Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• , and climate change [4]. Himalayan lakes vary widely and include, for example, the Pangong Lake (Ladakh, high-altitude, saline), the Nainital Lake (Uttarakhand, mid-altitude, urban-influenced), and the Dal Lake (Kashmir, low-altitude, densely populated). Their altitudes, catchment characteristics, and

• using pretreatment techniques such as enzymatic decomposition of organic matter and density separation using saline solutions. These processes, however, might take a lot of time and could cause tiny particles to be lost [32]. The distinct combination of nanoscale dimensions and very low concentration in

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• arrangement of these two phases directly influences its degradation behavior. Studies have shown that PLA with higher crystallinity, in both film [73][74] and fiber forms [65], exhibits a higher rate of hydrolytic degradation in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4. This is attributed to the higher

• Focuschem Biotech Co. (China), saline solution (0.9% sodium chloride) from Needs (Brazil), and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, PA) from Vetec Química Fina Ltda (Brazil). Manufacturing nanoemulsion via the sonication method βCp-loaded nanoemulsions were prepared by the sonication method. Briefly, an aqueous and

• solution was prepared by dissolving PLA in a 2:8 (v/v) mixture of DMF and chloroform. The core solution was composed of HA at varying concentrations, solubilized in 0.9% (w/v) sodium chloride solution (physiological saline) under constant stirring at room temperature until fully dissolved. To incorporate

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• % paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline, rinsed, and air-dried. Worms were left in the remaining proximal part of the tube and were provided with glass beads (425–600 µm in diameter; Sigma) to reconstruct the missing part [25]. Scanning electron microscopy and elemental composition analyses For secondary

• % paraformaldehyde solution in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4). The samples were then dehydrated through graded ethanol series and embedded in paraffin wax. Sections of 14 µm in thickness were cut with a Microm HM 340 E microtome and mounted on Superfrost Ultra Plus (Thermo Scientific) microscope slides using a

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• rPpolcp19k-his protein (500 µg/mL), incubated for 0, 3, 11, or 21 days under varying pH and NaCl conditions, was applied to 200 mesh Cu formvar/carbon-coated grids (Agar Scientific) and allowed to settle for 5 min. Grids were washed three times in phosphate-buffered saline for 5 min each, followed by three

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• ), triton-X100 (code T8787), phosphate buffered saline (PBS, code P4417), and F.A.M.E. Mix (C8–C24 unsaturated, code 18918) were purchased from Merck®/Sigma-Aldrich® (Brazil). Hydrochloric acid (HCl, code R0101811000), sodium chloride (NaCl, code C1003460500), ethyl acetate (CH3COOCH2CH3, code R2800491000

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• thermal, acidic, and saline conditions. Its self-adhesive nature, biocompatibility, and durability make it a promising preventive strategy at the source. Similarly, nanocellulose, derived from renewable biomass, exhibits a high surface area and tunable surface chemistry, making it effective for adsorbing

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• ; pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37 °C) [37][53]. In contrast, Mo and W degrade significantly more slowly with dissolution rates of 0.001 µm/day (Mo; pH 7 buffer at rt) [58] and 0.48–1.44 µm/day (W; pH 7.4 SBF at rt) [59], which is advantageous for long-term device stability but poses

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• reliable candidate for modeling and experimental investigations [33]. According to Shams et al. [68], PS exhibits a critical coagulation concentration of 800 mM NaCl, significantly higher than PE’s 80 mM, which underscores PS’s stability in saline environments and its suitability for long-term studies. The

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• hydrochloride power (98%, Sigma-Aldrich) to 10 mL 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4, Sigma-Aldrich). This stock dopamine solution was added into 30 mL 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline solution to get desired concentrations. Same Ag/AgCl reference and platinum counter electrodes as above were used in

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• reveal delamination, partial loss of PDA microspheres, and Ag nanoparticles, as well as the presence NaCl within the coating (Figure 4g). These observations are attributed to the prolonged exposure to saline water, which causes chemical degradation of the PDA layer. Also, the high ionic strength and

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• to each well [41]. The plates were incubated for 1 h at 37 °C and were centrifuged at 3000 rpm at 5 °C for 15 min. After centrifugation, the concentration was suspended in 50 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4). The amount of hemoglobin was determined at 540 nm using a docetaxel (DTX) 880

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• 55 cm2, from half a Petri dish) were added to the microbial suspensions in saline water and incubated for 24 h. A control tube without the film was prepared in parallel. After 24 h of incubation at 37 °C, serial dilutions were prepared and plated on Mueller–Hinton Agar (MHA) and colony-forming units

