On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• to batch. (b) SERS spectra obtained on the individual SERS substrates of a monolayer of 4-ATP self-assembled on the treated substrates. (c) Error analysis of the 1078 cm−1 marker peak which is only influenced by the electromagnetic field enhancement mechanism [29]. The red dotted line marks the Raman

• in PBS and the corresponding particle size distributions. (b) SERS spectra of a monolayer of 4-ATP. The spectrum obtained after water treatment serves as a reference. (c) Error analysis of the 1078 cm−1 marker peak which is attributed to the electromagnetic field enhancement mechanism [29]. The blue

• spectra of a monolayer of 4-ATP. The spectrum obtained after water treatment serves as a reference. (c) Error analysis of the 1078 cm−1 marker peak which is attributed to the electromagnetic field enhancement mechanism [29]. The blue dotted line marks the Raman intensity level obtained for 1 h of water

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of water in aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles

• Paulina Filipczak,
• Krzysztof Hałagan,
• Jacek Ulański and
• Marcin Kozanecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 497–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.40

• course, such a strong EF may be registered only if the electromagnetic mechanism of enhancement occurs. By including the subsequent layers of hydration in the calculations, as water molecules participate in the SERS effect (Nsurf), we obtain a lower EF value; however, still in the order of 106. Influence

Interface interaction of transition metal phthalocyanines with strontium titanate (100)

• Reimer Karstens,
• Thomas Chassé and
• Heiko Peisert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 485–496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.39

• first monolayer on the oxide surface depends on the central metal atom of the phthalocyanine, whereas the substrate preparation has minor influence on the interaction between CoPc and SrTiO3(100). Differences of the interaction mechanism to related TiO2 surfaces are discussed. Keywords: charge transfer

• the substrate. Additionally, for the example of CoPc on STO(100) it was shown that the applied substrate preparation procedures have little influence on interface properties. We emphasize, that the interaction mechanism is very different to related rutile TiO2 surfaces, where strong local interactions

Rapid controlled synthesis of gold–platinum nanorods with excellent photothermal properties under 808 nm excitation

• Jialin Wang,
• Qianqian Duan,
• Min Yang,
• Boye Zhang,
• Li Guo,
• Pengcui Li,
• Wendong Zhang and
• Shengbo Sang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 462–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.37

• Figure 1d and Table 1. Grzelczak et al. proposed an electric field-directed mechanism to explain this phenomenon [27]. The concentration of CTAB in the reaction solution was 8.8 mM. This is much higher than the critical micelle constant (1.04–1.41 mM) of CTAB at this temperature [29][30][31], thus CTAB

• coverage on the AuNRs [40]. The Au@Pt NRs dispersed well in water without notable aggregation, as shown in Figure 1e. In this paper, we do not conduct a detailed study on the action mechanism of Ag+ in the process of Au@Pt NRs synthesis, but rather focus on the practical consequences for the synthesized

• K2PtCl4 were small (5 and 10 mM), the LSPR peaks of the products had a small redshift relative to the bare AuNRs, as shown in Figure 3a Au@Pt-1 and Au@Pt-2. Similar to the formation mechanism of AuNRs, the curvature of the tip is larger than that of the side, resulting in a preferential deposition of Pt

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• prominent {111} facets. In addition to prioritizing the characterization we have also discussed the importance of quantifying AgNPs and silver ion content (Ag+) and their different mechanisms at the chemical, biological, pharmacological, and toxicological levels. The mechanism of action of AgNPs against

• studies of this promising agent in nanomedicine and in clinical practice. Keywords: bactericidal agent; {111} facets; mechanism of action; silver ion; silver nanoparticles; quality control; virucidal agent; Review Introduction Silver is one of the oldest bactericidal agents in history and is also

• , advised Alexander the Great (335 BC) to add silver to his water [1][2][3]. Since then, the bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been studied and several experimental evidences have greatly improved the understanding of its mechanism and effects on the human body and on the environment

Solution combustion synthesis of a nanometer-scale Co₃O₄ anode material for Li-ion batteries

• Monika Michalska,
• Huajun Xu,
• Qingmin Shan,
• Shiqiang Zhang,
• Yohan Dall'Agnese,
• Yu Gao,
• Amrita Jain and
• Marcin Krajewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 424–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.34

