Stochastic excitation for high-resolution atomic force acoustic microscopy imaging: a system theory approach

• Edgar Cruz Valeriano,
• José Juan Gervacio Arciniega,
• Christian Iván Enriquez Flores,
• Susana Meraz Dávila,
• Joel Moreno Palmerin,
• Martín Adelaido Hernández Landaverde,
• Yuri Lizbeth Chipatecua Godoy,
• Aime Margarita Gutiérrez Peralta,
• Rafael Ramírez Bon and
• José Martín Yañez Limón

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 703–716, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.58

• carried out using a NI PXIe-1073 device, which includes a NI 7961R FPGA, a NI 5762 digitizer at 200MS/s/ch and a PXI 6363DAQ from National Instruments. The white-noise signal is generated by a function waveform generator HP/Agilent 33120A. BudgetSensors diamond-coated silicon probes, 450 µm long with a

• compared with the fitted experimental cantilever used in this experiment. The comparison can be seen in Table 2. A commercial BudgetSensors diamond-coated silicon cantilever with 450 µm length and a spring constant of 0.2 N/m was considered. The first value was obtained from the manufacturer data, while

• observed dynamic behavior for a free AFM cantilever. Modeled values of klever. A BudgetSensors diamond-coated silicon cantilever with 450 μm length and a spring constant of 0.2 N/m was used in this experiment. Funding The work was supported by the Projects LIDTRA LN-295261 and LIDTRA LN2015-254119 of

Structural optical and electrical properties of a transparent conductive ITO/Al–Ag/ITO multilayer contact

• Aliyu Kabiru Isiyaku,
• Ahmad Hadi Ali and
• Nafarizal Nayan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 695–702, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.57

• deposition of ITO films. Aluminium (Al) and silver (Ag) targets of 99.999% purity were purchased and used for the deposition of the Al–Ag interlayer between top and bottom ITO layers. Silicon wafers [Si(100), n-type, phosphorous, 1–10 Ω·cm and 525 ± 25 μm] or commercial soda-lime glass (for optical

• -deposited and annealed IAAI multilayer and ITO films. Elemental composition of the IAAI films before and after annealing on the silicon substrate. Comparison of electrical resistivity, sheet resistance, carrier concentration, and carrier mobility of as-deposited and annealed ITO and IAAI multilayer films

• . Acknowledgements A. K. Isiyaku presented part of these results in his PhD dissertation title “Sputter deposition and characterization of metal sandwich indium tin oxide/silicon for solar cell application” (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malaysia). Authors contributions: The experimental work was design by A

A novel dry-blending method to reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion of polymer templates for OTFT electrodes

• Xiangdong Ye,
• Bo Tian,
• Yuxuan Guo,
• Fan Fan and
• Anjiang Cai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 671–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.53

• thermal expansion (CTE) of the polymer template is much higher than the CTE of the dielectric layer. Here, a novel dry-blending method is described in which SiO2 nanoparticles are filled into a grooved silicon template, followed by permeation of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) into the SiO2 nanoparticle gaps

• preparing the PDMS/SiO2 composite template via dry blending is shown in Figure 1. First, a silicon template prepared by photolithography with a source–drain structure groove was ultrasonically cleaned for 15 min and dried under nitrogen flow. Subsequently, the surface of the silicon template was covered

• with SiO2 nanoparticles and gently pressed with a glass slide to completely fill the SiO2 nanoparticles in the groove. The excess SiO2 nanoparticles outside the groove of the silicon template were then removed with a scraper. PDMS and the curing agent were then thoroughly mixed at a weight ratio of 10

Comparison of fresh and aged lithium iron phosphate cathodes using a tailored electrochemical strain microscopy technique

• Matthias Simolka,
• Hanno Kaess and
• Kaspar Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 583–596, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.46

• electrochemical activity, electrochemical fatigue and degradation of the material [43]. Jesse et al. conducted ESM on thin film silicon anodes and aged them by high frequency cycling [33]. Contrary to Yang et al. and Zhu et al., they found an increase of the ESM amplitude over cycling time, which they linked to

• amplitude represents the electromechanical activity [62][63][64]. Similar to the ESM and PFM signal, digital volume correlation (DVC) in combination with in situ X-ray tomography microscopy (XTM) was used by Pietsch et al. [47] for graphite and silicon anodes and by Finegan et al. [48] for a LiMnO2 cathode

Examination of the relationship between viscoelastic properties and the invasion of ovarian cancer cells by atomic force microscopy

• Mengdan Chen,
• Jinshu Zeng,
• Weiwei Ruan,
• Zhenghong Zhang,
• Yuhua Wang,
• Shusen Xie,
• Zhengchao Wang and
• Hongqin Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 568–582, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.45

