Facile phase transfer of gold nanorods and nanospheres stabilized with block copolymers

• Yaroslav I. Derikov,
• Georgiy A. Shandryuk,
• Raisa V. Talroze,
• Alexander A. Ezhov and
• Yaroslav V. Kudryavtsev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 616–627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.58

• the use of strong thiol and amine surfactants. Keywords: Au nanorods; block copolymers; optical absorbance spectroscopy; phase transfer; seeded growth method; Introduction The size effects that determine the functional characteristics of nanoparticles are no less important than their precise

Evaluating the toxicity of TiO₂-based nanoparticles to Chinese hamster ovary cells and Escherichia coli: a complementary experimental and computational approach

• Alicja Mikolajczyk,
• Natalia Sizochenko,
• Ewa Mulkiewicz,
• Anna Malankowska,
• Michal Nischk,
• Przemyslaw Jurczak,
• Seishiro Hirano,
• Grzegorz Nowaczyk,
• Adriana Zaleska-Medynska,
• Jerzy Leszczynski,
• Agnieszka Gajewicz and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2171–2180, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.216

• each equation is applicable only for a certain topology (pure, alloy, core–shell) or chemistry (Au, Pd, Au/Pd) of TiO2-based nanoparticles. Taken together, these results suggest, that multimode action of nanoparticles at different Au and Pd concentrations are driven by nonlinear size-effects and

Two-dimensional carbon-based nanocomposites for photocatalytic energy generation and environmental remediation applications

• Suneel Kumar,
• Ashish Kumar,
• Ashish Bahuguna,
• Vipul Sharma and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1571–1600, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.159

Relationships between chemical structure, mechanical properties and materials processing in nanopatterned organosilicate fins

• Gheorghe Stan,
• Richard S. Gates,
• Qichi Hu,
• Kevin Kjoller,
• Craig Prater,
• Kanwal Jit Singh,
• Ebony Mays and
• Sean W. King

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 863–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.88

• , Intel Corporation, Hillsboro OR 97124, USA Logic Technology Development, Intel Corporation, 5200 NE Elam Young Parkway, Hillsboro OR 97124, USA 10.3762/bjnano.8.88 Abstract The exploitation of nanoscale size effects to create new nanostructured materials necessitates the development of an understanding

• relationships is experimentally elusive [3]. However, it has become a pervasive need for research currently focused on manipulating matter at nanometer length scales to take advantage of various nanoscale size effects [4][5][6]. It is a particularly pressing need for the semiconductor industry where the ability

Diffusion and surface alloying of gradient nanostructured metals

• Zhenbo Wang and
• Ke Lu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 547–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.59

• intermetallic layer synthesized on the nanocrystalline Ti substrate was thicker and more homogeneous at 600 °C. Nevertheless, it was noted that grain size effects on reactive diffusion characteristics were still difficult to be understood in these works, mostly because the results were obtained in binary

Antitumor magnetic hyperthermia induced by RGD-functionalized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, in an experimental model of colorectal liver metastases

• Oihane K. Arriortua,
• Eneko Garaio,
• Borja Herrero de la Parte,
• Maite Insausti,
• Luis Lezama,
• Fernando Plazaola,
• Jose Angel García,
• Jesús M. Aizpurua,
• Maialen Sagartzazu,
• Mireia Irazola,
• Nestor Etxebarria,
• Ignacio García-Alonso,
• Alberto Saiz-López and
• José Javier Echevarria-Uraga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1532–1542, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.147

• , lower values are found in NPs, attributed to size effects and the crystallinity of the samples [43]. More information concerning the magnetic characteristics of the samples can be obtained from the spectrum of electronic magnetic resonance (EMR) spectroscopy recorded at room temperature in colloidal

Microwave synthesis of high-quality and uniform 4 nm ZnFe₂O₄ nanocrystals for application in energy storage and nanomagnetics

• Christian Suchomski,
• Ben Breitung,
• Ralf Witte,
• Michael Knapp,
• Sondes Bauer,
• Tilo Baumbach,
• Christian Reitz and
• Torsten Brezesinski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1350–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.126

• nanocrystalline solids and are often associated with spin canting, spin freezing and so forth. Although the origin of these effects is largely unclear, they are typically attributed to magnetic frustration, surface disorder and/or finite size effects [49][50]. However, the theoretical saturation magnetization

Sandwich-like layer-by-layer assembly of gold nanoparticles with tunable SERS properties

• Zhicheng Liu,
• Lu Bai,
• Guizhe Zhao and
• Yaqing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1028–1032, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.95

• ideal for the evaluation of NP size effects on the SERS performance of NP assemblies. Figure 2 presents the SEM images of the SSS, SBS, BSB and BBB multilayer thin films. Undoubtedly, both small and big Au NPs were assembled into the thin films, and the NP size did not change during the assembly process

Determination of the compositions of the DIGM zone in nanocrystalline Ag/Au and Ag/Pd thin films by secondary neutral mass spectrometry

• Gábor Y. Molnár,
• Shenouda S. Shenouda,
• Gábor L. Katona,
• Gábor A. Langer and
• Dezső L. Beke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 474–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.41

• zones), although some composition gradient is still present in the thin film. It was demonstrated that the effect in point iii) can be explained by some kind of kinetic constrains developed by the GB diffusion itself (stress accumulation/decrease of the composition gradient due to finite size effects

Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in pure water and in chloride solution