• gel-like SEI layer, which provides some additional reversible capacity apart from the reversible conversion reactions occurring on the electrodes [4][15][17][19][21][24][26][29][34][37][40][52]. This additional lithium storage is often referred to as “pseudo capacitive” mechanism [25][29]. It is also

Colloidal particle aggregation: mechanism of assembly studied via constructal theory modeling

• Scott C. Bukosky,
• Sukrith Dev,
• Monica S. Allen and
• Jeffery W. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 413–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.33

• where the precise control and placement of particles is essential. A fundamental understanding of this assembly mechanism is necessary to not only predict, but also to tune the desired properties of a given system. Here, we use constructal theory to develop a theoretical model to explain this mechanism

• arrangement in order to achieve desired macroscale properties. Thus, a theoretical understanding of the particle assembly mechanism is necessary to predict the nano/microscale structures responsible for the desired or observable properties. To our knowledge, constructal theory has never been applied

• particle lattice spacing of d = 5 nm. The effect a given system parameter has on the overall mechanism of assembly with respect to lattice configuration can now be evaluated by simply adjusting the desired parameter while holding the others constant. The predicted results of the square and hexagonal

A stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator made of silver-coated glass microspheres for human motion energy harvesting and self-powered sensing applications

• Hui Li,
• Yaju Zhang,
• Yonghui Wu,
• Hui Zhao,
• Weichao Wang,
• Xu He and
• Haiwu Zheng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 402–412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.32

• File 1). Also, it can be rolled and twisted easily, as shown in Figure 1e. Figure 2a illustrates the electricity generation mechanism of the single-electrode mode S-TENG, which is based on a conjunction of contact triboelectrification and electrostatic induction [2][20][21][22][23]. In the initial

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• sinusoidal endothelial cells of rabbit BM [23]. Even though the authors eliminated the possibility of a BM distribution mediated through macrophage phagocytosis, the exact mechanism of localization remained unknown. Moreover, the poloxamer-coated polystyrene beads circulated in the blood for up to eight days

• adsorbs onto the surface of poloxamer 407-coated colloidal particles, thus exhibiting microdomains that are specific for the sinusoidal BM endothelium. Another mechanism of BM targeting is the phagocytosis-mediated uptake from the perisinusoidal macrophages. It is known that the perisinusoidal BM

• -targeting liposomes were among the first formulation types that employed this specific mechanism. Allen et al. reported that the lipid composition greatly affected the bone marrow affinity of the liposomes. The authors noted that phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine increased the uptake of the

Spontaneous shape transition of Mn_xGe_1−x islands to long nanowires

• S. Javad Rezvani,
• Luc Favre,
• Gabriele Giuli,
• Yiming Wubulikasimu,
• Isabelle Berbezier,
• Augusto Marcelli,
• Luca Boarino and
• Nicola Pinto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 366–374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.30

• tend to ≃80 nm of width. We found that tuning the annealing process allows one to extend the wire length up to ≃1.5 μm with a minor rise of the lateral size to ≃100 nm. The elongation process of the nanostructures is in agreement with a strain-driven shape transition mechanism proposed in the

• the wires. For instance, Au, generally used as catalyst for the growth of various semiconductor NWs, acts as a deep-level trap in germanium bulk and NWs, modifying the electronic transport properties [5]. Strain-induced elongation is a mechanism [34] that can lead to either epitaxial or endotaxial

• than that of Ge, confirming the formation of a Mn-rich Ge–Mn alloy. These results raise two important issues: First, the NW growth is not driven by a VLS-type mechanism since, under our conditions, the Mn concentration is constant throughout the volume of the NWs. In contrast, a growth driven via Mn

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• observed at all [8]. In addition, oxide-based composites are mechanically more durable and manufacturing sensors based on them seems to be more economically feasible due to the low content of graphene in the sensing element (up to several percent). At present, there is no generally accepted mechanism of

• to the WO3 conduction band. When considering the possible mechanism of the influence of nickel on the sensory properties of the Ni/rGO/WO3 composite, in addition to selective catalytic activity, it is also possible to refer to the existing explanation for the interaction of clusters of metal

Intracranial recording in patients with aphasia using nanomaterial-based flexible electronics: promises and challenges

• Qingchun Wang and
• Wai Ting Siok

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 330–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.27

