Block copolymers for designing nanostructured porous coatings

• Roberto Nisticò

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2332–2344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.218

• , beer, and juices) [26], or in the selective removal of bacteria in blood [27]. Porous polymeric coatings possess the advantages of high surface area materials with a well-defined porosity [28][29], easy processability (i.e., to form molded monoliths or thin films) [30][31][32], and the possibility of

• using different synthetic routes to facilitate the incorporation of multiple chemical functionalities into the porous framework or at the pore surface [33]. The self-assembly of block copolymers is an exceptional strategy for inducing well-ordered and regular porosity in polymers [6][32]. Block

• -assembly of BCs represents an exceptional strategy for inducing well-ordered and regular porosity in polymeric structures. As already mentioned in the Introduction, BCs are macromolecules made of two (or more) blocks (i.e., series of monomeric units) of homopolymer chains, thermodynamically incompatible

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202

• characteristics [37][40]. Such porous nanostructures provide a fundamental property that enhances the effective analyte adsorption and increases sensitivity. Therefore, the remarkable specific surface area and high porosity (≈70–90%) [41] due to the presence of small and large pores means that electrospun

• performance of these electrospun pure MOx nanofibers. Pure metal oxides have an intrinsic response towards a specific analyte gas that is remarkably dependent on grain size and specific surface area. A high response is expected for nanofibers with smaller grain size, smaller crystallite size, high porosity

• oxides: The performance of semiconducting metal oxide gas sensors is improved by mixing two or more metal oxides to make composites. In many cases, these composites have advantageous properties of both metal oxides. Moreover, the porosity of the nanofibers can also be increased by mixing two or more

Synthesis of hafnium nanoparticles and hafnium nanoparticle films by gas condensation and energetic deposition

• Irini Michelakaki,
• Nikos Boukos,
• Dimitrios A. Dragatogiannis,
• Spyros Stathopoulos,
• Costas A. Charitidis and
• Dimitris Tsoukalas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1868–1880, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.179

• mechanical properties can be formed, without any additional treatment. It is shown that these films can be patterned on the substrate in sub-micrometer dimensions using conventional lithography while their porosity can be well controlled. The fabrication and experimental characterization of hafnium

• crucial issue affecting the performance of NTFs is their porosity. The availability of pores in metallic or metal-oxide NTFs and the tunability of their porosity [21], affects their optical [22] and electrical [23] properties, as well as corresponding applications, which can range from sensors [24] over

• nanoparticles upon landing on the substrate, we tune the porosity and the mechanical properties of the porous NTFs. The mechanical properties of the NTFs were investigated by nanoidentation measurements. We demonstrate this method with Hf nanoparticles but it can be applied to any metallic nanoparticles. We

SO₂ gas adsorption on carbon nanomaterials: a comparative study

• Deepu J. Babu,
• Divya Puthusseri,
• Frank G. Kühl,
• Sherif Okeil,
• Michael Bruns,
• Manfred Hampe and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1782–1792, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.169

• work is shown in Figure 1. Activated carbon, Norit R1 Extra, has an unordered pore structure (Figure 1a) and the porosity arises from the random stacking of the basic structural unit, which may be planar aromatic structures of less than 10–20 rings extending over 2–4 layers [17] or defective micro

• shown that the oxygen functionalities present on GO are in the form of hydroxy and carboxy groups [12]. The tunability of the material in terms of porosity and extent of functionalization makes GO a prototype of a hydrophilic carbon adsorbent and as such interesting for studying gas adsorption in 2D

• structure with no particular structure/ordering, which is characteristic for activated carbon materials. The pores of Norit R1 Extra are too small to be resolved by SEM. In the following, an overview of the Raman characteristics of all studied carbon materials is given, which is followed by porosity

Uniform cobalt nanoparticles embedded in hexagonal mesoporous nanoplates as a magnetically separable, recyclable adsorbent

• Can Zhao,
• Yuexiao Song,
• Tianyu Xiang,
• Wenxiu Qu,
• Shuo Lou,
• Xiaohong Yin and
• Feng Xin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1770–1781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.168