• . Force–distance curve-based AFM measurements were carried out to calculate the optical photodiode deflection sensitivity and the cantilever spring constant was verified by the thermal noise method before experiments. MLCT cantilevers (Bruker, USA) made of silicon nitride with approximate spring constant

Identification of physicochemical properties that modulate nanoparticle aggregation in blood

• Ludovica Soddu,
• Duong N. Trinh,
• Eimear Dunne,
• Dermot Kenny,
• Giorgia Bernardini,
• Ida Kokalari,
• Arianna Marucco,
• Marco P. Monopoli and
• Ivana Fenoglio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 550–567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.44

• microscopy (SEM), using a Zeiss Evo 50XVP (Assing) instrument. CNPs and SNPs suspensions were diluted up to 0.05 mg/mL in ultrapure water. A volume of 20 μL of the diluted suspensions was mounted on aluminium stubs using double-sided adhesive carbon tape and silicon wafers. The samples were dried overnight

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

• easy oxidation, the extensive use in bioimaging remained a challenge. Therefore, efforts have been made to prepare silicon quantum dots (SQDs) [28]. SQDs exhibit relatively low cytotoxicity and better biocompatibility compared to SCQDs. Moreover, SQDs show broad absorption spectra, higher

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• template removal, which also affected the shell structure limiting their biological applications [25]. The use of silicon oxide (SiO2) templates is quite common, however, dissolution using hazardous hydrofluoric acid (HF) limits its application. It is mostly used with strong PE systems but has also been

Evolution of Ag nanostructures created from thin films: UV–vis absorption and its theoretical predictions

• Robert Kozioł,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Paweł Syty,
• Damian Koszelow,
• Wojciech Sadowski,
• Józef E. Sienkiewicz and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 494–507, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.40

• operated at 10 kV. For the analysis of nanograin structure and chemical composition a TALOS F200X HRTEM equipped with an EDS detector was used. SEM and TEM experiments were carried out on samples deposited on silicon substrates. UV–vis spectra were recorded using a double-beam Thermo Fisher Scientific

• ), instead as full spheres, is a novel approach in the present simulations. It is expected, that this procedure should lead to a better agreement with the experiment. The grid size for the computations was set to 4 nm (limited by the available computer memory). The dielectric function of silver and silicon

• ), they consist of Ag. Detailed EDS analysis of a cross section of a nanoisland is presented in Figure 8c. As can be seen, a thin layer of natural SiO2, about 2 nm thick, is present on the silicon surface. Interestingly, there is no oxide layer around the Ag nanostructures. The quality of the

Interfacial charge transfer processes in 2D and 3D semiconducting hybrid perovskites: azobenzene as photoswitchable ligand

• Nicole Fillafer,
• Tobias Seewald,
• Lukas Schmidt-Mende and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 466–479, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.38

• silicon substrates were obtained using an X-ray diffractometer (Bruker D8 Discover). Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns were obtained using a Bruker Nanostar. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of drop-cast particles on silicon substrates were obtained using a Zeiss Auriga Crossbeam and a

Nanoarchitectonics: bottom-up creation of functional materials and systems

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 450–452, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.36

• , the chiral structure was found to control the self-assembly of nitrocinnamic amide amphiphiles [25]. Works related to the formation of higher-dimensional materials included, for example, the self-assembly of crystalline cellulose oligomers that resulted in nanoribbon networks [26], silicon nanowires

Formation of nanoripples on ZnO flat substrates and nanorods by gas cluster ion bombardment

• Xiaomei Zeng,
• Vasiliy Pelenovich,
• Bin Xing,
• Rakhim Rakhimov,
• Wenbin Zuo,
• Alexander Tolstogouzov,
• Chuansheng Liu,
• Dejun Fu and
• Xiangheng Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 383–390, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.29

• of semiconductor quantum dots [2]. Arrays of metallic nanoparticles or nanowires aligned on dielectric surfaces with nanoripples are ideal for research on plasmonics [3]. Ag nanoparticle arrays created on rippled silicon surfaces have demonstrated excellent sensing of molecules through surface

Implementation of data-cube pump–probe KPFM on organic solar cells

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Olivier Bardagot and
• Renaud Demadrille

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 323–337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.24

• of spectroscopic pp-KPFM, for instance by using a heterodyne or a side-band detector. Further insights will also be gained by comparing different kinds of photovoltaic materials, for which the illumination-dependence of the S/N ratio may be different. In particular, we plan to investigate silicon

• ) driven by a Matrix SPM control unit. Pt/Ir-coated silicon cantilevers (EFM, Nanosensors, resonance frequency in the 45–115 kHz range) were annealed in situ to remove atmospheric contaminants. Topographic imaging was realized in FM mode (FM-AFM) with negative frequency shifts of a few Hz and vibrational

