Functionalized TiO₂ nanoparticles by single-step hydrothermal synthesis: the role of the silane coupling agents

• Antoine R. M. Dalod,
• Lars Henriksen,
• Tor Grande and
• Mari-Ann Einarsrud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 304–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.33

• Supporting Information File 1). Particle size and surface energy are some of the main factors for phase stability crossovers in nano-titania [5][6][7] and specific adsorption of aminosilanes could reduce the surface energy of the forming nanoparticles, promoting anatase nucleation during the synthesis, even

Influence of hydrofluoric acid treatment on electroless deposition of Au clusters

• Rachela G. Milazzo,
• Antonio M. Mio,
• Giuseppe D’Arrigo,
• Emanuele Smecca,
• Alessandra Alberti,
• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Filippo Giannazzo,
• Corrado Spinella and
• Emanuele Rimini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 183–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.19

• that of Si and SiO2 are 1240 × 10−3 J/m2 and 400 × 10−3 J/m2, respectively [31]. The native SiO2 is completely etched after 10 s (etch rate 500 Å/min) so nucleation occurs on the hydrogenated silicon surface [32]. The roughness of the Si surface after a pretreatment of 4 min in DHF was measured by AFM

• , and the obtained root mean square (RMS) was 3 nm, which is about one order of magnitude higher than a typical Si wafer (Figure 2c). Consequently, the surface-free energy increases [33] for a rougher surface and promotes 3D cluster formation by offering preferential sites for nucleation as apex or

Impact of surface wettability on S-layer recrystallization: a real-time characterization by QCM-D

• Jagoba Iturri,
• Ana C. Vianna,
• Alberto Moreno-Cencerrado,
• Dietmar Pum,
• Uwe B. Sleytr and
• José Luis Toca-Herrera

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 91–98, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.10

• -monomeric interactions that lead to the formation of first nucleation points. Incorporation of additional building blocks takes place in parallel to the first crystal formation (center), which regulates the SbpA-film interacting capability throughout the process. After a certain incubation time, completion

Obtaining and doping of InAs-QD/GaAs(001) nanostructures by ion beam sputtering

• Sergei N. Chebotarev,
• Alexander S. Pashchenko,
• Leonid S. Lunin,
• Elena N. Zhivotova,
• Georgy A. Erimeev and
• Marina L. Lunina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 12–20, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.2

• is employed to form nanostructured patterns on semiconductor surfaces [19]. And second, this effect was applied to stimulate nucleation nanoislands by ion-assisted molecular beam epitaxy [20]. It allowed the reduction of size and size dispersion of QDs. Earlier, we studied some features of

Annealing-induced recovery of indents in thin Au(Fe) bilayer films

• Anna Kosinova,
• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Leonid Klinger and
• Eugen Rabkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2088–2099, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.199

• boundaries and triple junctions [7][8], voids at the interface between the film and the substrate [9], and localized impurities on the substrate or on the film surface can serve as nucleation sites for the onset of solid-state dewetting upon heating. Localized plastic deformation by indents on the film

• surface is expected to play a two-fold role in dewetting. On the one hand, the indents could serve as additional nucleation sites for the holes and, thus, accelerate the dewetting process. On the other hand, they could add fast diffusion paths in the near-surface region and, thus, accelerate the healing

• right after the first annealing. The holes were randomly distributed and exhibited hexagonal symmetry. All holes nucleated at once, i.e., no new nucleation events were observed during subsequent anneals, and their density was about 5 × 108 m−2. A typical hole formed during solid-state dewetting of the

From iron coordination compounds to metal oxide nanoparticles

• Mihail Iacob,
• Carmen Racles,
• Codrin Tugui,
• George Stiubianu,
• Adrian Bele,
• Liviu Sacarescu,
• Daniel Timpu and
• Maria Cazacu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2074–2087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.198

• control of formed micro- or nanostructures [19]. Most studies in this area relate to the thermal decomposition of metal complexes with ligands such as acetylacetonates, acetates and oleates. Good results in terms of narrow size distribution of nanoparticles are correlated with nucleation and growth stages

A new approach to grain boundary engineering for nanocrystalline materials

• Shigeaki Kobayashi,
• Sadahiro Tsurekawa and
• Tadao Watanabe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1829–1849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.176

