Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• , other 2D nanomaterials, such as elemental 2D materials (e.g., borophene, phosphorene, and silicene), transition metal dichalcogenides (e.g., MoS2, WS2, and NbSe2), transition metal oxides (e.g., MnO2, Fe2O3, and Ni(OH)2 nanosheets), MXenes (e.g., Ti3C2, Ti2C, and Ta4C3), 2D halides (e.g., CrI3, NiI2

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• responses [37]. In contrast, a recent first-in-human investigation of thin, highly purified graphene oxide nanosheets reported that acute inhalation was well tolerated, showing no adverse effects on lung function, cardiovascular health, or systemic inflammatory markers [28]. Even within the same material

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• montmorillonite (MMT) nanosheets, demonstrating its potential to improve material property contrast and characterization. Experimental Experimental setup Our experiments were conducted using a commercial AFM system (Bruker Dimension Icon) equipped with a cantilever holder that incorporates a piezoelectric

• procedure described above. Sample preparation The MMT nanosheets in the form of a purified powder were provided by the research group of Prof. Yinan Hao at Inner Mongolia Agricultural University. The powder was synthesized through an ultrasonic exfoliation process (240 W, 90 min) detailed in their patent

• and electronic signal separation enables simultaneous, effective acquisition of quasi-static force maps and eigenmode-derived material contrast. Dual-probe comparative analysis of MMT nanosheets The effectiveness of the method was evaluated using the soft (ScanAsyst-Air, 0.48 N·m−1) and stiff (NSC15

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• the anisotropic growth and self-assembly of nanostructures with the formation of nanorods and nanosheets. It is currently agreed that media surrounding the particles also influence the surface energy dependence on nanoparticle size. If ions or surfactants are present in the solution, their absorption

• plasma is nonuniform as compared to the anode case. As a result, during cathode ablation, spherical nanostructures appear only as a minor component, while ZnO nanosheets dominate in the colloid. The surface charges can be considered among the key parameters influencing NP shape. The charge of the NPs is

• modification. The presence of the active ionic species has been shown to guide the formation of Ni(OH)2 nanosheets in [30]. After NP formation, the shape transformation can occur during the stages of growth, self-organization, and ageing of the NPs. In this case, laser ablation, which is performed for

Piezoelectricity of layered double hydroxides: perspectives regarding piezocatalysis and nanogenerators

• Evgeniy S. Seliverstov,
• Evgeniya A. Tarasenko and
• Olga E. Lebedeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1812–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.124

• range, allowing for the adjustment of key characteristics. Another specific feature of LDHs is their ability to delaminate in water and organic solvents after pretreatment to separate nanosheets. The latter is important in connection with the discovery of piezoelectric properties in two-dimensional

• current output. The piezoelectric potential generated in the ZnO nanosheets functions as an applied voltage, facilitating charge storage within the LDH layers, which act as capacitors. This mechanism leads to enhanced voltage and current pulses under mechanical stimulation. LDHs can also enhance the

• organically modified Ni/Co-LDH nanosheets. However, some concerns arise regarding whether the synthesized material reported by the authors can indeed be classified as a Ni/Co-LDH. First, the synthesis was carried out using salts of divalent nickel and divalent cobalt at a Ni/Co ratio of 1:2. In the absence of

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• explored for applications such as water treatment and purification [114]. Yang et al. [120] introduced for the first time a membrane with an enhanced water permeability. This membrane was obtained by selectively etching Co3O4 nanoparticles embedded within Ti3C2Tx nanosheets, followed by vacuum filtration

• . The resulting h-Ti3C2Tx nanosheets possess a porous, flat structure with 25 nm diameter holes ideal for MP separation. When tested with fluorescent polystyrene (FP) microspheres of varying sizes as MPs models, the membranes demonstrated exceptional removal efficiency of up to 99.3%. Additionally, a

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• number of approaches have been adopted to the formation of semiconducting nanowires and hybrid nanostructures by PLAL, including one-dimensional nanowires, nanotubes, and nanoribbons, as well as two-dimensional nanosheets and nanobelts [13][20][21]. Exemplary applications of laser ablation techniques for

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

Electronic and optical properties of chloropicrin adsorbed ZnS nanotubes: first principle analysis

• Prakash Yadav,
• Boddepalli SanthiBhushan and
• Anurag Srivastava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1184–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.87

• their bulk counterparts [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) attracts considerable attention among various nanomaterials due to its unique properties. Nanostructured ZnS with different morphologies, including nanotubes, nanowires, nanoparticles, and nanosheets has been extensively investigated