• was measured under AM 1.5G illumination at 1000 W∙m−2 using a Newport Thermal Oriel 91192 1000W solar simulator. The light intensity was calibrated using a monocrystalline silicon Oriel Newport 91150v VLSI reference solar cell certified by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). (a) Principle

An advanced structural characterization of templated meso-macroporous carbon monoliths by small- and wide-angle scattering techniques

• Felix M. Badaczewski,
• Marc O. Loeh,
• Torben Pfaff,
• Dirk Wallacher,
• Daniel Clemens and
• Bernd M. Smarsly

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 310–322, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.23

• powder diffractometer. A wavelength of λ = 0.15418 nm was used. The 2θ measurement range was from 10° to 100°. A no-background single-crystal sample holder made of silicon was used. Scheme of the template process (top). SEM pictures of the silica template (grey), pitch-based (red) and resin-based (green

High-performance asymmetric supercapacitor made of NiMoO₄ nanorods@Co₃O₄ on a cellulose-based carbon aerogel

• Meixia Wang,
• Jing Zhang,
• Xibin Yi,
• Benxue Liu,
• Xinfu Zhao and
• Xiaochan Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 240–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.18

• Meixia Wang Jing Zhang Xibin Yi Benxue Liu Xinfu Zhao Xiaochan Liu Shandong Key Laboratory for Special Silicon-containing Material, Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, P. R. China 10.3762/bjnano.11.18 Abstract In this study, a

Nonclassical dynamic modeling of nano/microparticles during nanomanipulation processes

• Moharam Habibnejad Korayem,
• Ali Asghar Farid and
• Rouzbeh Nouhi Hefzabad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 147–166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.13

• with a spherical contact point and the particle is manipulated on a silicon substrate. The Lundberg cylindrical contact model is chosen for the particle and substrate contact area, and the JKRS model is employed for particle–tip contact. Also, a modified Coulomb friction model is employed to represent

Molecular architectonics of DNA for functional nanoarchitectures

• Debasis Ghosh,
• Lakshmi P. Datta and
• Thimmaiah Govindaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 124–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.11

• , while relinquishing the use of traditional silicon-based materials also played a key role. Biomolecular nanolithography is a newer approach to create nanopatterned surfaces using biomolecules as scaffolds [101][102]. The interesting features of this technique are the combination of two separate scales

The effect of heat treatment on the morphology and mobility of Au nanoparticles

• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Simon Vigonski,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Vahur Zadin,
• Rünno Lõhmus and
• Karine Mougin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 61–67, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.6

• ]. The solution was stirred for 5 min and then stored at 4 °C until needed [10]. Annealing The silicon wafers (100, n/phosphorus-doped, 3–6 ohm·cm, Mat-Technology) were cleaned with ethanol and the NPs were deposited by drop-casting. The drops were dried at ambient conditions. Five samples of Au NPs on

• Si wafers were prepared, and four of them were then separately annealed in an oven for 1 h at 200, 400, 600 and 800 °C while the fifth was left untreated. Separate samples were prepared on heat-resistant silicon nitride support films of 50 nm membrane thickness (Pelco, Ted Pella) to be used for

• a silicon substrate. The phase values were extracted from the tapping mode phase images for each manipulated NP and processed using the Gwyddion software. The phase shift values were extracted from the profile of the trace on the phase shift image by averaging ten lines using the Gwyddion program

Influence of the epitaxial composition on N-face GaN KOH etch kinetics determined by ICP-OES

• Markus Tautz,
• Maren T. Kuchenbrod,
• Joachim Hertkorn,
• Robert Weinberger,
• Martin Welzel,
• Arno Pfitzner and
• David Díaz Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 41–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.4

• epitaxy stack. Thin-film technology is a common approach in industry to improve device performance. Thereby, a substrate with higher thermal conductivity, e.g., silicon or nickel, is bonded to the top p-contact of the LED structure [8]. The sapphire substrate is removed by laser lift off (LLO). This

• purchased from Honeywell Specialty Chemicals in Puranal grade. Planar Adamant Namiki sapphire wafers were used as growth substrates during epitaxy. Silicon wafers were purchased from Siltronic. Preparation of GaN layers Standard c-plane oriented GaN epilayers were grown on commercially available Veeco K465i

• and a 2D GaN layer with a combined thickness of 2000 nm. A, C and E contained a rudimentary MQW to allow for photoluminescence microscopy (PLM) analysis of dislocation density. Wafer processing After growth with Ga-polarity, the Ga-face of epilayers were bonded to silicon carriers with a non-ohmic

An investigation on the drag reduction performance of bioinspired pipeline surfaces with transverse microgrooves

• Weili Liu,
• Hongjian Ni,
• Peng Wang and
• Yi Zhou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 24–40, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.3

