 nm [38]. In contrast to this, the average particle sizes

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• 30, Hannover 30167, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.55 Abstract Nutraceuticals provide health benefits and particularly profit from a sensitive, high-purity production process. Microparticle laser fragmentation in liquids is an emerging technique for the contamination-free comminution of organic drugs and

• laser fragmentation in liquids with ultrashort-pulsed lasers was studied in a circular jet reactor using curcumin and cannabidiol as model substances and single-pulse-per-volume element conditions to compare the fragmentation efficiency for these two nutraceuticals. Fragmentation efficiency based on the

• viability even at high curcumin concentrations. Keywords: antioxidant; cannabidiol; curcumin; drug; food additive; low degradation; nanoparticle; pulsed laser ablation in liquids; solubilization; Introduction Laser synthesis and processing of colloids (LSPC) has become increasingly popular over the last

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• -viscosity liquids. SMEDDSs are concentrated microemulsions that contain only the oil phase and the surfactant phase (without water). SMEDDSs can form MEs spontaneously through the addition of water and gentle agitation, such as movement of the gastrointestinal tract, and can be formulated into capsules [26

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• more effective wound-healing substitutes [50]. Recent advancements in tissue regeneration have further led to the development of innovative wound dressings such as hydrogels and electrospun scaffolds [51]. Electrospinning is an extremely flexible technique that can convert liquids, suspensions, or

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• of chemical substances such as reducing agents and stabilizers that should be purified and removed after synthesis. In some cases, control of temperature and/or pressure are also required during reaction. In contrast, laser processing in liquids, which does not require chemical substances as reducing

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• GROC·UJI, Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Universitat Jaume I, Av. de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain 10.3762/bjnano.16.31 Abstract The potential to modify the size distribution of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids is demonstrated using a donut-shaped

• size can cause cellular damage or prevent membrane permeation for drug delivery [10]. Therefore, a fine and reproducible size control during NP synthesis is essential. Pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL) allows for the synthesis of colloidal NPs offering numerous advantages, such as being

• ][26], ligands [27], and low-salinity ions [28], or by choosing different liquid media [29]. Nevertheless, the addition of molecular stabilizers or the use of liquids that increase the stability reduces the versatility of the technique and limits the applicability of the produced colloidal NPs. The

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• pulses in liquids has been reported [43]. A generation of similar concave edges occurs in twinning. Twinned gold nanoparticles have been found to exhibit enhanced electrocatalytic activity in reductions because of an increased number of undercoordinated surface sites [44]. XPS data corroborate the

• . The solution was stirred at 750 rpm. Dissolved reactant concentrations in the range from micromoles to a few moles have been used in pulsed laser in liquids synthesis [1]. An unfocused 532 nm, 8 ns pulsed laser beam from a 10 Hz Nd:YAG laser (Spectra-Physics Quanta-Ray LAB-190) with a pulse energy of

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• Chemical Engineering, Laboratory for Industrial Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.20 Abstract Pulsed laser ablation in liquids (LAL) is an established preparation method of nanoparticles and catalysts, which additionally allows to chemically

• modify the nanomaterials in situ via chemical reactions of the nanoparticles with the molecules or solutes of the liquid. Particularly when organic solvents are used as liquids, photothermally induced C–C cleavage, addition or dehydrogenation reactions of the solvents, as well as (carbon

• in liquid; laser synthesis and processing of colloids; phase transfer; size separation; thermomorphic multiphase system; Introduction Laser ablation in liquids (LAL) provides nanoparticles without the need of external surfactants while retaining the initial composition of the educt material in the

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• functionalization, Figure 7c,d, reducing filler sizes, in situ MOF growth, or applying annealing treatments. Interfacial adhesion can also be improved using ionic liquids (Figure 7e). MOF functionalization is commonly employed in MMM research. For example, in the study by Katayama et al. [113] mentioned earlier

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• insight into their morphological and optical characteristics paving way for their applications in future. Keywords: hafnium; laser ablation in liquids; nanofibres; nanoparticles; nanostructures; Introduction Hafnium (Hf) is a tetravalent transition metal with compounds showing excellent thermal and

• determines the electrical and optical properties, which can vary depending on the synthesis technique [19]. Among the methods mentioned above, laser ablation in liquids (LAL) is a clean and single-step synthesis method used for obtaining nanomaterials from a bulk source [11][16][17][18][20]. It produces NPs

• literature. In our earlier reports, HfO2 nanoparticles, nanoribbons, and nanofibres were synthesised by ablating HfO2 pellets utilising femtosecond laser pulses at 800 nm [10][30]. A bulk Hf target was also ablated in another work using nanosecond laser pulses in different liquids to synthesise oxides and

Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP

• Sree Satya Bharati Moram,
• Chandu Byram and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86

• parameter on NP productivity, shape, and size distribution remains an area of ongoing research [11][12][13][14][15]. Pulsed laser irradiation of liquids (PLIL) can affect the size and shape of NPs. Various approaches are described in the literature, such as (i) laser fragmentation in liquid (LFL), (ii

• Information File 1, Figures S1(a)–(c). It is believed that with increasing wavelength, the NP sizes increase, presumably due to the coexistence of both processes, such as laser ablation and laser fragmentation in liquids at lower wavelengths (i.e., higher energy). The SPR peak is shifted toward a longer

• while the laser wavelength was increased. Size reduction was observed when the aqueous NaCl solution was used as a surrounding medium instead of other liquids (DW). In this case, the size increases with an increasing wavelength. The diameters of colloids prepared at a laser wavelength of 1064 nm in DW