Artifacts in time-resolved Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Sascha Sadewasser,
• Nicoleta Nicoara and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1272–1281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.119

• not show this deviation from the expected CPD. Considering the small deviation observed at 2·f0, it is possible that the deviation at 2/3·f0 may be within the noise level of the experimental data. Nevertheless, two additional deviations from the expected CPD are found at frequencies not related to the

Surface characterization of nanoparticles using near-field light scattering

• Eunsoo Yoo,
• Yizhong Liu,
• Chukwuazam A. Nwasike,
• Sebastian R. Freeman,
• Brian C. DiPaolo,
• Bernardo Cordovez and
• Amber L. Doiron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1228–1238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.114

• ). From Rayleigh theory, σscat varies with α2 while σabs/σscat varies roughly with α. While this assumption will add noise, it should be small in comparison with the overall effect. For non-absorbing dielectric particles, the above result is exact. Since the propulsive force can be normalized to the

Electrostatic force spectroscopy revealing the degree of reduction of individual graphene oxide sheets

• Yue Shen,
• Ying Wang,
• Yuan Zhou,
• Chunxi Hai,
• Jun Hu and
• Yi Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1146–1155, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.106

• ambient temperature, and uses a compressor and a humidifier to control the humidity of the environment. In order to eliminate the influence of noise from the system, the temperature and humidity generator are physically separated from the AFM. The humidity generator and the AFM are connected with

A simple extension of the commonly used fitting equation for oscillatory structural forces in case of silica nanoparticle suspensions

• Sebastian Schön and
• Regine von Klitzing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1095–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.101

• ) serving as colloidal probe. The spring constant of the cantilever was determined via the thermal noise method [62]. The surface of the colloidal probe and the silicon wafer form the two confining walls for the experiment. As the colloidal probe is orders of magnitude larger than their distance, the forces

• into one master curve greatly reduces noise and allows for the analysis of signals with very low strength as in case of suspensions with low concentrations shown in Figure 1. The impact of this method is shown by comparing the significance of a single force curve with the combined master curve. The

• can be discerned in the range from 200 to 300 nm. A third one, extending from 300 to 400 nm, is made visible by applying a binominal smoothing filter with a width of 103 data points (white line). The noise reduction due to the combination of data leads to an increase in the accessible signal range

Room-temperature single-photon emitters in titanium dioxide optical defects

• Kelvin Chung,
• Yu H. Leung,
• Chap H. To,
• Aleksandra B. Djurišić and
• Snjezana Tomljenovic-Hanic

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1085–1094, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.100

• , this is a unique feature to the nanopowder and is not evident in the other single emitters presented in this study. Figure 6b is the spectrum of the defect, which shows red emission with a peak around 629 nm. The low signal-to-noise ratio was counteracted by increasing the exposure time at each step

Synthesis and characterization of two new TiO₂-containing benzothiazole-based imine composites for organic device applications

• Anna Różycka,
• Agnieszka Iwan,
• Krzysztof Artur Bogdanowicz,
• Michal Filapek,
• Natalia Górska,
• Damian Pociecha,
• Marek Malinowski,
• Patryk Fryń,
• Agnieszka Hreniak,
• Jakub Rysz,
• Paweł Dąbczyński and
• Monika Marzec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 721–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.67

• measured at room temperature with the Agilent 5500 microscope working in non-contact mode. The setpoint and gains were adjusted to each measurement to obtain a clear image without noise. For each sample, topography images were collected at several randomly chosen areas. As described in [52

Cyclodextrin-assisted synthesis of tailored mesoporous silica nanoparticles

• Fuat Topuz and
• Tamer Uyar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 693–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.64

• acceptable signal/noise ratio. The surface area and pore volume were measured by a Quantachrome NOVA 2200e series surface analyzer. The particles were outgassed for 24 h at 110 °C. The adsorption isotherms of nitrogen at 77K were investigated through Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) measurements in the p/p0

Combined pulsed laser deposition and non-contact atomic force microscopy system for studies of insulator metal oxide thin films