• test section was measured by a differential pressure transmitter (DMP305X-DST) based on monocrystalline silicon technology. The monosilicon pressure transmitter was a high-performance pressure sensor. Its measuring range was 0–20000 Pa, and its precision was ±0.05%. Considering that the electromagnetic

Synthesis of amorphous and graphitized porous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

• Maximilian Wassner,
• Markus Eckardt,
• Andreas Reyer,
• Thomas Diemant,
• Michael S. Elsaesser,
• R. Jürgen Behm and
• Nicola Hüsing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.1

• the same FE-SEM with an EDX large-area silicon-drift detector (Oxford X-Max 50), using an accelerating voltage of 15 kV with a counting time of 5 min per spot. Bright-field transmission electron microscopy (BF-TEM) images were taken with a JEOL1400 instrument equipped with a CCD camera. For sample

• prepared by depositing and drying 20 μL of an aqueous catalyst suspension on a silicon wafer, which was pre-cleaned by sequential rinsing in ultrapure water (MilliQ), 1 M KOH solution, and conc. H2SO4. By using silicon wafers instead of a carbon-containing support, we minimized contributions from the

Formation of metal/semiconductor Cu–Si composite nanostructures

• Natalya V. Yumozhapova,
• Andrey V. Nomoev,
• Vyacheslav V. Syzrantsev and
• Erzhena C. Khartaeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2497–2504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.240

• 10.3762/bjnano.10.240 Abstract Molecular dynamics modelling of the formation of copper and silicon composite nanostructures was carried out by using the many-particle potential method. The dependences of the internal structure on the cooling rate and the ratio of elements were investigated. The

• possibility of the formation of the Cu–Si nanoparticles from both a homogeneous alloy and two initial drops at short distance were shown. A comparative analysis showed that the diameter distribution of copper and silicon atoms in experimental particles coincides with the simulation results with silicon

• and residence time in the liquid phase) in the formation, structure, and morphology of nanoparticles remains unclear. In [17], the simulation of the formation of the Si/Au core–shell nanoparticles obtained from two liquid drops of gold and silicon was presented. Additionally, the authors, using the

Label-free highly sensitive probe detection with novel hierarchical SERS substrates fabricated by nanoindentation and chemical reaction methods

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Yongda Yan,
• Li Wang,
• Peng Miao,
• Yimin Han,
• Xinming Zhang,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Yanquan Geng,
• Zhankun Weng,
• Daniel Laipple and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2483–2496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.239

• etching. For instance, Chen et al. [8] employed an electrochemical etching method to fabricate nanocube structures on a Cu30Mn70 surface by controlling the voltage. In addition, Zhang et al. [10] showed that gold nanoparticles can be fabricated by a gold etchant on a silicon surface as SERS substrates

• on the roughened silicon surface by the thermal evaporation method. The higher Raman intensity of the sample at 10−8 mol/L was detected on the Au@Ag particle substrate. A three-dimensional nanostar structure was fabricated by Gopalakrishnan et al. [17] in a circular groove. The electric field

Abrupt elastic-to-plastic transition in pentagonal nanowires under bending

• Sergei Vlassov,
• Magnus Mets,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Jianjun Bian,
• Leonid Dorogin and
• Vahur Zadin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2468–2476, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.237

• obtained with a high-resolution scanning electron microscope (HR-SEM, Helios Nanolab 600, FEI) and transmission electron microscope (TEM, Tecnai GF20, FEI). The NWs were drop-cast on either TEM grids with lacey carbon (Agar, UK) for TEM characterization, or on glassy carbon and silicon wafers (100, n

Mobility of charge carriers in self-assembled monolayers

• Zhihua Fu,
• Tatjana Ladnorg,
• Hartmut Gliemann,
• Alexander Welle,
• Asif Bashir,
• Michael Rohwerder,
• Qiang Zhang,
• Björn Schüpbach,
• Andreas Terfort and
• Christof Wöll

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2449–2458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.235

• characterized immediately after the SAM preparation. For the Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) measurements, gold-coated silicon wafer substrates were used. Gold films of 100 nm thickness were evaporated thermally at 453 K under high-vacuum conditions (≈10−7 mbar) with 5 nm titanium as the

• adhesion layer. The thickness and deposition rate (10 Å s−1) were monitored using a quartz crystal microbalance. Between substrate preparation and SAM formation, the substrates were stored in an argon atmosphere. The formation of the PAT monolayers on the gold silicon wafer was described above. Grafting

• °) to determine the molecular orientation. Infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) was performed on a Bruker VERTEX80 spectrometer (Bruker Optics GmbH) by investigating the PAT-SAM on Au/silicon wafers. As a background sample we used a SAM of deuterated octadecanethiol on an Au/silicon wafer