• our recent work on sulfur-doped polycrystalline Ni [87]. Effects of grain boundary microstructure on fatigue deformation and fracture in nanocrystalline Ni–P alloy In recent years, it has been revealed that grain boundaries play important and different roles in fatigue crack nucleation [88][89][90][91

• do not nucleate along low-angle boundaries [97]. The low-Σ CSL boundaries show the higher resistance to fatigue cracking than the random boundaries [97], although the preferential nucleation at coherent twin boundaries, namely {111}/Σ3 CSL boundaries, were previously reported for face-centered cubic

Functionalized platinum nanoparticles with surface charge trigged by pH: synthesis, characterization and stability studies

• Giovanna Testa,
• Laura Fontana,
• Iole Venditti and
• Ilaria Fratoddi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1822–1828, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.175

• rise to monodisperse nanoparticles [20][21]. PtNPs are generally obtained from reduction of Pt(II) or Pt(IV) ions, starting from [PtCl4]2− or [PtCl6]2− precursors, in the presence of a strong reducing agent, to obtain the chemical reduction to Pt(0) atoms that starts the nucleation process. If a ligand

3D printing of mineral–polymer bone substitutes based on sodium alginate and calcium phosphate

• Aleksey A. Egorov,
• Alexander Yu. Fedotov,
• Anton V. Mironov,
• Vladimir S. Komlev,
• Vladimir K. Popov and
• Yury V. Zobkov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1794–1799, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.172

• by an increase in concentration of heterogeneous nucleation centers of a calcium phosphate phase on the carboxyl groups of the amino acids. X-ray diffraction data lend support to this tendency: the height of the strongest peak (020) of DCPD decreases by a factor of 7 as the alginate and

Numerical investigation of depth profiling capabilities of helium and neon ions in ion microscopy

• Patrick Philipp,
• Lukasz Rzeznik and
• Tom Wirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1749–1760, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.168

• functional groups and cross-linking and the formation of “pre-carbon” structures. Next, the nucleation and growth of carbon-enriched structures is observed, followed by the aggregation of carbon clusters up to formation of quasi-continuous carbon-rich buried layer forming a network of conjugated bonds

• of the nanoparticles below the surface. Their formation is observed for concentrations of the implanted species beyond the solubility limit. For most polymers, nucleation starts at 1016 ions/cm2 and at very high fluences a worm-like structure can start to form. However, not all implanted metal atoms

Sb₂S₃ grown by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and its application in a hybrid solar cell

• Erki Kärber,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Ilona Oja Acik,
• Arvo Mere,
• Valdek Mikli and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1662–1673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.158

• flakes on the TiO2 substrate increases with the number of growth cycles, suggesting that some of the nucleation sites are preferential. The nucleation of secondary Sb2S3 crystals is evident when using a higher SEM magnification (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2). In addition, the flakes grow

Enhanced detection of nitrogen dioxide via combined heating and pulsed UV operation of indium oxide nano-octahedra

• Oriol Gonzalez,
• Sergio Roso,
• Xavier Vilanova and
• Eduard Llobet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1507–1518, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.144

• clusters. When the temperature further increases, the oxidized In clusters act as nucleation centres for the formation of Indium oxide crystals. It has been reported that at growth temperatures between 800 and 1000 °C pyramids and octahedra can be obtained [18]. The facets exposed correspond to the most

Effect of triple junctions on deformation twinning in a nanostructured Cu–Zn alloy: A statistical study using transmission Kikuchi diffraction

• Silu Liu,
• Xiaolong Ma,
• Lingzhen Li,
• Liwen Zhang,
• Patrick W. Trimby,
• Xiaozhou Liao,
• Yusheng Li,
• Yonghao Zhao and
• Yuntian Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1501–1506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.143

• -pressure torsion. It was found that in 83% of grains containing twins, at least one twin intersects with a triple junction. This suggests that triple junctions could have promoted the nucleation of deformation twins. It should be cautioned that this technique might be unable to detect extremely small

• –triple junction connections. This relatively high percentage of twin–triple junction connections also implies that triple junctions could be playing a significant role in the nucleation of deformation twins. This is the first time such statistical data is reported. A well-known deformation mechanism in

