An insight into the mechanism of charge-transfer of hybrid polymer:ternary/quaternary chalcopyrite colloidal nanocrystals

• Parul Chawla,
• Son Singh and
• Shailesh Narain Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1235–1244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.137

• is a method for the determination of particle size distribution and particle agglomerates. It is important to mention that the mean particle diameter (Zaverage) for polymer-nanocomposites turns out to be significantly larger than the corresponding values determined by TEM. More specifically, Zaverage

• is 254 nm (0.123), 470 nm (0.208) and 831 nm (0.271) where values in parenthesis represent polydispersity index (PDI) values. The PDI is an indicator of the broadness of the particle size distribution for P3HT:CISe/CIGSe/CZTSe, respectively. This discrepancy in the size values of nanocomposites

Manipulation of isolated brain nerve terminals by an external magnetic field using D-mannose-coated γ-Fe₂O₃ nano-sized particles and assessment of their effects on glutamate transport

• Tatiana Borisova,
• Natalia Krisanova,
• Arsenii Borуsov,
• Roman Sivko,
• Ludmila Ostapchenko,
• Michal Babic and
• Daniel Horak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 778–788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.90

• of particles with the diameter Di) documents a moderately broad particle size distribution (Table 1). The obtained iron oxide nanoparticle colloids were also investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) of the nanoparticles calculated from DLS was about 10 times

• from DLS was about 0.17 suggesting that the particle size distribution was not too broad, which is in agreement with the TEM analysis. Particle diameters in Table 1 thus do not show any significant differences between neat and D-mannose-coated γ-Fe2O3. It can be therefore concluded that the observed

• 200 CX transmission electron microscope (TEM). The size was calculated by using the Atlas program (Tescan, Digital Microscopy Imaging, Brno, Czech Republic). The hydrodynamic diameter Dh (z-average) and polydispersity as a measure of the particle size distribution were determined by dynamic light

Cyclodextrin-poly(ε-caprolactone) based nanoparticles able to complex phenolphthalein and adamantyl carboxylate

• Daniela Ailincai and
• Helmut Ritter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 651–657, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.76

• (DLS) experiments were carried out with a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS ZEN 3600 at a temperature of 25 °C. The particle size distribution is derived from a deconvolution of the measured intensity autocorrelation function of the sample by a general purpose method, i.e., the non-negative least squares

An ultrasonic technology for production of antibacterial nanomaterials and their coating on textiles

• Anna V. Abramova,
• Vladimir O. Abramov,
• Aharon Gedanken,
• Ilana Perelshtein and
• Vadim M. Bayazitov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 532–536, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.62

• morphology of the structure, the chemical and phase composition of the settled NPs using an electron microscope (CAM SCAN S2) and an X-ray spectral microanalyzer. Studies of the particle size distribution were carried out by using DLS measurements. X-ray diffraction was performed on the diffractometer “AMUR

Plasma-assisted synthesis and high-resolution characterization of anisotropic elemental and bimetallic core–shell magnetic nanoparticles

• M. Hennes,
• A. Lotnyk and
• S. G. Mayr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 466–475, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.54

• the origin of this effect remains unclear to date. In addition to the mean diameter, the particle size distribution has been analyzed. It was found to be close to Gaussian and only slightly skewed, which stands in contrast to results gained with other inert gas condensation techniques like thermal

One pot synthesis of silver nanoparticles using a cyclodextrin containing polymer as reductant and stabilizer

• Arkadius Maciollek and
• Helmut Ritter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 380–385, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.44

• temperature of 20 °C. The particle size distribution is derived from a deconvolution of the measured intensity autocorrelation function of the sample by a general purpose method (non-negative least squares) algorithm included in the DTS software. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were recorded on

Morphological characterization of fullerene–androsterone conjugates

• Alberto Ruiz,
• Margarita Suárez,
• Nazario Martin,
• Fernando Albericio and
• Hortensia Rodríguez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 374–379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.43

• about the particle size of the C60–androsterone conjugates. The concentration range studied was 0.1–0.4 mg·mL−1. The histograms of the four C60–androsterone derivatives Ia,b and IIa,b in Figure 4 show the average particle size distribution in water at 0.1 mg·mL−1, in which the particles of 5–12 nm and a

• more broad range of 12–26 nm of hydrodynamic radius are shown for Ia,b and IIa,b, respectively. The four samples analyzed had polydispersity index values of 0.393 to 0.454, which are consistent with polydisperse samples. The histograms of particle size distribution by volume at the same concentration

• micrographs (TEM) of fullerene–androsterone conjugates. Size distributions of 250 nanoparticles of C60–androsterone (A) Ia,b and (B) IIa,b adsorbed on the TEM grids. Histogram analyses of the particle size distribution by number, and solubility profile in water at 0.1 mg·mL−1 of fullerene–steroid derivatives

Extracellular biosynthesis of gadolinium oxide (Gd₂O₃) nanoparticles, their biodistribution and bioconjugation with the chemically modified anticancer drug taxol

