Optical contrast and refractive index of natural van der Waals heterostructure nanosheets of franckeite

• Patricia Gant,
• Foad Ghasemi,
• David Maeso,
• Carmen Munuera,
• Elena López-Elvira,
• Riccardo Frisenda,
• David Pérez De Lara,
• Gabino Rubio-Bollinger,
• Mar Garcia-Hernandez and
• Andres Castellanos-Gomez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2357–2362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.235

• /spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoemission, UV–vis–IR absorption spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. More details about this characterization can be found in [15]. The flakes are firstly exfoliated onto a polydimethylsiloxane (Gelfilm, with 150 µm of thickness, by

Ta₂N₃ nanocrystals grown in Al₂O₃ thin layers

• Krešimir Salamon,
• Maja Buljan,
• Iva Šarić,
• Mladen Petravić and
• Sigrid Bernstorff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2162–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.215

• resolution was around 0.8 eV. All spectra were calibrated by the position of the C 1s peak, placed at a binding energy of 284.5 eV. The photoemission spectra were simulated with several sets of mixed Gaussian–Lorentzian functions with Shirley background subtraction [24]. The in-depth distribution of Ta bonds

• not for the thinner ML. XPS To further characterize the chemical states of tantalum within the MLs, we analyzed all samples with XPS in-depth profiling at several depths. The information about Ta bonding to N atoms was obtained from the chemical shifts in the photoemission spectra around the Ta 4f, Ta

• 4p or N 1s core levels. We focus our XPS measurements on the Ta 4f photoemission, which shows a more distinctive structure and larger chemical shifts than the emissions from the Ta 4p and N 1s levels [30][31]. As an example, we show in Figure 5 the Ta 4f core level photoemission spectra taken from

Identifying the nature of surface chemical modification for directed self-assembly of block copolymers

• Laura Evangelio,
• Federico Gramazio,
• Matteo Lorenzoni,
• Michaela Gorgoi,
• Francisco Miguel Espinosa,
• Ricardo García,
• Francesc Pérez-Murano and
• Jordi Fraxedas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1972–1981, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.198

• : grafted brush layer, chemical pattern creation and brush/block co-polymer interface. Keywords: block copolymer; chemical guiding pattern; directed self-assembly; thin film; X-ray photoemission spectroscopy; Introduction Directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs) is a chemical-based

• photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) [14]. Photoemission is a well-known technique which provides information on the electronic structure of surfaces. Its high surface sensitivity arises from the small mean free path of the outcoming photoelectrons in solid matter. Using conventional excitation sources, kinetic

• energies below 1500 eV can be achieved, which correspond approximately to a 2 nm probing depth for inorganic materials. The possibility of acquiring photoemission spectra at higher kinetic energies, as high as 10 keV, has permitted the exploration of the chemical environment of subsurface regions down to

Carbon nano-onions as fluorescent on/off modulated nanoprobes for diagnostics

• Stefania Lettieri,
• Marta d’Amora,
• Adalberto Camisasca,
• Alberto Diaspro and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1878–1888, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.188

• (BODIPY 3) is the switched-off form while the protonated form (BODIPY 4) is the switched-on form. The successful functionalization of CNOs with BODIPY 3 was confirmed by photoemission studies. Upon photoexcitation at 680 nm, fluo-CNOs-1a (Figure 2) exhibited a maximum emission (λem) at 768 nm, while fluo

Fluorination of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes: from CF₄ plasma chemistry to surface functionalization

• Claudia Struzzi,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Jean-François Colomer,
• Alberto Verdini,
• Luca Floreano,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1723–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.173

• obtained via FTIR and mass spectrometry are combined with the XPS and Raman analysis of the sample surface showing the dependence on different plasma parameters (power, time and distance from the plasma region) on the resulting fluorination. Photoemission and absorption spectroscopies are used to

Charge transfer from and to manganese phthalocyanine: bulk materials and interfaces

• Florian Rückerl,
• Daniel Waas,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Martin Knupfer,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn,
• Francisc Haidu,
• Torsten Hahn and
• Jens Kortus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1601–1615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.160

• [34]), 5.2 eV (F4TCNQ [35]) and 5.6 eV (F6TCNNQ [36]). The results presented in this contribution were achieved by either solid-state spectroscopy methods or density functional based calculations. The experimental methods comprise photoelectron (or photoemission) spectroscopy (PES), inverse