• Daiki Katsube,
• Hayato Yamashita,
• Satoshi Abo and
• Masayuki Abe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 686–692, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.63

• same as in our previous studies [29][37][41][44][45][46][47][48]. To perform stable atomic resolution imaging in this chamber, a mechanism to fix the unit by double spring vibration isolation and eddy current damping [49] is provided, to prevent vibration noise. Therefore, it is possible to obtain

• atomic resolution images with the same performance as in our previous study [48]. We are able to perform NC-AFM measurements without the influence of vibration noise caused by the linkage to the PLD chamber. An optical interferometer [50] was used for deflection detection of the probe used for the NC-AFM

Sensing behavior of flower-shaped MoS₂ nanoflakes: case study with methanol and xylene

• Maryam Barzegar,
• Masoud Berahman and
• Azam Iraji zad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 608–615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.57

• nanoflakes. There are numbers of articles which report the successful growth of flower-like MoS2 nanoflakes using this technique [19][20][21][22][23]. Due to the high surface-to-volume ratio, activity, tunable band gap, low electrical noise and acceptable electrical conductivity, MoS2 is considered as one of

Electron interactions with the heteronuclear carbonyl precursor H₂FeRu₃(CO)₁₃ and comparison with HFeCo₃(CO)₁₂: from fundamental gas phase and surface science studies to focused electron beam induced deposition

• Ragesh Kumar T P,
• Paul Weirich,
• Lukas Hrachowina,
• Marc Hanefeld,
• Ragnar Bjornsson,
• Helgi Rafn Hrodmarsson,
• Sven Barth,
• D. Howard Fairbrother,
• Michael Huth and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 555–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.53

Lyapunov estimation for high-speed demodulation in multifrequency atomic force microscopy

• David M. Harcombe,
• Michael G. Ruppert,
• Michael R. P. Ragazzon and
• Andrew J. Fleming

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 490–498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.47

• 10.3762/bjnano.9.47 Abstract An important issue in the emerging field of multifrequency atomic force microscopy (MF-AFM) is the accurate and fast demodulation of the cantilever-tip deflection signal. As this signal consists of multiple frequency components and noise processes, a lock-in amplifier is

• , previous work by the authors includes a multifrequency Kalman filter [24]. It was shown to outperform a commercially available LIA in terms of both tracking bandwidth and noise performance. However, a major disadvantage of the Kalman filter is the large computational expense of each additional frequency

• the noise performance has been shown to be a function of the tracking bandwidth [19]. The lock-in amplifier is the state-of-the-art multifrequency method due to its strong off-mode rejection, however it can not achieve the same speed as the Lyapunov filter due to post-mixing filtering [19]. As the

The nanofluidic confinement apparatus: studying confinement-dependent nanoparticle behavior and diffusion

• Stefan Fringes,
• Felix Holzner and
• Armin W. Knoll

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 301–310, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.30

• 35,000 detected positions obtained from 7 immobilized particles. This precision is in agreement with simulated particles [26] with a similar signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of ≈20. We like to point out that we measure the same SNR using raw images similar to that in Figure 2b, but for moving particles we can

• reduce the fixed-pattern camera pixel noise of the background by subtracting the temporal median of the image stack. With that correction, we obtain a SNR of ≈50, which would correspond to a localization accuracy of less than σi = 1.5 nm [26]. In order to assess the localization accuracy for a diffusing

Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Jana Andzane and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29

• element and the contact electrode during NEM switch operation. The increase of adhesion in the contact or its conductivity reduction down to the noise level with repetitive switching degrades the device stability and often leads to device failure. The state of the art lifetime of NEM switches varies from

• gradient of the total attractive force Fadh at the contact between the switching element and the electrode, and can be seen in I(V) curves as a sudden decrease of electrical current down to the noise level (Figure 2b). Since operation of NEM switches is substantially determined by adhesion forces due to

Bombyx mori silk/titania/gold hybrid materials for photocatalytic water splitting: combining renewable raw materials with clean fuels

