Vibration-induced dynamic structural superlubricity on MoS₂/Au(111) under ultrahigh vacuum

• Shuyu Huang,
• Yiming Song,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Gema Navarro-Marín,
• Antonio Cammarata,
• Ernst Meyer and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1039–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.71

• Prague 6, Czech Republic 10.3762/bjnano.17.71 Abstract Achieving rapid and flexible control of friction across different material surfaces is of great significance and remains a longstanding challenging goal in modern tribology. Here, we demonstrate dynamic structural superlubricity in monolayer MoS2

• . Monolayer MoS2 flakes were synthesized following established protocols [15][26][27]. The mechanical actuation was implemented by applying a vertical sinusoidal excitation to the cantilever base through a piezoelectric actuator, introducing out-of-plane vibrations to the tip–sample contact. The friction

• monolayer MoS2 maintained its structural integrity throughout the measurements. These observations demonstrate the excellent durability of the MoS2 flakes under the experimental conditions. To further understand the relationship between friction and tip vibration, the load was analyzed together with the

Development of Protium heptaphyllum essential oil-loaded nanocapsules: experimental design and biological activity

• Debora Freitas Silva,
• Kaidy Giselle Orellana,
• Allessya Lara Dantas Formiga,
• Jin Wang,
• Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade,
• Aline Collares Valente Pinheiro,
• Maria Izabel de Jesus,
• Francisco Canindé Ferreira de Luna,
• Wallax Augusto Silva Ferreira,
• Edivaldo Herculano Correa de Oliveira,
• Francisco Humberto Xavier Junior,
• Emmanuel Abraham Ho and
• Marcele Fonseca Passos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 974–990, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.67

• % confluence. Prior to treatment, cells were maintained in serum-free medium for 12 h to induce nutrient deprivation. For the cell migration assay, an artificial gap (scratch) was created in the cell monolayer using a sterile 10 μL pipette tip. Cellular debris was removed by washing twice with PBS, and the

Materials challenges in solid-state sensors for continuous monitoring of ions in water

• Maryam Darestani-Farahani and
• Peter Kruse

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 935–973, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.66

Nanoparticle delivery systems for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): advances and challenges

• Sonia Zahara and
• Björn M. Reinhard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 839–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.60

• ]. We used biodegradable PLA as core material, encapsulated two ARVs, RPV and CAB, and incorporated GM3 as ligand into the lipid monolayer. The virus mimicking PLNs bound specifically to CD169+ macrophages and demonstrated HIV-like trafficking behaviors in vitro. Specifically, the particles avoided

Sustainable fabrication of 2D-based devices through reuse of substrates with microfabricated electrodes

• Ying Zhang,
• Yigit Sozen,
• Esteban Zamora-Amo,
• Thomas Pucher,
• Nuria Jiménez-Arévalo,
• Zdenek Sofer,
• Yong Xie and
• Andres Castellanos-Gomez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 818–827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.58

• process effectively removed the MoS2 from the channel region and detached most multilayer residues. However, small remnants of the monolayer in direct contact with the gold electrodes remained (see inset in Figure 5b), likely due to the strong chemical affinity between MoS2 and gold (a mechanism exploited

• incomplete removal of the monolayer at the gold contacts, the electrodes remained electrically isolated after cleaning, as confirmed by the open-circuit behavior shown in Figure 5b. A new flake was then transferred a few micrometers away, forming a second FET that exhibited typical device performance (Figure

• , suggesting that the cleaning process does not introduce pronounced electrostatic inhomogeneity. In addition to MoS2-based devices, the method is also applicable to WSe2 and ITO-based platforms and can be extended to CVD-grown films and manually exfoliated monolayer flakes. Although the main manuscript adopts

Tuning the electronic properties of defect-rich MoS₂

• Eric Juriatti,
• Martina Binninger,
• Carolin Schüle,
• Maren Zirwick,
• Katarina Margetic,
• Erika Giangrisostomi,
• Marcus Scheele and
• Heiko Peisert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 796–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.56

• position of the Fermi level of MoS2 upon Ar+ and Ne+ ion bombardment and subsequent deposition of CoPcF16 in the monolayer range are monitored using ARPES M–Γ–K maps of three different experiments, namely, Ne ion sputtering for 1 min (Figure 1a,d,g), Ar ion sputtering for 1 min (Figure 1b,e,h), and Ar ion