• Shadab Ali Khan,
• Sanjay Gambhir and
• Absar Ahmad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 249–257, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.27

• shape, presenting an overall quasi-spherical morphology. Particle size distribution analysis of Gd2O3 nanoparticles confirmed that the nanoparticles are in the range of 3–8 nm with an average size of 6 nm (Figure 2B). The interplanar distance of Gd2O3 nanoparticles was estimated to be 2.75 Å and

• micrograph recorded from drop-cast films of Gd2O3 nanoparticle solution formed by the reaction of GdCl3 with the fungal biomass of Humicola sp. for 96 h. (B) Particle size distribution determined from TEM microgaph. (C) HR-TEM image of Gd2O3 nanoparticles showing inter planar distance. (D) Selected area

Design criteria for stable Pt/C fuel cell catalysts

• Josef C. Meier,
• Carolina Galeano,
• Ioannis Katsounaros,
• Jonathon Witte,
• Hans J. Bongard,
• Angel A. Topalov,
• Claudio Baldizzone,
• Stefano Mezzavilla,
• Ferdi Schüth and
• Karl J. J. Mayrhofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 44–67, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.5

• distribution. Pt@HGS 3–4 nm and Pt/Vulcan 3–4 nm on the other hand offer a comparable particle size distribution, but the structure of the carbon support is different. An in-depth characterization of the degradation behavior of all three materials, thus, promises insight into the effect of both particle size

• to the HGS-based catalysts, colloidal deposition was utilized for platinum deposition in the Pt/Vulcan material. This allowed us to obtain a comparable and defined particle size distribution to the one of Pt@HGS 3–4 nm. Another Pt/Vulcan material with an average particle size of 5–6 nm was used for

• with previous observations [12][14]. The 5–6 nm Pt/Vulcan catalyst exhibits a slightly increased specific activity compared to all other Pt/C catalysts with smaller sizes, however, this may also be an artifact due to the very broad particle size distribution (ranging from 3–13 nm) of this particular

Cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects of PVP-coated silver nanoparticles after intratracheal instillation in rats

• Nadine Haberl,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Alexander Wenk,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Blair D. Johnston,
• Fritz Krombach,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling and
• Carsten Schleh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 933–940, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.105

• samples were ultrasonically dispersed (ultrasound bath) in ethanol and then transferred to holey carbon-coated copper grids. Immediately prior to intratracheal instillation, the particle size distribution and the polydispersity index were measured by dynamic light scattering with a Malvern Zetasizer Nano

Modulation of defect-mediated energy transfer from ZnO nanoparticles for the photocatalytic degradation of bilirubin

• Tanujjal Bora,
• Karthik K. Lakshman,
• Soumik Sarkar,
• Abhinandan Makhal,
• Samim Sardar,
• Samir K. Pal and
• Joydeep Dutta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 714–725, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.81

• -annealed as-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. (a) Transmission electron micrograph, (b) high resolution TEM image of a single ZnO nanoparticle and (c) SAED pattern of the ZnO nanoparticles annealed at 250 °C. The particle size distribution of the (d) as-synthesized, (e) 150 °C, (f) 200 °C, (g) 250 °C, (h) 300

Near-field effects and energy transfer in hybrid metal-oxide nanostructures

• Ulrich Herr,
• Balati Kuerbanjiang,
• Cahit Benel,
• Giorgos Papageorgiou,
• Manuel Goncalves,
• Johannes Boneberg,
• Paul Leiderer,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Peter Marek and
• Horst Hahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 306–317, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.34

• nanoparticles. In order to further elucidate the possible influence of agglomeration and quenching effects in the vicinity of the nanoantennas, we have used a commercial organic pigment containing Eu, which exhibits an extremely narrow particle size distribution and no significant agglomeration. We demonstrate

• nanosuspension exhibits a narrow particle size distribution centered around 23 nm, as confirmed by dynamic-light-scattering measurements. The nanosuspensions were spin coated at 2000 rpm for 10 s onto Ag nanoantennas. AFM scans of the coated samples show smooth surfaces with roughness values of a few nanometers

Tuning the properties of magnetic thin films by interaction with periodic nanostructures

• Ulf Wiedwald,
• Felix Haering,
• Stefan Nau,
• Carsten Schulze,
• Herbert Schletter,
• Denys Makarov,
• Alfred Plettl,
• Karsten Kuepper,
• Manfred Albrecht,
• Johannes Boneberg and
• Paul Ziemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 831–842, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.93

• local stabilization of a magnetic domain in an individual particle cap. The broadening of the SFD is mainly attributed to the particle size distribution as well as to the magneto-static coupling between the neighboring caps in the array [35][36]. Increasing the angle θ results in a gradual increase of

Ordered arrays of nanoporous gold nanoparticles

• Dong Wang,
• Ran Ji,
• Arne Albrecht and
• Peter Schaaf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 651–657, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.74