• shape and possess relatively high porosity, which is produced by the consumption of surface carbon during the thermal reduction of Co2+ ions with carbon from the carbonization of dopamine; (iii) hexagonal mesoporous NPLs show a strong magnetic response due to the well-dispersed Co nanoparticles embedded

• nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms are measured to confirm the porosity of the hexagonal NPLs. As shown in Figure 4A, all isotherms of the samples exhibit a capillary condensation step at relative pressure of p/p0 = 0.45–0.9, known as a type IV(a) isotherm according to IUPAC classification [35]. The

• decreasing porosity at a relatively lower carbonization temperature (Figure 1c–e and Table S2, Supporting Information File 1). The kinetics and isotherm models for the adsorption of RhB were investigated systematically. Figure 8A displays the adsorption capacity of the NPLs-2.5-800 sample at different

Preparation of micro/nanopatterned gelatins crosslinked with genipin for biocompatible dental implants

• Reika Makita,
• Tsukasa Akasaka,
• Seiichi Tamagawa,
• Yasuhiro Yoshida,
• Saori Miyata,
• Hirofumi Miyaji and
• Tsutomu Sugaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1735–1754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.165

• the solubility of collagen/gelatin scaffolds. Gelatin crosslinked with low concentrations of genipin has been shown to be biodegradable [48][49]. Islam et al. have previously reported that highly porous patterned collagen scaffolds, with porosity of 0.8 to 1.5 mm, could be fabricated by crosslinking

Controllable one-pot synthesis of uniform colloidal TiO₂ particles in a mixed solvent solution for photocatalysis

• Jong Tae Moon,
• Seung Ki Lee and
• Ji Bong Joo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1715–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.163

• adsorption/desorption isotherm and corresponding Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) pore size distributions of the TiO2 samples. The TiO2 sample calcined at 400 °C (TiO2-400) displayed a typical type IV isotherm with a well-developed hysteresis loop that indicated mesoscale porosity (Figure 5a). The TiO2 sample

• decreased, which indicated decreasing porosity and BET surface area, as the calcination temperature increased. When the TiO2 samples were calcined at temperatures greater than 650 °C, they showed negligible N2 adsorption volumes over all of the P/P0 range, indicating a small BET surface area (Figure 5a

Sulfur-, nitrogen- and platinum-doped titania thin films with high catalytic efficiency under visible-light illumination

• Boštjan Žener,
• Lev Matoh,
• Giorgio Carraro,
• Bojan Miljević and
• Romana Cerc Korošec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1629–1640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.155

• environmental applications, such as water treatment [9][10][11] and air purification [12]. One of the important factors affecting the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 is its specific surface area. By increasing the specific surface area (porosity) of TiO2, the photocatalytic activity can be increased. One of the

• ways to increase the porosity of the material is the addition of an organic polymer. After polymer decomposition via thermal treatment, mesoporous materials with high surface area and pore volume are obtained [13][14][15]. The increase in surface area depends on the type of polymer added, the type of

• the addition of NH4NO3, the sample became more porous (surface area of 84.5 m2/g), which also explains the increased photocatalytic activity. The band gap width and porosity have not changed significantly with the addition of Pt (band gap of 3.08 eV; surface area of 83.7 m2/g). However, the PB

Correlative electrochemical strain and scanning electron microscopy for local characterization of the solid state electrolyte Li_1.3Al_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃

• Nino Schön,
• Deniz Cihan Gunduz,
• Shicheng Yu,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Roland Schierholz and
• Florian Hausen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1564–1572, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.148

• correlate with the microstructure of the material [17][18][19]. The microstructure describes the relationship between density, porosity and particle size, grain structure and phase composition. These attributes are primarily defined by the sintering process [20] and have been analyzed macroscopically. But

Preparation and morphology-dependent wettability of porous alumina membranes

• Dmitry L. Shimanovich,
• Alla I. Vorobjova,
• Daria I. Tishkevich,
• Alex V. Trukhanov,
• Maxim V. Zdorovets and
• Artem L. Kozlovskiy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1423–1436, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.135

• min of etching the barrier layer. The cell diameter did not change and the size is given in Figure 3A. The results of the AFM study are confirmed by the SEM data (the rate of etching corresponds to ≈1.0 nm/min) Also, one of the most important parameters of a membrane, the porosity, depends on the pore