• with more accurate signals. iEEG is especially crucial for understanding the neural mechanism of reading since real-time recording is important for such sophisticated cognitive function. In addition, iEEG recording provides valuable validation to neuroimaging research of reading processing. Although

• more precise understanding of the neuronal mechanism of language processing. Sustained research progress in neuroimaging and nanomaterials will facilitate further investigation of brain functions. Ultimately, it is only a matter of time before the gap between research and clinical application is closed

Exploring the fabrication and transfer mechanism of metallic nanostructures on carbon nanomembranes via focused electron beam induced processing

• Christian Preischl,
• Linh Hoang Le,
• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 319–329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.26

• ) [13], thin layers of porphyrin molecules [14][15], and surface-anchored metal-organic frameworks (SURMOFs) [16][17]. For oxide surfaces it is known that the activation mechanism is based on reactive oxygen vacancies, which are locally created by electron-stimulated oxygen desorption [18][19]. Whereas

• for organic and metal-organic substrates the activation mechanism is still not fully understood [14][15][16][17]. So far, EBISA was effective with the precursors Fe(CO)5 and Co(CO)3NO in UHV [12][14][15][16][17][18][20] and Co2(CO)8 in high vacuum (HV) [13]. The purity of substantial deposits in EBISA

• the Fe(NO3)3 solution. Also, a different type of lift-off mechanism might be more successful regarding the transfer of iron and cobalt oxide structures. Conclusion In conclusion, we investigated two different FEBIP methods, namely EBID and EBISA, on a SAM (TPT) grown on silver. Fe(CO)5 and Co(CO)3NO

Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• is possible that the number of monocytes in the blood of different individuals could be elevated due to potential chronic inflammatory diseases or viral infection. The transformation of AgNPs to Ag ions may cause toxicity that is referred to as Trojan Horse mechanism, that is, AgNPs act as a carrier

• measurements, which show the same cytotoxicity for both AgNP and AgNO3, suggested a higher toxicity of AgNPs for the same cell-associated mass of Ag. One possible mechanism is related to the Trojan Horse effect, with the NPs delivering a larger amount of ions per particle, overwhelming cell defenses. The blood

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• .12.22 Abstract The efficient entry of nanotechnology-based pharmaceuticals into target cells is highly desired to reach high therapeutic efficiency while minimizing the side effects. Despite intensive research, the impact of the surface coating on the mechanism of nanoparticle uptake is not sufficiently

• carrier, are the most frequently used materials for biomedical applications [17][18][19][20]. The impact of the surface chemistry on the mechanism of nanoparticle uptake has not been sufficiently clarified yet. MNPs with comparable basic physicochemical characteristics (e.g., particle size, surface charge

• of a pulmonary disease, where the airway–mucus barrier is difficult to penetrate, nanoparticles in the size range of 200 nm are more effective in mucus penetration [20][37]. The effect of surface chemistry on the mechanism of NPs uptake is, however, not sufficiently understood yet. Understanding the

Scanning transmission helium ion microscopy on carbon nanomembranes

• Daniel Emmrich,
• Annalena Wolff,
• Nikolaus Meyerbröker,
• Jörg K. N. Lindner,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 222–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.18

• principle is based on a secondary electron conversion holder with an exchangeable aperture strip allowing its acceptance angle to be tuned from 3 to 98 mrad. The contrast mechanism and performance were investigated using freestanding nanometer-thin carbon membranes. The results demonstrate that the detector

• for ion microscopes. The dark-field STIM detector enables the imaging of very thin carbon nanomembranes with a high signal-to-noise ratio, which could not be achieved using the conventional ETD detector in the HIM. The evaluation of the contrast mechanism suggests that the detector is suitable for end

A review on the biological effects of nanomaterials on silkworm (Bombyx mori)

• Sandra Senyo Fometu,
• Guohua Wu,
• Lin Ma and
• Joan Shine Davids

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 190–202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.15

• that phoxim exposure may result in a decrease in fibroin concentration and in sericin genes (ser2 and ser3), which explains the vacuolation in the silk gland and the reduced cocooning rate [137]. Innate immunity is the first line of defense mechanism against pathogens, preventing bacterial and viral