• information about the mean particle size , and the subsequent first maximum denotes the characteristic particle spacing s. There is a small difference between and due to the different determination methods. Normally, the mean particle size or diameter , width of the particle size distribution

• nanoporous gold nanoparticles are much smaller than those (639 nm and 1377 nm) of the nanoporous gold nanoparticles induced on the flat substrate. The particle size distribution for the array of nanoporous gold nanoparticles on the prepatterned substrate possesses a much smaller width comparing to that for

• the 15 nm Au/30 nm Ag bilayers on the prepatterned substrate and the irregularly distributed nanoporous gold nanoparticles induced from the 15 nm Au/20 nm Ag bilayers on the flat substrate. Figure 5a and Figure 5b are the SEM images, Figure 5c and Figure 5d are histograms of the particle size

Nanostructured, mesoporous Au/TiO₂ model catalysts – structure, stability and catalytic properties

• Matthias Roos,
• Dominique Böcking,
• Kwabena Offeh Gyimah,
• Gabriela Kucerova,
• Joachim Bansmann,
• Johannes Biskupek,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Nicola Hüsing and
• R. Jürgen Behm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 593–606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.63

• (~280 nm at 4000 rpm) and typical TiO2 crystallites of 10–20 nm. The observation of very small Au NPs agrees well with earlier findings for DP prepared Au/TiO2 catalysts, which generally yielded Au NPs with small sizes and a relatively uniform particle-size distribution [35]. Based on the TEM analysis

• , the Au particles are homogenously distributed in the TiO2 film, with a broad particle-size distribution ranging from 0.25 to 6–8 nm. On the O350 calcined catalyst film, before CO oxidation, the maximum of the particle-size distribution is located close to ~2.0 (mean particle size 2.0 ± 1.6 nm, Figure

•  5, left). As expected from the much higher temperature during the calcination pretreatment, we observed no substantial changes in the gold particle-size distribution after the CO oxidation reaction (see Figure 5 right, mean particle size 2.2 ± 1.3 nm). This result closely resembles previous findings

Formation of precise 2D Au particle arrays via thermally induced dewetting on pre-patterned substrates

• Dong Wang,
• Ran Ji and
• Peter Schaaf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 318–326, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.37

• of particle size distribution σp increase with increasing film thickness. Figure 3 shows the SEM images of the Au particles produced from the 10 nm, 20 nm, 40 nm, and 60 nm thick Au films on the substrate A (pyramidal pits). For the 10 nm thick film, several particles could be observed in any one pit

• particle size distribution, i.e., the particle size is became smaller and more uniform. For a given film thickness, the particle size for the evolved particle arrays on both substrate A and substrate B is related to the individual structure dimension. Substrate A results in particle size distributions with

Effect of large mechanical stress on the magnetic properties of embedded Fe nanoparticles

• Srinivasa Saranu,
• Sören Selve,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Luyang Han,
• Ulf Wiedwald,
• Paul Ziemann and
• Ulrich Herr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 268–275, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.31

• systems [18]. Although the arrangement of the deposited clusters on the substrate surface is generally random, it has been recently demonstrated that a self-assembly of the clusters is possible by deposition on a polymer film which subsequently coats and separates the particles [19]. The particle size

• distribution generated under these conditions was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Figure 1 shows a representative sample of Fe nanoparticles deposited on a silicon wafer. The particle diameters follow a log-normal distribution, typical for the gas condensation

Magnetic interactions between nanoparticles

• Steen Mørup,
• Mikkel Fougt Hansen and
• Cathrine Frandsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 182–190, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.22

• distinguish effects of single particle behavior from those of inter-particle interactions, a very narrow particle size distribution is required. Interparticle interactions can be varied by changing the concentration of the particles and can be studied in frozen samples. A wide variety of nanoparticle systems

• sample is in accordance with Equation 2, whereas the temperature dependence of the relaxation time of the concentrated sample is in accordance with Equation 5, and the relaxation time diverges at T0 = 40 K [10]. The insets show an electron micrograph of the particles and the particle size distribution

• of the relative areas can be explained by the particle size distribution in combination with the exponential dependence of the relaxation time on the particle volume (Equation 2). In Mössbauer spectroscopy studies of magnetic nanoparticles the median blocking temperature of a sample is usually

Review and outlook: from single nanoparticles to self-assembled monolayers and granular GMR sensors

• Alexander Weddemann,
• Inga Ennen,
• Anna Regtmeier,
• Camelia Albon,
• Annalena Wolff,
• Katrin Eckstädt,
• Nadine Mill,
• Michael K.-H. Peter,
• Jochen Mattay,
• Carolin Plattner,
• Norbert Sewald and
• Andreas Hütten

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 75–93, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.10

• degree of order on a large scale is essential; we will see an example for this later on in Section 4. In order to obtain such highly symmetric particle patterns, a narrow particle size distribution is essential; the standard deviation should not exceed 10% of the mean value [50][51][52]. As already