• diameter and structure of channels (and therefore, the penetration). The oxide porosity (with the through pores), α, was determined by expression the following equation [37]: In general, the SEM images, AFM profiles and size histograms of the samples prepared using the optimum etching conditions show high

• angle values to d = 0 (i.e., for a smooth, porosity-free surface) leads to a contact angle of ≈18° that can also be correlated with the data of other publications [42]. The dependence on membrane thickness (or more specifically, the aspect ratio) is caused by specificity of solution flow in the narrow

Nanoporous silicon nitride-based membranes of controlled pore size, shape and areal density: Fabrication as well as electrophoretic and molecular filtering characterization

• Axel Seidenstücker,
• Stefan Beirle,
• Fabian Enderle,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Othmar Marti and
• Alfred Plettl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1390–1398, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.131

• Institute of Experimental Physics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.9.131 Abstract A new route will be presented for an all-parallel fabrication of highly flexible, freestanding membranes with well-defined porosity. This fabrication is based on arrays of well

• techniques [4][5][6][7][8][9]. In most cases, the reported production techniques offer specific possibilities for controlling membrane parameters such as thickness, porosity, pore shape and size, or they provide the chance for chemically functionalizing inner surfaces of individual pores. Still another

• approach came from diverse ion-track etching techniques with a limitation in porosity but several ways to form pore shapes [10][11][12]. Alternatively, thin porous nanocrystalline silicon (pnc-Si) membranes have been suggested with pores formed in a nc-silicon film sandwiched between nanometer-thick

Understanding the performance and mechanism of Mg-containing oxides as support catalysts in the thermal dry reforming of methane

• Nor Fazila Khairudin,
• Mohd Farid Fahmi Sukri,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1162–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.108

• stability in stabilizing the zirconia tetragonal phase, improved basicity sites for the support, and decreased reducibility of Ni2+. Li et al. [118] designed a Ni@Ni–Mg phyllosilicate core–shell catalyst using the hydrothermal treatment of Ni@SiO2 with Mg(NO3)2. The alkalinity and porosity of the catalyst

Comparative study of sculptured metallic thin films deposited by oblique angle deposition at different temperatures

• Susann Liedtke,
• Christoph Grüner,
• Jürgen W. Gerlach and
• Bernd Rauschenbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 954–962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.89

• temperature affect the columnar tilt angles and the porosity of the sculptured thin films. Exemplarily for tilted Al columns deposited at 77 K and at 300 K, in-plane pole figure measurements are carried out. A tendency to form a biaxial texture as well as a change in the crystalline structure depending on the

• substrate temperature is found for those films. Keywords: biaxial texture; metallic tilted columns; oblique angle deposition; porosity; shadowing; thin films; Introduction The ability to produce highly porous metallic thin films is a substantial issue for a large number of applications [1]. For instance

• columnar morphology, the relation between tilt angle β, porosity P and incidence angle θ is in focus of this paper. Further, the influence of surface diffusion and changes in the crystalline structure are studied. Results and Discussion Morphology and texture Figure 1 shows tilted Al columns that are

Facile chemical routes to mesoporous silver substrates for SERS analysis

• Elina A. Tastekova,
• Alexander Y. Polyakov,
• Anastasia E. Goldt,
• Alexander V. Sidorov,
• Alexandra A. Oshmyanskaya,
• Irina V. Sukhorukova,
• Dmitry V. Shtansky,
• Wolgang Grünert and
• Anastasia V. Grigorieva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 880–889, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.82

• , while in presence of PVP, the average particle diameter was 33 ± 10 nm. The characteristic feature of the crystallites was sphere-like or ellipse shaped. PVP produced no macroporous aggregates, because no large single crystals of Ag2O were in the film, but improved the porosity of the Ag film (Figure 2b

A review of carbon-based and non-carbon-based catalyst supports for the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide

• Shahreen Binti Izwan Anthonysamy,
• Syahidah Binti Afandi,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Bin Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 740–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.68