• Stefanie Krüger,
• Michael Schwarze,
• Otto Baumann,
• Christina Günter,
• Michael Bruns,
• Christian Kübel,
• Dorothée Vinga Szabó,
• Rafael Meinusch,
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 187–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.21

• anatase (004) reflection. Therefore, an unambiguous assignment of the observed reflection is not possible. Measurements for longer times and higher count rates for improvement of the signal to noise ratio were thus done from 35–47° (Figure S5a, Supporting Information File 1). The Au (200) reflection at

Combined scanning probe electronic and thermal characterization of an indium arsenide nanowire

• Tino Wagner,
• Fabian Menges,
• Heike Riel,
• Bernd Gotsmann and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 129–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.15

• topography, geometrical artefacts and feedback problems can be minimized by appropriate control schemes [20]. The typical lateral resolution of our SThM and KFM setups is on the order of the tip radius (below 10 nm), at a noise level of 20 μK·Hz−0.5 and 1 mV·Hz−0.5, respectively, depending on operating

Response under low-energy electron irradiation of a thin film of a potential copper precursor for focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID)

• Leo Sala,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Céline Dablemont,
• Anne Lafosse and
• Lionel Amiaud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 57–65, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.8

• . Unfortunately, CO2 formation, which could have given us more information on the dissociation processes, could not be observed. The signal for the detection of CO2, or the secondary fragment CO, did not rise sufficiently from the residual background noise. Estimation of the effective cross section for

Material discrimination and mixture ratio estimation in nanocomposites via harmonic atomic force microscopy

• Weijie Zhang,
• Yuhang Chen,
• Xicheng Xia and
• Jiaru Chu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2771–2780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.276

• thermal calibration method [39]. For amplitude calibration the inverse optical lever sensitivity in units of nm/V was determined via a noncontact method proposed by M. J. Higgins et al. [36]. The noise level of the AFM optical detector was less than 60 μV, which corresponds to an amplitude noise of

• approximately 10 pm. The lowest harmonic amplitude measured was quite close to this level, but it could still be unambiguously determined. Other harmonic amplitude magnitudes were generally larger than the noise. Three kinds of samples were employed for the harmonic AFM measurements. The first is a polymer

Beyond Moore’s technologies: operation principles of a superconductor alternative

• Igor I. Soloviev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Alexander L. Gudkov and
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2689–2710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.269

• ≈ 2× 10−19 J, assuming a typical Ic ≈ 0.1 mA. The typical critical current value depends on the working (liquid helium) temperature, T = 4.2 K. For a proper operation of circuits it should be about three orders higher than the effective noise current value, IT = (2π/Φ0)kBT ≈ 0.18 μA, where kB is the

• of Josephson junctions on a chip. There is no need for large-scale circuit partitioning. (iv) The bias current plays the role of the clock signal. There is no need for an SFQ clock distribution network. (v) The clock signal is not affected by thermal noise. Logical unity (or zero) is represented by a

Exploring wear at the nanoscale with circular mode atomic force microscopy

• Olivier Noel,
• Aleksandar Vencl and
• Pierre-Emmanuel Mazeran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2662–2668, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.266

• stiffness was 12 N/m and 0.4 N/m, respectively (as determined by the thermal noise method [27][28]). For each set of wear experiments, a unique AFM tip was used. After each measurement, force curves on a silicon wafer were performed to verify the state of the tip. Every data point represented in Figure 5

Patterning of supported gold monolayers via chemical lift-off lithography

• Liane S. Slaughter,
• Kevin M. Cheung,
• Sami Kaappa,
• Huan H. Cao,
• Qing Yang,
• Thomas D. Young,
• Andrew C. Serino,
• Sami Malola,
• Jana M. Olson,
• Stephan Link,
• Hannu Häkkinen,
• Anne M. Andrews and
• Paul S. Weiss

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2648–2661, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.265

• Information File 1), the optical extinction was indistinguishable from the instrument noise in the visible wavelength region. Furthermore, there were no discernable differences in transmission between regions containing the Au monolayers and unmodified PDMS. Therefore, the Au–alkanethiolate hybrid material is