• ], and therefore were more effective in promoting partial emissions than grain boundaries. It was found that high densities of triple junctions in nanostructured materials could promote twin nucleation [36]. Although some twins connecting with triple junctions might have not been nucleated at the triple

Deformation-driven catalysis of nanocrystallization in amorphous Al alloys

• Rainer J. Hebert,
• John H. Perepezko,
• Harald Rösner and
• Gerhard Wilde

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1428–1433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.134

• , Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA Institut für Materialphysik, Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.7.134 Abstract Nanocrystals develop in amorphous alloys usually during annealing treatments with growth- or nucleation-controlled mechanisms. An alternative

• properties [5][6][7][8], but also as experimental case studies for nucleation and growth theories [9][10][11]. The devitrification of metallic glasses is commonly considered as a thermally activated process, but some glassy alloys crystallize during intense deformation at temperatures well below the glass

• spatial heterogeneities and the indirect impact on thermally induced mechanisms such as nucleation and growth during annealing as well as concerning their possible coupling in an externally applied stress field. Isothermal microcalorimeter trace at 60 °C for as-spun and cold-rolled ribbons. The inset

Dealloying of gold–copper alloy nanowires: From hillocks to ring-shaped nanopores

• Adrien Chauvin,
• Cyril Delacôte,
• Mohammed Boujtita,
• Benoit Angleraud,
• Junjun Ding,
• Chang-Hwan Choi,
• Pierre-Yves Tessier and
• Abdel-Aziz El Mel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1361–1367, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.127

• because of a non-homogenous surface topography with hills distributed over the surface. During PVD the growth of the material occurs preferredly on the hills acting as nucleation sites [15][16]. The local self-shadowing effect at these nucleation sites is the main driving force promoting the formation of

Viability and proliferation of endothelial cells upon exposure to GaN nanoparticles

• Tudor Braniste,
• Ion Tiginyanu,
• Tibor Horvath,
• Simion Raevschi,
• Serghei Cebotari,
• Marco Lux,
• Axel Haverich and
• Andres Hilfiker

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1330–1337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.124

• NH3 gas reacted with each other in the react zone, where the initial temperature was kept at 600 °C for 10 min to initiate nucleation of GaN on the surface of ZnO. The temperature was then increased to 800 °C for another 10 min to grow a GaN layer on the ZnO nanoparticles. At 800 °C, along with the

• software. Differences between groups were evaluated by Student’s t-test or ANOVA followed by Bonferoni as appropriate. A value of p ≤ 0.05 was considered to be significant. Schematic representation of the GaN growth process on ZnO nanoparticles. (a) I – the nucleation process of GaN at low temperature, II

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

Fast diffusion of silver in TiO₂ nanotube arrays

• Wanggang Zhang,
• Yiming Liu,
• Diaoyu Zhou,
• Hui Wang,
• Wei Liang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.105

• nanoparticles scattered around the propagation front, likely representing the nucleation and growth of Ag nanoparticles induced by the migration/diffusion of Ag during the heat treatment. For the segment of the TiO2 nanotubes not covered by the Ag layer and Ag nanoparticles, the outmost surface remained

• TiO2 nanotubes involves the nucleation and growth processes controlled by the migration/diffusion of Ag atoms. Generally, the migration of Ag through the TiO2 nanotube arrays involves diffusion, which is controlled by the gradient of concentration. With the deposition of a Ag film on the top of highly

Development of highly faceted reduced graphene oxide-coated copper oxide and copper nanoparticles on a copper foil surface

• Rebeca Ortega-Amaya,
• Yasuhiro Matsumoto,
• Andrés M. Espinoza-Rivas,
• Manuel A. Pérez-Guzmán and
• Mauricio Ortega-López

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1010–1017, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.93

• carbon supersaturation on the facet surface, and then nucleation and growth. The FE-SEM image (Figure 6) shows the faceted morphology of the core–shell Cu-rGO particle of the sample prepared at 1000 °C, and the corresponding three-dimensional equilibrium crystal shape created using the Wulffman freeware

Synthesis of cobalt nanowires in aqueous solution under an external magnetic field

• Xiaoyu Li,
• Lijuan Sun,
• Hu Wang,
• Kenan Xie,
• Qin Long,
• Xuefei Lai and
• Li Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 990–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.91