• photoemission spectroscopy (IPES), electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), spectroscopic ellipsometry and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Here, we only briefly mention the kind of information that is provided by these methods, and we refer the reader to comprehensive literature for detailed information

• structure has its origin in the fact that the phthalocyanine ring consists of carbon atoms with different chemical environments, namely those with nitrogen as neighbors and those without. This is clearly seen in corresponding C 1s core-level photoemission data [74][81][82], in which the binding energy for

Light-induced magnetoresistance in solution-processed planar hybrid devices measured under ambient conditions

• Sreetama Banerjee,
• Daniel Bülz,
• Danny Reuter,
• Karla Hiller,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn and
• Georgeta Salvan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1502–1507, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.150

• illumination. Vollmer et al. showed [15], by investigating the occupied electronic states using ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy, that the diffusion of molecular oxygen and water from the ambient into pentacene layers is reversible when the air exposure takes place in the dark or under visible light. The

Adsorption and electronic properties of pentacene on thin dielectric decoupling layers

• Sebastian Koslowski,
• Daniel Rosenblatt,
• Alexander Kabakchiev,
• Klaus Kuhnke,
• Klaus Kern and
• Uta Schlickum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1388–1395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.140

• values are well known from photoemission and inverse photoemission experiments [15]. In a first approximation, the physical quantity connecting Ea and Ei with the measured energetic positions of the HOMO and LUMO, respectively, is the work function Φ of the underlying h-BN/Rh(111) substrate, namely the

Comprehensive Raman study of epitaxial silicene-related phases on Ag(111)

• Dmytro Solonenko,
• Ovidiu D. Gordan,
• Guy Le Lay,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn and
• Patrick Vogt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1357–1365, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.137

• photoemission spectroscopy measurements of this superstructure by Wang et al. [18] showed that its electronic band structure mostly comprises bands pointing to an sp3 hybridization of its Si atoms. Moreover, there are also claims that this superstructure is stabilized by Ag atoms, found either on the top or

ZnO nanoparticles sensitized by CuInZn_xS_2+x quantum dots as highly efficient solar light driven photocatalysts

• Florian Donat,
• Serge Corbel,
• Halima Alem,
• Steve Pontvianne,
• Lavinia Balan,
• Ghouti Medjahdi and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1080–1093, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.110

• acquired at a take-off angle of 90° (angle between the sample surface and photoemission direction). During acquisition, the pass energy was set to 500 eV for wide scans and to 100 eV for high-resolution spectra. CASA XPS software (Casa Software Ltd, Teignmouth, UK, http://www.casaxps.com) was used for all

Impact of air exposure and annealing on the chemical and electronic properties of the surface of SnO₂ nanolayers deposited by rheotaxial growth and vacuum oxidation

• Monika Kwoka and
• Maciej Krzywiecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 514–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.55

• samples was within the error of the measurement. Although the resolution of evaluating the valence band region is significantly lower than that of the most accurate photoemission yield spectroscopy [39][40][41], the magnitude of change is indisputable. This is of importance for the energy level alignment

Colorimetric gas detection by the varying thickness of a thin film of ultrasmall PTSA-coated TiO₂ nanoparticles on a Si substrate

• Urmas Joost,
• Andris Šutka,
• Meeri Visnapuu,
• Aile Tamm,
• Meeri Lembinen,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Kathriin Utt,
• Krisjanis Smits,
• Ergo Nõmmiste and
• Vambola Kisand

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 229–236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.25

• 2p photoemission line in the overview spectrum (168.2 eV, Figure 3c) is consistent with the sulfonic acid group [30]. This demonstrates that the nanoparticles are covered with PTSA molecules, yielding specific surface properties such as polarity and affinity towards the specific compounds. The vapor

• photoemission lines typical for Ti4+ do not show the presence of reduced titanium ions (Ti3+) in TiO2; (e) hydrodynamic size distribution of the NPs (measured by DLS in colloidal dispersion); (f) measured XPS spectrum of the C 1s region and calculated XPS spectra for PTSA including sub-bands. Locations of the

Nitrogen-doped twisted graphene grown on copper by atmospheric pressure CVD from a decane precursor

• Ivan V. Komissarov,
• Nikolai G. Kovalchuk,
• Vladimir A. Labunov,
• Ksenia V. Girel,
• Olga V. Korolik,
• Mikhail S. Tivanov,
• Algirdas Lazauskas,
• Mindaugas Andrulevičius,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Viktoras Grigaliūnas,
• Šarunas Meškinis,
• Sigitas Tamulevičius and
• Serghej L. Prischepa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 145–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.15