• catalysts have been widely studied due to their high surface area, porosity, ability to regenerate and be reused, and good support properties [17]. Several metal oxides were impregnated with carbon-based materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), activated carbon (AC), activated carbon nanofibres (ACNFs

• (TPO) Table 1 summarises the typical characterisation approach for SCR-NH3 catalysts. Carbon-based materials as catalyst supports for NO removal Carbonious materials have rich physical and chemical properties, which lend to their high porosity and good surface chemistry. In line with this, carbon-based

• carbon (AC), and graphene (GR) are among the most typical choices for carbon-based supports. Several features can be seen when applying carbon-based materials as a catalyst support. The dispersion of the active phase over the support increases due to the large surface area and high porosity [64][66]. The

Synthesis and characterization of two new TiO₂-containing benzothiazole-based imine composites for organic device applications

• Anna Różycka,
• Agnieszka Iwan,
• Krzysztof Artur Bogdanowicz,
• Michal Filapek,
• Natalia Górska,
• Damian Pociecha,
• Marek Malinowski,
• Patryk Fryń,
• Agnieszka Hreniak,
• Jakub Rysz,
• Paweł Dąbczyński and
• Monika Marzec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 721–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.67

• ) experiments [34]. The average grain size of the obtained titanium dioxide was found to be about 170 nm based on XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) results [34]. In this paper we investigated selected physical parameters of TiO2 such as surface area and porosity. To

• calculate the surface area, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory was applied, while for porosity, the evaluation employing the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method was used. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defines six types of physical sorption isotherms (I–VI), where the

• shape analysis of isotherm gives information about the characterization of surface area and porosity of the material [44]. The obtained titanium dioxide isotherms are shown in Figure 1a. The results revealed that the shape of the TiO2 isotherm is a combination of type II and type IV. Type II sorption

Cyclodextrin-assisted synthesis of tailored mesoporous silica nanoparticles

• Fuat Topuz and
• Tamer Uyar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 693–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.64

• the particles synthesized at 0.75% (w/v) β-CD, MSNs prepared at 0.25% (w/v) revealed particle aggregates (Figure S4, Supporting Information File 1). HRTEM images of the particles evidenced porosity in both particles. The nanoparticles were also synthesized at various CTAC concentrations at the

Mechanistic insights into plasmonic photocatalysts in utilizing visible light

• Kah Hon Leong,
• Azrina Abd Aziz,
• Lan Ching Sim,
• Pichiah Saravanan,
• Min Jang and
• Detlef Bahnemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 628–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.59

• visible and near infrared (NIR) spectrum. But in order to show enhanced plasmonic photocatalysis performance, the understanding of the material system plays a vital role. This includes the type of noble metal and semiconductor photocatalyst together with their morphology, porosity, crystallinity, contact

Ultralight super-hydrophobic carbon aerogels based on cellulose nanofibers/poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide (CNFs/PVA/GO) for highly effective oil–water separation

• Zhaoyang Xu,
• Huan Zhou,
• Sicong Tan,
• Xiangdong Jiang,
• Weibing Wu,
• Jiangtao Shi and
• Peng Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 508–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.49

• ) was synthesized by a facile and green approach. The resulting CNF/PVA/GO aerogels were synthesized through an environmentally friendly freeze-drying process and then carbonized to yield CNF/PVA/GO carbon aerogels with low density (18.41 mg cm−3), high porosity (98.98%), a water contact angle of 156

• environment, CNFs with a high aspect ratio and high surface area have potential for forming a 3D network structure. As a result, research on cellulose aerogels has attracted more and more attention because of its outstanding properties such as high porosity, low thermal conductivity and low density [9][10

• aerogels with high porosity, small hole size and low surface energy. Obviously, the absorption capacity difference of the carbon aerogels was largely determined by the density of the carbon aerogel and surface tension of the solvents and oils. Additionally, the density, which demonstrates the quantity of

Photocatalytic and adsorption properties of TiO₂-pillared montmorillonite obtained by hydrothermally activated intercalation of titanium polyhydroxo complexes

• Mikhail F. Butman,
• Nikolay L. Ovchinnikov,
• Nikita S. Karasev,
• Nataliya E. Kochkina,
• Alexander V. Agafonov and
• Alexandr V. Vinogradov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 364–378, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.36