• platinum acting as heterogeneous nucleation sites are clearly seen. Carbon and oxygen can be ascribed to the PVP coating on the nanowires and, to some extent, to CO2 adsorbed on nanowires during the preparation of samples. There is also very little residual chlorine detected, which comes from H2PtCl6·6H2O

Efficient electron-induced removal of oxalate ions and formation of copper nanoparticles from copper(II) oxalate precursor layers

• Kai Rückriem,
• Sarah Grotheer,
• Henning Vieker,
• Paul Penner,
• André Beyer,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 852–861, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.77

• , which are oriented parallel to the surface. In accordance with previous results [26], a closer inspection of all recorded images shows that the needles preferentially grow along the domain boundaries of the underlying gold substrate, which act as nucleation sites. After an electron exposure of 2000 μC

Direct formation of gold nanorods on surfaces using polymer-immobilised gold seeds

• Majid K. Abyaneh,
• Pietro Parisse and
• Loredana Casalis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 809–816, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.72

• size and preferred growth planes of {111}. On the other hand, it is proposed [40] that cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), used as a surfactant in this work, has a preferential binding to specific side faces of gold particles, slowing down the nucleation on these side planes and allowing growth of

Assembling semiconducting molecules by covalent attachment to a lamellar crystalline polymer substrate

• Rainhard Machatschek,
• Patrick Ortmann,
• Renate Reiter,
• Stefan Mecking and
• Günter Reiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 784–798, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.70

• rather small [26] and melt crystallization of polyethylene is highly challenging [27], we employed an alternative method for growing large polymer single crystals, taking advantage of the dependence of the nucleation probability on local super-saturation. In order to grow defect-free and large single

• crystals, both nucleation rate [28] and crystal growth rate [29] need to be low. The bulk CPE45 polymer material was dissolved in THF to yield a homogeneous solution with an initial concentration between 0.01 and 0.001 mg/mL. The homogeneous solution was kept in an open vial at an elevated temperature. A

• substrate, solution and air met, the concentration was highest. Thus, the probability for crystal nucleation was highest at this line. In addition, due to continuous solvent evaporation and the thereby induced convection in the region of the wedge close to the contact line, a constant supply of polymers was

Magnetic switching of nanoscale antidot lattices

• Ulf Wiedwald,
• Joachim Gräfe,
• Kristof M. Lebecki,
• Maxim Skripnik,
• Felix Haering,
• Gisela Schütz,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Eberhard Goering and
• Ulrich Nowak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 733–750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.65

• uniaxial anisotropy with same axis but opposite value of the shape anisotropy. Using this procedure, the shape anisotropy is cancelled out and our simulations are closer to the experiments. During hysteresis, domain nucleation will turn out to be an important factor affecting the reversal process [27]. As

• the nucleation often happens at the edge of a sample we take care of the peculiarities of the edges: First, the simulated long edges (8 µm long) are non-perfect with a certain amount of roughness. Second, the upper edge is placed roughly in the middle of the holes, while we positioned the lower one

• roughly between two rows of antidots (cf. sample geometry in Figure 7). Thus, many different nucleation scenarios are potentially possible and we only use the centre square of 2 × 2 µm2 of the simulated structure allowing for them. This approach is described in more detail elsewhere [29]. To calculate the

Novel roles for well-known players: from tobacco mosaic virus pests to enzymatically active assemblies

• Claudia Koch,
• Fabian J. Eber,
• Carlos Azucena,
• Alexander Förste,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Alexander M. Bittner,
• Holger Jeske,
• Hartmut Gliemann,
• Sabine Eiben,
• Fania C. Geiger and
• Christina Wege

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 613–629, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.54

• aggregates of 34 subunits, each containing two layers of 17 molecules. These double-layered “disks” are essential for the nucleation of TMV particle assembly in vitro, as they may undergo a conformational change into a short helical “lockwasher” [33][48]. Most likely, the interaction of a disk with a

• ]. Starting from this nucleation complex, a fast cooperative growth towards the 5’-tail occurs by serial addition of further “disks” and concomitant packaging of the 5'-segment of the RNA, which is drawn “up” through the central channel. Simultaneously, the 3'-portion of the RNA is encapsidated, but in a