• antiviral assay using Ag NPs synthesized with Spirulina platensis was efficient in controlling a Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) infection by increasing hemocyte density in the silkworm. An increased hemocyte population in invertebrates indicates that there is a defense mechanism taking place

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• several typical examples in which P-TENGs are used. This paper starts with an overview of TENGs and the corresponding working mechanism of four basic working modes based on charge transfer and on the electron-cloud potential-well model. Regarding surface modification and fabrication methods involving

• (most common design in previous works) as a typical representative example, we further systematically analyze the working mechanism of the detailed charge-transfer process. Figure 2b elucidates the charge generation and the electron-transfer process at the friction interfaces (paper/the other dielectric

• transferred charges and the corresponding CE mechanism in TENGs. The results shown in [90] suggest that the electron transfer dominates the CE process. The charge retention ability is attributed to the intrinsic potential barrier heights of the different materials, which can prevent the charge dissipation. As

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• spherical in morphology and range from 5–200 nm in size. The mechanism through which AgNPs are synthesized is still not well understood; however, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results from previous studies suggest that carboxylic and hydroxylic groups, in addition to primary and secondary

• redox potential. A comprehensive mechanism for the synthesis of AgNPs by plant extracts has not yet been proposed; however, the reduction mechanism may be explained by identifying the responsible functional groups. Makarov et al. [322] hypothesized that when flavonoids, a large family of polyphenols

Fusion of purple membranes triggered by immobilization on carbon nanomembranes

• René Riedel,
• Natalie Frese,
• Fang Yang,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Raphael Dalpke,
• Daniel Rhinow,
• Norbert Hampp and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 93–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.8

• –5.2 nm indicated an intact crystalline structure. As expected from preliminary experiments, the measurements of the electrostatic potential shown in Figure 3d revealed a uniform orientation of PM. To further explore the fusion mechanism that led to the formation of a PM quasi-monolayer, the effects of

• fragments occur. Here, bubbles may have been formed through electrolysis. It has been found that the fusion mechanism also depends on the DPR time. After 3 min of DPR time first connections between the different PM patches can be observed indicating incipient fusion. No PM fusion could be observed when the

• areas decreased with reduced OD. This can be explained by the fact that PM sheets must get into contact with each other to fuse. Hence, the PM concentration does not influence the fusion mechanism itself. From the observations, a possible c-His PM fusion formation procedure can be assumed. At the

The role of gold atom concentration in the formation of Cu–Au nanoparticles from the gas phase

• Yuri Ya. Gafner,
• Svetlana L. Gafner,
• Darya A. Ryzkova and
• Andrey V. Nomoev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 72–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.6

• mechanism for the formation of a binary compound was involved here when compared to clusters of a larger size (N > 400–500 atoms) which were conditionally formed according to the “physical” scenario. Apparently, at such small sizes, the incomplete content of copper in Cu3Au nanoparticles can be explained

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• and interphases. Ideally, for a complete understanding of the underlying mechanism, a full structure–property relation is desired. A counterpart for the high-resolution physical properties (“how”) is needed to describe the local structure (“what”). For that purpose, one major drawback of AFM force

ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices

• Ameen Uddin Ammar,
• Ipek Deniz Yildirim,
• Feray Bakan and
• Emre Erdem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 49–57, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.4

• size, the working mechanism of the supercapacitor changes from an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) to a Faradaic capacitor yielding higher specific capacitance values. Here, the supercapacitor device consists of four main components: ZnO (electrode 1), graphene foam (electrode 2), glass fiber as

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• : cytotoxicity; ion release; RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line; silica coating; upconversion nanoparticles; Introduction Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) convert excitation radiation with long wavelengths to a short-wavelength emission. Since biological molecules do not have an upconversion mechanism, imaging

Atomic layer deposited films of Al₂O₃ on fluorine-doped tin oxide electrodes: stability and barrier properties

• Hana Krýsová,
• Michael Neumann-Spallart,
• Hana Tarábková,
• Pavel Janda,
• Ladislav Kavan and
• Josef Krýsa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 24–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.2

• current (on the order of 0.01 mA/cm2). Hence, this current is mainly assigned to water reduction. This mechanism is still unclear at this stage of our research. X-ray diffraction patterns of unprotected FTO layers, polarized for 1 and 5 h, are shown in Figure S9 (Supporting Information File 1). Upon