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• expected to display enhanced magnetic characteristics owing to the induction of higher defects and the presence of α-Fe2O3. Figure 4a,b represents FESEM images of rGO at low and high magnifications. As shown, the morphological analyses represent the wavy-like networks of rGO nanosheets, demonstrating the

• . The detailed structure of the GVF was monitored by HRTEM analysis. The corresponding images are shown in Figure 8a–f. As shown in Figure 8a, the rGO nanosheets are found to be transparent and thin in nature. In the magnified HRTEM image, an agglomerated dispersion of Fe2O3 NPs and VO2 nanospheres (NSs

• ) was visible on the thin rGO surfaces. Notably, a clear difference between the size of Fe2O3 NPs (average particle diameter – 8.1 ± 2.2 nm) and VO2 NSs (average particle diameter – 34 ± 5.2 nm) indicates the formation of these two different types of metal oxides on top of the rGO nanosheets (Figure 8e

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• sandwiched between MoS2 layers, the MoS2 component was not converted to Mo and Na2S even at a high degree of sodiation [18]. An ex situ study of a fully sodiated anode composed of MoS2 nanosheets coupled with few-layered graphene revealed a partial transformation of 2H-MoS2 into a distorted tetragonal

• structural stability of the material [22][23][24]. The orientation of the carbon component in the hybrid can also affect the electrochemical processes. For example, interlayer-expanded MoS2 nanosheets vertically anchored on graphene film and carbon fibers showed a good rate performance in SIBs [25][26]. It

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• and coworkers prepared Ni/NiO nanosheets via a hydrothermal process and annealing, which gave a high HER efficiency [18]. Wang et al. found that Ni metal plays a crucial role in NiOx-based material for water electrolysis [19]. However, using chemical methods to fabricate Ni/NiO-based nanomaterials is

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• supramolecular hydration structures that preserve graphene nanosheets from the restacking through hydrophobic force, van der Waals force, and π–π interaction. In this manuscript, density functional theory and high-performance computing (HPC) are used for modeling and calculating van der Waals force between

• graphene nanosheets in water-intercalated AB bilayer graphene structures. A layer of water molecules significantly decreases the intersheet van der Waals force. A novel hydrogel of graphene oxide–silica gel–zinc hydroxide (GO-SG-ZH) is experimentally synthesized to demonstrate the advantages of hydrated

• structures, elemental compositions, aqueous dispersibility, and antibacterial activities. Hydration shells on graphene-based nanosheets in the hydrogel increase intersheet distances to prevent the stacking of the nanostructures. Hydration layers in the GO-SG-ZH hydrogel was also lubricative for direct brush

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• growth [175]. Zhou et al. focused on the fabrication of a novel composite membrane suitable for photothermal cancer therapy based on black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets because of their high biocompatibility and photothermal efficacy. SF was used as an exfoliating agent in stable liquid exfoliation with

• ultrasound to incorporate BP nanosheets for improved stability and processability. As a result, silk fibroin-doped black phosphorus nanosheets (BP@SF) were produced, which possess good water dispersity and long-term stability. BP@SF nanosheets were consolidated into fibrous membranes based on SF and PLGA by

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• may indicate areas enriched in cadmium. Our earlier investigation into CdO thin film noted similar Cd-rich whitish regions and the formation of nanosheets [18]. In the CZ900_313O thin film, no significant surface alterations were detected. However, the CZ900_313Ag thin film exhibits visible damage on

Water in nanoporous hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets: a first-principles study

• Juliana A. Gonçalves,
• Ronaldo J. C. Batista and
• Marcia C. Barbosa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 510–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.39

• calculated through Equation 3: where Etotal is the total energy of system, Eporous is the energy of the porous monolayer, and is the energy of an isolated water molecule. Results and Discussion Energetic stability of h-BN nanopore Figure 2 and Figure 3 display the h-BN nanosheets with rhombic and triangular

• stability, whereas an additional N–H pair does not provide the same effect. In fact, Pham et al. observed that N-terminated pores are less stable in air than B-terminated ones [34]. Water molecule in h-BN nanosheets We studied the adsorption process of a water molecule on a porous h-BN nanosheet. Initially

• interaction between water and pores is the ability of a single water molecule to induce wrinkles in h-BN nanosheets with triangular pores, even when the pore is stabilized with B–H pairs at its vertices (see Figure 7). This deformation disappears upon removal of the water molecule. The observed deformation