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• physical properties [136]. They can be formed by preparing an aqueous solution of keratin at concentrations of 8 or 20%, for example [137]. With the "disulfide shuffling" method, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) is used to dissolve 15% lyophilized keratin and 1.5% cysteine. This solution requires vigorous

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• then exposed to the desired osmolarity conditions for investigation. The applied solutions were ultrapure water (Milli-Q), phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS), and 0.5 M sodium chloride. Bacteria were first analyzed in tapping mode to determine their location and observe their morphology

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• = AlCl, Fe, Co, Zn) and Pt complex octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) by nanosecond laser fragmentation of the corresponding microcrystalline powders in an aqueous solution of the amphiphilic polymer Pluronic® F-127. All nanoparticles dispersed stably in phosphate-buffered saline and cell culture media without

• polypropylene oxide (PPO) arranged in a triblock structure. Here, the stability in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2), which is used widely in pharmacology and biomedical experiments, was examined. We evaluated the phototoxicity of the fabricated nanoparticle colloids in vitro against PC12 cells (a cell

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• using an ultrasonic bath before treatment. Using an ultrasonic bath, US was applied to cells after NMs treatment and within the incubation period, 3 times for 5 s daily at 37 kHz for all in vitro experiments. After the incubation, the medium was removed and washed with phosphate buffered saline (1X PBS

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• changes upon dissolution in saline were tested. For the undissolved sample, calcium alginate microcapsules with irregular shapes were registered via scanning electron microscopy, inside which core–shell nanoparticles were identified by transmission electron microscopy micrographs. Magnetic studies (DC and

• completely dissolved sample. Keywords: calcium alginate; dissolution; iron oxyhydroxide nanoparticles; magnetic properties; saline; spectroscopy; Introduction Hematinic are substances such as iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid that are essential in the production of blood [1]. Iron deficiency drugs, which

• the main subject of this work. It should be stressed that the studies performed here did not have any commercial funding. An additional purpose was to analyze the morphological and structural changes of AB-Fortis iron during the dissolution process in saline. In this case, the goal was to provide

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• by which FCS heat inactivation could affect cellular interactions with LNPs were studied in detail. Materials and Methods Buffers, reagents, materials Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), bovine serum albumin (BSA), thioflavin T (ThT), cholesterol and distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) were purchased

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• Hoechst 33258 were obtained from MERCK Sigma-Aldrich Reagent (Darmstadt, Germany). α-MEM cell culture medium was purchased from Gibco (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were acquired from Dominique Dutscher (Brumath, France). The

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), in vitro drug release in 0.1 M HCl (pH 1.2) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4), and pharmacokinetic studies. The optimal formulation (APT-CD-NP4) containing the highest

• than the poloxamer 407-based formulations in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) and 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2). The optimal SLN formulation APT-CD-NP4 is a promising tool for oral sustained-release dosage in order to improve the bioavailability of the BCS class-IV drug APT. Solubility analysis of APT and APT

• -loaded SLNs in 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2) and phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4). (a) Zeta Potential and (b) particle size of APT-CD-NP4. SEM photomicrographs of (a, b) APT-CD-NP4 and (c, d) APT-PX-NP8. (a) FTIR spectra and (b) X-ray diffractograms of APT, poloxamer 407, β-CD, APT-CD-NP4, and APT-PX-NP8. (a) TGA

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• (surfactants + water, without EOCF), EOCF, and the selected microemulsion containing EOCF (M7-EOCF), at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 µg/mL, and cultured under the previous conditions for further 24 h. At the end of this phase, the cell monolayer was washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline, and then

•  2 (10 animals/group), that is, negative control group (NCG): diabetic animals treated with vehicle (saline solution + 0.2% Tween® 80); EOCF group: diabetic

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• ohmic resistance of the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) electrolyte solution. The circuit is connected in series to the parallel combination of a capacitor (Cdl) representing the double layer capacitance of the electrode–solution interphase and a resistor (Rct) accounting for the faradaic charge

• , potassium chloride, potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) trihydrate, potassium hexacyanoferrate(III), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), N-hydroxy succinimide (NHS), phosphate-buffered saline pH 7.4 (PBS), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• ), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, Cat. No. H5882), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, Cat. No. 7910), Tween 20 (Cat. No. P1379), and Triton X-100 (Cat. No. T8787) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Dichloromethane (DCM, Cat. No. 24532), diethyl ether (Cat. No. 64665), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, Cat. No. 78529