• located about 0.5 eV below EF, which corresponds to a slight p-doping (Figure 1e,f; integrated spectra: Figure 1k,l). Subsequent deposition of roughly a monolayer of CoPcF16 on the sputtered substrates causes further energetic shifts, which are small but above the energetic resolution of our experiment

• the molecular plane, z), B1, and B2 (polarized within the molecular plane, xy). The Co L2,3-XAS results are interpreted using p-polarized synchrotron light in Figure 2 in the context of these three features, which are highlighted by dashed red lines. For all three substrates and approx. monolayer

Substrate-dependent pore formation in molybdenum disulfide monolayers under ion irradiation

• Yossarian Liebsch,
• Umair Javed,
• Lucia Skopinski,
• Leon Daniel,
• Franziska Appel,
• Radia Rahali,
• Clara Grygiel,
• Henning Lebius,
• Carolin Frank,
• Lars Breuer,
• Leon Kirsch,
• Frieder Koch,
• Jani Kotakoski and
• Marika Schleberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 769–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.54

• Abstract Ion irradiation is a versatile tool for nanostructuring surfaces, yet the roles of energy deposition and dissipation at the surface and in ultrathin materials remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigate nanopore formation in monolayer MoS2 on different substrates under irradiation of

• ][39]. This makes HCI and SHI irradiation a useful pair of probes for testing how substrate-controlled electronic dissipation influences defect formation in 2D materials. Here, we directly quantify how substrate coupling influences electronically driven defect formation in monolayer MoS2. Using STEM

• -impact electronic energy dissipation. Owing to this common feature, we expect that the substrate may influence pore formation in a qualitatively similar way for both ion types. Results and Discussion Highly charged ions In order to assess substrate effects under HCI irradiation, we compare monolayer MoS2

Interface-engineered Caco-2 cell culture on a collagen-coated liquid–liquid interface in a microfluidic device

• Satoru Kuriu and
• Soo Hyeon Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 760–768, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.53

• stable monolayer formation, demonstrating their potential as engineered bioactive substrates [10]. Owing to their dynamic responsiveness to chemical and physical stimuli, such interfaces can also serve as reservoirs or delivery media for gases and hydrophobic molecules [11]. Incorporating a liquid–liquid

• adhered to the interface, resulting in the formation of a monolayer. This monolayer was maintained for seven days. In this study, Caco-2 cell monolayer culture was performed using three independent devices. As a result, confluency reached 95 ± 3% after seven days of culture. Here, the images of the left

• adhere on the liquid–liquid interface to form a monolayer; instead, they aggregated and were observed floating on the liquid–liquid interface. Those results indicate that bringing the collagen solution into contact with FC-43 results in the formation of a collagen layer on the liquid–liquid interface

Impacts of annealing on structural and photophysical properties of zinc phthalocyanine adsorbed on graphene

• Gautier Creutzer,
• Quentin Fernez,
• Nataliya Kalashnyk,
• Zohreh Safarzadeh,
• Lydia Sosa Vargas,
• Céline Fiorini-Debuisschert,
• Nicolas Fabre and
• Fabrice Charra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 576–585, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.39

• -tunneling-microscopy and optical microspectroscopy of a 2D phase change experienced by a self-assembled zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) monolayer adsorbed on graphene. To probe the intrinsic properties of individual ZnPc molecules, they are spatially confined within the pores of a self-assembled 2D matrix. This

• experienced by ZnPc self-assembled monolayer on graphene or HOPG. Single ZnPc molecules are guest-isolated within the nanocavities of a self-assembled 2D host matrix, preventing intermolecular interactions and allowing for individual characterization. This phase change, induced by annealing, is discussed in

• -tristyrylbenzene substituted by dodecyl alkoxy peripheral chains TSB35-C12 [39] (Scheme 1b) grown by drop-casting from a toluene solution either on HOPG, for STM experiments, or on a transparent monolayer chemical-vapor-deposition (CVD) graphene on glass substrates, for optical measurements. This system has been