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• , including WNT, Notch, STAT 1/3, and NRF-2, respectively [20]. Graphene oxide nanosheets have been shown to selectively disrupt the cell membrane and cytoskeleton of cancer cells through activation of FAK-Rho-ROCK pathway and suppressed expression of integrin [21]. It has also been found that nuclear

• from Thermo Scientific Nunc (Rochester, New York). Synthesis of graphene oxide Highly exfoliated GO nanosheets were chemically synthesized using slight modifications to the method documented by Dimiev et al. [26][27]. Briefly, 0.5 g of graphite powder was treated with a mixture of 0.5 g of NaNO3 and 40

• were collected using successive centrifugation steps at 13,000 rpm for 30 min and washing with deionized (DI) water several times, until the hydrolysis of covalent sulfates formed during oxidation [26][27]. The final product of exfoliated GO nanosheets were extracted through freeze-drying. Binding of

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• area, exhibits good thermal stability, is non-toxic, and can be easily morphologically modified (such as nanorods, nanosheets, and nanobelts). Because of its higher quantum efficiency, it is anticipated to demonstrate superior photocatalytic activity in comparison with TiO2, g-C3N4, and BiOBr [66

• without modification with suitable dopants. Chen and his colleagues [86] synthesized nanoscale Bi2O3 and observed little degradation of TC. Modification of Bi2O3 with MnO2, changed the morphology from nanorods to nanosheets. This nanosheet structure showed a higher TC removal efficiency than pure Bi2O3

• /GO/CoFe2O, ZnFe2O4/BiVO4/g-C3N4 and BiVO4@BiOCl (see below in Table 3). A novel heterostructure of BiVO4 nanosheets and MoS2 nanoflakes yielded 97.46% degradation of TC within 90 min of visible light illumination with 40 mg/L initial concentration of TC and 15 mg/L catalyst loading [96]. Surprisingly

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• ring, coupled with the controlled release of DOX, resulted in a significant reduction in PCO incidence, that is, only 28% in a rabbit model, 100 days post-surgery, through a combination of photothermal and drug therapy [116]. Additionally, two-dimensional Ti3C2 nanosheets loaded into IOLs were used for

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• . Typically, such pillars are amorphous SiO2 nanoparticles formed during the hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) introduced into liquid crystalline 2D CTAB layers that fill the interlamellar space between the 2D zeolite nanosheets. Tetraethoxytitanium (TEOT) is a homolog of TEOS, and its hydrolysis

Strain-induced bandgap engineering in 2D ψ-graphene materials: a first-principles study

• Kamal Kumar,
• Nora H. de Leeuw,
• Jost Adam and
• Abhishek Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1440–1452, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.116

• Structural and electronic properties of 2D nanosheets without strain We first estimated lattice parameters, bond lengths, and atomic positions of our 2D nanosheets (ψ-graphene, ψ-graphone, and ψ-graphone) by utilizing structural details available from the literature [38][39]. Subsequently, we have relaxed

• the nanosheets using the established computational parameters outlined in the Computational Methodology section. Table 1 summarizes the relaxed cell lattice parameters and C–C and C–H bond lengths of the three materials, which match well with earlier DFT results [38][39]. Each nanosheet has four

• inequivalent carbon atoms labeled C1, C2, C3, and C4, possessing unique chemical and physical attributes (Figure 1). At the junction of three s-indacene molecules, the C–C bond length d1 is significantly longer than typical C–C bonds (Figure 1). To investigate the electronic properties of these 2D nanosheets

Various CVD-grown ZnO nanostructures for nanodevices and interdisciplinary applications

• The-Long Phan,
• Le Viet Cuong,
• Vu Dinh Lam and
• Ngoc Toan Dang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1390–1399, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.112

• /multilegs (as shown in Figure 4) with different shapes and sizes of arms were also obtained [43][45]. Figure 5a,b show SEM micrographs of nanosheets (named S1) recorded under different magnifications. They were developed at a temperature T ≈ 600 °C. Their length and width are approx. 10–20 and 5–10 μm

• , e) pencils (P1 and P2), (f, g) pins (Pi1 and Pi2), and (h) rods with wires (RW). (a–d) SEM pictures of nanoscale tetrapods (T1–T4) with different morphologies. A micrograph showing ZnO multipods grown via CVD. SEM pictures of (a, b) CVD-grown nanosheets, and (c) sheets glued with long nanorods. SEM

• , T2, M, and S) showing only a UV emission with laser intensity of 0.1I0, and (b) spectra of nanosheets (namely S) excited by different laser power densities. (a) PL spectra of nanorods (R1 and R2) showing only two UV and visible emissions with laser intensity of 0.1I0, and (b) spectra of nanorods R2