• data points were acquired with a 200 ms dwell time. For adequate signal-to-noise, the number of scans was adjusted for different regions of the spectrum to account for different relative sensitivity factors and low amounts of Au, ranging from 20 scans for C 1s to 100 scans for Au 4f. Because PDMS is an

Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy of difurylethene-based photochromic single-molecule junctions

• Youngsang Kim,
• Safa G. Bahoosh,
• Dmytro Sysoiev,
• Thomas Huhn,
• Fabian Pauly and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2606–2614, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.261

• , added to an AC modulation of 8 mV (root mean square) at a frequency of 317 Hz, is swept at a 1 mV/s rate using a low-noise DC source (Yokogawa 7651). Finally, the signals are amplified by a low-noise current amplifier (Ithaco 1211) and recorded with a lock-in amplifier (SRS 830). When stretching an Au

• VIII in Table 1) for the open form vanishes for the closed form. This voltage range was, however, not explored in the experiments due to the enhanced noise in the higher bias regime. In between 100 and 250 mV the vibrational modes of these two isomers appear at slightly different energies, but the

Robust nanobubble and nanodroplet segmentation in atomic force microscope images using the spherical Hough transform

• Yuliang Wang,
• Tongda Lu,
• Xiaolai Li,
• Shuai Ren and
• Shusheng Bi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2572–2582, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.257

• scanners, noise [24][25] or the actual topography of the sample surfaces (e.g., HOPG). In general, it is difficult to establish one source of the uneven background from the others in AFM images. Practically, researchers use a plane fitting method to aggressively flatten AFM images to improve the contrast

• the value can be taken as NBs and NDs. Due to the existence of thermal drift, noise and hysteresis of AFM scanners [25], their vertical position in an AFM image may vary greatly. It is a difficult challenge to determine the threshold value in the thresholding method, since they do not share the same

• error and noise, the boundaries of NBs and NDs in AFM images are not standard circles in shape. Moreover, for each nanobubble, only dozens of points on the boundaries are used to determine centers. As a result, the CHT could only detect the those with relatively large size and good circular shape, but

Amplified cross-linking efficiency of self-assembled monolayers through targeted dissociative electron attachment for the production of carbon nanomembranes

• Sascha Koch,
• Christopher D. Kaiser,
• Paul Penner,
• Michael Barclay,
• Lena Frommeyer,
• Daniel Emmrich,
• Patrick Stohmann,
• Tarek Abu-Husein,
• Andreas Terfort,
• D. Howard Fairbrother,
• Oddur Ingólfsson and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2562–2571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.256

• in accordance with the data (black curve) presented in Figure 3b [16]. Comparing this data with that obtained for 2-Cl-BPT (red curve) and 2-Br-BPT (green curve), a slight trend towards a more effective cross-linking of 2-Br-BPT seems to be visible, despite the noise present in the XPS raw data

Strategy to discover full-length amyloid-beta peptide ligands using high-efficiency microarray technology

• Clelia Galati,
• Natalia Spinella,
• Lucio Renna,
• Danilo Milardi,
• Francesco Attanasio,
• Michele Francesco Maria Sciacca and
• Corrado Bongiorno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2446–2453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.243

• region [24][25] for a chosen range of frequencies. In addition, a high signal-to-noise ratio due to the low background autofluorescence of the material is obtained [26]. A high purity of the material involved, chemical inertness and stability and atomic flatness of the surface are other important

• of 10 µM. Fabrication of HESs HESs were prepared by exploiting the highly controlled materials and technologies conventionally used for the construction of microelectronics devices. The detection sensitivity is essentially determined by the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. A simple approach to increasing

Robust procedure for creating and characterizing the atomic structure of scanning tunneling microscope tips

• Sumit Tewari,
• Koen M. Bastiaans,
• Milan P. Allan and
• Jan M. van Ruitenbeek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2389–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.238

• by thermal drift and electrical noise of our system. The curve shows that the data are closely described by an exponential dependence. Conclusion We have demonstrated a method for shaping a metallic tip apex in STM. By placing an adatom on a smooth Au surface the structure of the tip apex can be