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• graphene or h-BN) defect formation energies prevent low defect concentrations in monolayer sheets? How can synthesis methods for monolayer materials be modified to control defect species and concentration? We note that, in TMDs, not only chalcogen vacancies, but also transition metal vacancies and

• and temperature) over a wide range. An alternative, and possibly more accessible for monolayer materials, is to control defect concentrations by post-growth processing in controlled atmosphere of chalcogens (or other volatile components of 2D materials) and temperatures. Equilibration of the gas phase

• valence band maximum and conduction band minimum between bulk and monolayer WS2 affect the relative position of the O2 LUMO responsible for the charge transfer. This can affect the barrier of O2 dissociation and requires further studies. The mechanisms of propagation of oxidation front from the surface of

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• micropores around 1 nm, with a small type-II contribution at larger P/P0 and a small H4 hysteresis loop, which is given by the mesoporous part of AC. rGO has a type-II isotherm due to unrestricted monolayer–multilayer adsorption up to high P/P0; the multilayer absorption appears to increase without limit

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• endothelial monolayer integrity and permeability of hCMEC/D3 and SH-SY5Y in order to accurately simulate NLs uptake across the BBB and to obtain accurate representation of neuronal uptake mechanisms [14]. Other factors playing a key role in maximization of the uptake efficiency and prevention of saturation or

• in the basal part of the well). The medium was changed every 2–3 days until a transendothelial resistance (TEER) value >230 Ω was reached, indicative of confluent monolayer formation and tight junctions between endothelial cells [11]. In parallel, SH-SY5Y cells were seeded onto 12-well plates (3

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• simulations, the spatula was free to slide laterally, which could have risked “locking” if the substrate was entirely disordered, contained random voids, and was inflexible. To prevent this, we introduced a two-layer substrate, that is, a lattice-like monolayer of beads on top, forming a smooth, cavity-free

• surface, and a 13 nm thick amorphous bulk below, which matched the same bead density as our previous random-substrate model. All substrate beads had identical interactions with the spatula, and both layers were held fixed in space. Since the regular top monolayer differed from the fully random arrangement

• ) does not interact with the spatula beads; therefore, any substrate thicker than the spatula–substrate potential cutoff (rcutoff ≤ thickness ≤ ∞) would result in identical dynamics and forces. Our substrate (1 monolayer + 13 nm amorphous bulk) exceeds the cutoff, fully representing all interactions

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• its polar portions, and the length of its hydrophobic chain [49]. PPC values below 0.5 indicate the formation of monolayer micelles, whereas values between 0.5 and 1.0 favor liposome formation [49][50]. A value of p ≥ 0.5 has been reported for phosphatidylcholine, indicating that lecithin can form

• - and bilayers) form due to the diverse array of fatty acids in lecithin, the positioning and unsaturation of which are not provided by the manufacturer. Therefore, experimental tests on lecithin concentration are necessary to achieve a monolayer, nanometric, uniform, and stable micellar structural

• droplet uniformity with a monodisperse profile [93]; (3) maximizing lecithin’s performance in forming LO droplets through monolayer micelles [81]; (4) avoiding excess surfactant molecules to maintain biocompatibility [94][95]; and (5) maintaining a negative surface charge density greater than −30 mV for

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• here. Instead, we focus on a study by Vesselli and co-workers that directly addresses catalytic activity in a biomimetic SAC system [20][21]. In their work, a cobalt single-atom biomimetic model catalyst is based on a self-assembled monolayer of Co-porphyrins grown on an almost free-standing graphene

• of a surface to precursors and co-reactants. Each reaction with the surface should be saturated and self-limiting, thus allowing the deposition of one monolayer to progress in a highly conformal layer-by-layer way, even on nanostructured materials of high aspect ratios. Traditional insights into ALD

• native oxides from InAs and transfers oxygen to Hf. The resulting interface contained an In–O–Hf layer limited to approximately one monolayer. The second half-cycle is often done using water as the co-reactant and is the principal source of oxygen for the creation of HfO2 in the later ALD cycles. Figure

Modeling magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms used as a component of spin hybrid superconductor–ferromagnetic structures

• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina,
• Anastasia Salomatina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1557–1566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.110