• also discussed. Keywords: G-resonance; nitrogen doping of graphene; Raman spectroscopy; twisted graphene; X-ray photoemission spectroscopy; Introduction Single layer graphene (SLG) exhibits exceptional electronic properties, making it one of the most advanced materials of our time. Due to its high

Filled and empty states of Zn-TPP films deposited on Fe(001)-p(1×1)O

• Gianlorenzo Bussetti,
• Alberto Calloni,
• Rossella Yivlialin,
• Andrea Picone,
• Federico Bottegoni and
• Marco Finazzi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1527–1531, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.146

• metal oxide, namely an Fe(001)-p(1×1)O surface. The filled and empty electronic states were measured by means of UV photoemission and inverse photoemission spectroscopy on a single monolayer and a 20 monolayer thick film. The ionization energy and the electron affinity of the organic film were deduced

• and the interface dipole was determined and compared with data available in the literature. Keywords: inverse photoemission; metal-oxide film; OMBE; porphyrin; Introduction Thin organic films can be realized by depositing single molecules on surfaces, which is the first step for the so-called bottom

• , making an ultrathin Fe monoxide layer. From our data we observe an increase of the porphyrin diffusivity on the MO layer [12]. This allows molecules to assemble in an ordered square super-lattice showing a (5 × 5) reconstruction, as observed by low-energy electron diffraction. An X-ray photoemission

High performance Ce-doped ZnO nanorods for sunlight-driven photocatalysis

• Bilel Chouchene,
• Tahar Ben Chaabane,
• Lavinia Balan,
• Emilien Girot,
• Kevin Mozet,
• Ghouti Medjahdi and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1338–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.125

• (1486.6 eV) was operated at a power of 420 W (30 mA and 14 kV) and the spectra were acquired at a take-off angle of 90° (angle between the sample surface and photoemission direction). During acquisition, the pass energy was set to 500 eV for wide scans and to 100 eV for high-resolution spectra. CASAXPS

Photocurrent generation in carbon nanotube/cubic-phase HfO₂ nanoparticle hybrid nanocomposites

• Protima Rauwel,
• Augustinas Galeckas,
• Martin Salumaa,
• Frédérique Ducroquet and
• Erwan Rauwel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1075–1085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.101

• . Moreover, in order to optimize the structure, it would be necessary to further understand the role of surface defects, notably Hf3+ and oxygen vacancies during the photoemission process. In particular, the role of the defects should be evaluated because charge accumulation within them during illumination

Magnetic switching of nanoscale antidot lattices

• Ulf Wiedwald,
• Joachim Gräfe,
• Kristof M. Lebecki,
• Maxim Skripnik,
• Felix Haering,
• Gisela Schütz,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Eberhard Goering and
• Ulrich Nowak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 733–750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.65

• nanostructures. Hence, it is necessary to use complex and sophisticated synchrotron methods like STXM and photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) or magnetic force microscopy. One possible way, however, gaining further microscopic understanding of interaction phenomena and coercive field distributions in

Rigid multipodal platforms for metal surfaces

• Michal Valášek,
• Marcin Lindner and
• Marcel Mayor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 374–405, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.34

• tetraphenylmethane tripods 31 bearing three selenocyanate or selenol arms as anchoring groups (Figure 12). CV, XPS and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) measurements of their monolayers on a gold surface were investigated and the results were compared with those obtained from the thiol-terminated

Case studies on the formation of chalcogenide self-assembled monolayers on surfaces and dissociative processes

• Yongfeng Tong,
• Tingming Jiang,
• Azzedine Bendounan,
• Makri Nimbegondi Kotresh Harish,
• Angelo Giglia,
• Stefan Kubsky,
• Fausto Sirotti,
• Luca Pasquali,
• Srinivasan Sampath and
• Vladimir A. Esaulov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 263–277, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.24

• chamber. Photoemission The photoemission experiments were performed mainly on the BEAR beamline [22][23][24][26][27] at the Elettra (Trieste, Italy) synchrotron and the TEMPO beamline [43][48][69] at the Soleil (St. Auban, France) synchrotron. The experimental procedures are described in the indicated

• photoemission study was therefore performed [82], revealing multicomponent S 2p spectra with different CLBEs corresponding to differently coordinated S atoms for different coverages (Figure 2b,c). The spectra in Figure 2b,c were taken after a pristine UHV prepared Cu surface was dipped into a Na2S solution and