• treated sample is consistent with its increased porosity (see Table 5 below). The fact of increasing the amount of titanium on the surface of hydrothermally treated pillared samples compared to the samples without treatment is confirmed by the results of an elemental analysis using EDS spectra (Figure 5a

• decreases for both dyes. The TiO2-PMMH500 sample removes virtually 100% MO and 97.5% RhB from solution in 100 minutes. The considerably higher decolorization rate in this case can be explained by the higher degree of crystallinity for pillars and higher porosity (Table 5), which is known to greatly affect

• . Porosimetric measurements were carried out by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption–desorption using a specific surface area and porosity analyzer ASAP 2020 (Micromeritics, USA); prior to measurements the samples were degassed at 180 °C and residual pressure of 5–10 Pa for 3.5 h. An analysis of the sample

Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Jana Andzane and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29

• difficult to fabricate due to their high intrinsic stress, large surface roughness and grain size, inherent porosity, and low strength. To date, there are rather few reports on metallic NEM switches [17][18][114][115]. Molybdenum is attractive as a NEM switch material due to its high melting temperature

Synthesis and characterization of electrospun molybdenum dioxide–carbon nanofibers as sulfur matrix additives for rechargeable lithium–sulfur battery applications

• Ruiyuan Zhuang,
• Shanshan Yao,
• Maoxiang Jing,
• Xiangqian Shen,
• Jun Xiang,
• Tianbao Li,
• Kesong Xiao and
• Shibiao Qin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 262–270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.28

• nanofibers have extremely high specific surface area because of their small diameter and their porosity which exhibits excellent pore interconnectivity [25][26]. To the best of our knowledge, no articles related to using MoO2–CNFs as a sulfur matrix in Li–S batteries have been published so far. In the

Gas-assisted silver deposition with a focused electron beam

• Luisa Berger,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Iwona B. Szymanska,
• Katja Höflich,
• Mikhail N. Polyakov,
• Jakub Jurczyk,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 224–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.24

• the k-ratios of each element were determined. The atomic composition of the deposit was calculated with the SAMx STRATAGem thin-film analysis software. Although this software corrects the EDX for the thin film geometry it does not take into account the porosity (open granularity) of the film. However

Liquid-crystalline nanoarchitectures for tissue engineering

• Baeckkyoung Sung and
• Min-Ho Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 205–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.22

• induced 2D and 3D aligned cell growth in response to the lamellar molecular structure of LCE matrices, with tunable porosity and crosslinking density [99][100][101]. In addition, the 3D anisotropic cell scaffolds can be fabricated by using nematic LCE microspheres as building blocks by tuning elastic

• modulus, porosity, surface roughness, and local anisotropy [102]. LC hydrogels and implants in nematic and smectic-A phases LC-ordered anisotropic gels have great potential to be directly applied to regenerative medicine therapeutics, due to their intrinsic tissue compatibility. Thermally or

Bombyx mori silk/titania/gold hybrid materials for photocatalytic water splitting: combining renewable raw materials with clean fuels

• Stefanie Krüger,
• Michael Schwarze,
• Otto Baumann,
• Christina Günter,
• Michael Bruns,
• Christian Kübel,
• Dorothée Vinga Szabó,
• Rafael Meinusch,
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 187–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.21

• , ideally a scaffold with a high porosity, and good chemical and mechanical stability to enable access of all reactants to the catalytically active sites over extended periods of time. Moreover, a suitable photocatalyst should ideally use a scaffold from renewable materials; ideally the scaffold should be

• very broad pore diameter distribution. The cumulative pore volume indicates a very undefined porosity with pore sizes mainly in the range of 200 nm and 50 µm. In contrast, in the case of monolithic TPS samples (i.e., samples that were not ground prior to analysis), the pore size distribution is

• different. Pores created between powder particles by grinding (pores bigger than 4–6 µm) cannot be detected here. As a result, the residual porosity appears more distinct, showing pores with a diameter below 10 nm and in the range of 200 nm and ca. 5 µm. Both TS samples (ground and monolithic) have a