• 1.8 nm becomes unstable, and in the monolayer limit, it can be completely destroyed. When the film thickness is less than 1–2 monolayers (≈0.2–0.4 nm), the nanofilm ceases to be continuous, forming islands. This leads to random fluctuations in magnetization. Additionally, in monolayers and sub

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• (R2 = 0.9984 for Pb2+ and R2 = 0.9997 for Cd2+) when the Langmuir isotherm model was applied. This implies monolayer adsorption onto a homogeneous surface. Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions might have adsorbed onto the CNTs-G5 surface in a uniform layer without further adsorption once the surface gets saturated

• appears to be predominantly monolayer in nature. Importantly, the maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) derived from the Langmuir model, 80.71 mg/g for Pb2+ and 66.80 mg/g for Cd2+, were found to be higher than those of other reported adsorbents for these metal ions (Supporting Information File 1, Table S3

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• asymmetrical catalysis of urea to ammonia acts as a gas jet to propel the microrobots to the desired site of action [54]. 1.2 Lipoprotein-based biomimetic nanoparticles Lipoproteins are complex structures with a lipid core, usually cholesterol esters and triglycerides, surrounded by a monolayer of

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• obtained by oxidizing monolayer graphene grown by metal-free chemical vapor deposition on the α-Al2O3(0001) surface, and the adsorption state was determined by surface analytical techniques. It was clarified that Cs adsorbs on oxygen functional groups by substituting with H atoms from carboxyl and hydroxy

• deposition; electronic state analysis; graphene oxide; X-ray absorption fine structure; Introduction Graphene oxide (GO) is oxidized graphene and its surface and periphery are partially modified by epoxy, hydroxy, and carboxy functional groups [1][2]. GO can be thinned to a monolayer of one carbon atom and

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• evaluate the effects of the NMs and the US exposure on the migration ability of HOb cells. A pipette tip was used to create a scratch in the monolayer of cells, and the time required to close the scratch under US exposure was assessed. The results of the assay are presented in Figure 5. The scratch width

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• control the structure of discotic liquid crystal molecular nanowires by manipulating the subphase temperature and surface pressure in a Langmuir monolayer system (Figure 2) [226]. The LB technique represents a powerful methodology that allows for effective control over the assembly of molecular-sized

• thicknesses. At low temperatures, the molecular nanowires coalesce, whereas, at high temperatures, the nanowires separate to form interconnected networks. The compression of the thin-film structure on the water surface resulted in the transformation of the network into a compact and highly uniform monolayer

• . At a higher surface pressure of 40 mN·m−1, the nanowires exhibited a tendency to come closer together, resulting in the formation of a compact and uniform monolayer. The interfacial nanoarchitectonics method of separating nanowires will undoubtedly prove invaluable for the separation of other 1D

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• FBS (Gibco, Life Technologies), 2 mM ʟ-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin. Cells were grown as a monolayer at 37 °C under a controlled humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. MTS assay Cell viability assays (MTS) were performed using the CellTiter Aqueous OneSolution kit

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• the intensity of 2D and G peaks (I2D/IG) and the FWHM of the 2D peak [50]. A monolayer graphene typically has the I2D/IG values greater than 2 and the FWHM of the 2D peak of ≈30 cm−1. In all spectra measured from different areas of the annealed Ni-PCD film, the I2D/IG value is about 0.6 and the FWHM

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• of ultrathin epitaxial cerium oxide films on Pt(111) demonstrated the influence of the substrate in 2 monolayer (ML) films. Figure 4a shows the Ce–O in-plane and out-of-plane distances obtained from the analysis of EXAFS data acquired on a 2 ML and on a 10 ML ceria film. Figure 4a also reports the

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• . employed Monte Carlo methods to observe ferromagnetic behavior in monolayers below 66 K and proposed that hole doping could further enhance the Curie temperature [21]. Similarly, another Monte Carlo study found that the transition temperature for monolayer CrCl3 is 49 K, proposing that the Curie

• material. This is an aspect of particular relevance because of the possible applications of the material to monolayer-thin devices. Experimental The preparation of exfoliated CrCl3 flakes from the single crystal bulk material was reported in our previous papers [2][11]. Though preferentially a 270 nm