• studied the assembly on Au surfaces from photoemission and XPS spectra in the S 2p region as shown in Figure 6B. For a thick, DH4T layer one observes the S 2p3/2 peak related to thiophene rings at about 164 eV (peak 1), while for the thin layer, the same feature shifts to 163.4 eV (peak 2). This is due to

Chemical bath deposition of textured and compact zinc oxide thin films on vinyl-terminated polystyrene brushes

• Nina J. Blumenstein,
• Caroline G. Hofmeister,
• Peter Lindemann,
• Cheng Huang,
• Johannes Baier,
• Andreas Leineweber,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Christof Wöll,
• Thomas Schimmel and
• Joachim Bill

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 102–110, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.12

• ; thin film growth; zinc oxide; Introduction Due to its promising properties like photoemission in the UV range and its high piezoelectric coefficient, zinc oxide (ZnO; space group P63mc) is interesting for a wide range of applications. Several research groups investigate its application in light

Effects of electronic coupling and electrostatic potential on charge transport in carbon-based molecular electronic junctions

• Richard L. McCreery

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 32–46, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.4

• various probes such as UPS and inverse photoemission for molecular layers on surfaces [14][31][40][62][63], and photocurrents for intact molecular junctions [51][52]. Finally, the conjugated covalent bond between the aromatic π-systems of the carbon substrate and aromatic molecular layer is responsible

Plasma fluorination of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes: functionalization and thermal stability

• Claudia Struzzi,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Axel Hemberg,
• Luca Petaccia,
• Jean-François Colomer,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2263–2271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.232

• the vCNTs. A temperature-dependent study was performed and the resulting defluorination process is discussed based on the analysis carried out using different techniques such as XPS, ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) and Raman spectroscopy. We observed that oxygen present in the plasma

• sample annealed to T = 300 °C (blue curve) shows the dominating structures generated by the grafted species [42][43] due to their higher cross section for photoemission with respect to carbon (hν = 31 eV): the O 2p-like states around 7 eV, the C–F bonding orbitals and the F 2p-like states around 9 and 11

• electronic properties with respect to the pristine metallic behavior. Upon heating at 500 °C, the fluorine-related states appear at 11 eV as a low intensity shoulder with respect to the high intensity feature generated by oxygen-related states (black curve). Since the cross section for photoemission from the

Core-level spectra and molecular deformation in adsorption: V-shaped pentacene on Al(001)

• Anu Baby,
• He Lin,
• Gian Paolo Brivio,
• Luca Floreano and
• Guido Fratesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2242–2251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.230

• system in the presence of a full core hole on the different non-equivalent C atoms and its weighted average taking into account their multiplicity. In Figure 4 we plot the core level C 1s photoemission spectra (XPS) obtained by experiment, and by simulations for free undistorted pentacene and pentacene

Nitrogen-doped graphene films from chemical vapor deposition of pyridine: influence of process parameters on the electrical and optical properties

• Andrea Capasso,
• Theodoros Dikonimos,
• Francesca Sarto,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Giovanni De Bellis,
• Maria Sabrina Sarto,
• Giuliana Faggio,
• Angela Malara,
• Giacomo Messina and
• Nicola Lisi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2028–2038, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.206

• films were characterized by atomic force microscopy, Raman and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. The optical transmittance and electrical conductivity of the films were measured to evaluate their performance as transparent conductive electrodes. Graphene films grown by pyridine reached an electrical

• precursor, exploring a range of temperatures between 930 and 1070 °C, and assessing the effect of hydrogen in the CVD gas mixture. A comprehensive range of characterizations (atomic force microscopy, Raman and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, optical and electrical measurements) was run to ascertain the

• -ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) with Mg Kα X-ray radiation at 1253.6 eV (VG Escalab MkII Spectrometer). The samples were treated in air at 200 °C for a few minutes before XPS to remove possible organic contaminants. AFM Graphene-films transferred on silicon have been characterized by tapping-mode

Electrical properties and mechanical stability of anchoring groups for single-molecule electronics

• Riccardo Frisenda,
• Simge Tarkuç,
• Elena Galán,
• Mickael L. Perrin,
• Rienk Eelkema,
• Ferdinand C. Grozema and
• Herre S. J. van der Zant

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1558–1567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.159

• comparable with charge injection barrier values, found in literature from photoemission spectroscopy of comparable OPE molecules [46][47]. In order to understand in more detail the transport in the single-molecule junctions mediated by the four different anchoring groups we performed DFT+Σ calculations