• Brunella Perito,
• Emilia Giorgetti,
• Paolo Marsili and
• Maurizio Muniz-Miranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 465–473, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.40

• . In the current study, all our colloids fall in this size range, thus supporting the observed antimicrobial activity. Beyond size effects, surface charge is considered an important parameter for AgNP activity and colloidal stability. The zeta-potential values of our colloids were always very negative

Evaluation of gas-sensing properties of ZnO nanostructures electrochemically doped with Au nanophases

• Elena Dilonardo,
• Michele Penza,
• Marco Alvisi,
• Cinzia Di Franco,
• Francesco Palmisano,
• Luisa Torsi and
• Nicola Cioffi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 22–31, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.3

• lower than that of bulk metallic Au at 84.0 eV, independent of the annealing temperature. This is a well-known effect attributed to initial state size-effects in Au NPs of very small dimension [43]. The detailed elemental composition of ZnO, prepared through sol–gel method and annealed at 300 or 550 °C

Two-phase equilibrium states in individual Cu–Ni nanoparticles: size, depletion and hysteresis effects

• Aram S. Shirinyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1811–1820, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.185

• .6.185 Abstract In isolated bimetallic nanoscale systems the limit amount of matter and surface-induced size effects can change the thermodynamics of first-order phase transformation. In this paper we present theoretical modification of Gibbs free energy concept describing first-order phase

• transformation of binary alloyed nanoparticles taking into account size effects as well as depletion and hysteresis effects. In such a way the hysteresis in a form of nonsymmetry for forth and back transforming paths takes place; compositional splitting and the loops-like splitted path on the size dependent

• isolated nanoparticle; surface-induced size effect; thermodynamic approach; Introduction One of the key questions in nanoscience is related to the problem of equilibrium phase diagrams variation for multicomponent finite systems with size decreasing. One of the most extensively studied size effects (first

Lower nanometer-scale size limit for the deformation of a metallic glass by shear transformations revealed by quantitative AFM indentation

• Arnaud Caron and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1721–1732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.176

• loading rates. We discuss our results with regard to dislocation activity in crystalline materials and to the recent discussion of plasticity mechanisms in metallic glasses, including the generation of shear bands and their incipient size and indentation size effects down to the structural length scale of

• that the hardness ratios for Pt57.5Cu14.7Ni5.3P22.5 metallic glass and Pt(111) are slightly higher from AFM indentation than from nanoindentation. The values obtained from our measurements were: This may point at different size effects for the plasticity of Pt(111) and Pt57.5Cu14.7Ni5.3P22.5 metallic

Radiation losses in the microwave K_u band in magneto-electric nanocomposites

• Talwinder Kaur,
• Sachin Kumar,
• Jyoti Sharma and
• A. K. Srivastava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1700–1707, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.173

• ″) and to the dielectric constant (ε′). The unsaturated coordination on the surface, nano-sized hexaferrite, the dangling bond atoms, and the enhanced surface area lead to multiple scattering resulting in the loss of radiation. Quantum size effects generate a separation among energy levels. Upon

Attenuation, dispersion and nonlinearity effects in graphene-based waveguides

• Almir Wirth Lima Jr.,
• João Cesar Moura Mota and
• Antonio Sergio Bezerra Sombra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1221–1228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.125

• present in the waveguide. Previous studies showed that in a graphene nanoribbon of width <50 nm, there exists only a single mode (fundamental mode) [3]. However, due to finite-size effects, when W < 10 nm, the classical theory can no longer predict the behavior of GSPPs in a graphene nanoribbon [8

• only propagate in graphene nanoribbons when the plasmon energy corresponds to −iσ(ω)/ωW, where W is the width of the graphene nanoribbon [3]. As previously mentioned, in a graphene nanoribbon of width <50 nm, only a single mode (fundamental mode) exists [3]. On the other hand, due to the finite-size

• effects, when W < 10 nm, the classical theory can no longer determine the behavior of GSPPs in the graphene nanoribbon [8]. Hence, we primarily consider the regime 10 nm < W < 50 nm for our simulations. However, as we are interested in analyzing the behavior of nanophotonic waveguides with the smallest

Structure and mechanism of the formation of core–shell nanoparticles obtained through a one-step gas-phase synthesis by electron beam evaporation

• Andrey V. Nomoev,
• Sergey P. Bardakhanov,
• Makoto Schreiber,
• Dashima G. Bazarova,
• Nikolai A. Romanov,
• Boris B. Baldanov,
• Bair R. Radnaev and
• Viacheslav V. Syzrantsev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 874–880, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.89

• a drive to decrease the surface energy of the system or differences in the atomic sizes of the component materials. In the case of the Cu–Si system, the difference in covalent radius between Cu (132 pm) and Si (111 pm) is insignificant and thus size effects are not considered relevant for this

• , neither atomic size effects nor surface tension effects are likely to be responsible for the formation of core–shell structures. In initial experiments with the Ag–Si system, the beam current was varied for the evaporation of the target. It was found that core–shell particles were only obtained at a beam

Influence of grain size and composition, topology and excess free volume on the deformation behavior of Cu–Zr nanoglasses

• Daniel Şopu and
• Karsten Albe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 537–545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.56

• localization parameter defined by Cheng et al. [25], A larger ψ value indicates larger fluctuations in the atomic strain and a more localized deformation mode. Results Grain size effects For studying the effect of grain size on the mechanical properties, we simulated the deformation of Cu-rich glasses with

Conformal SiO₂ coating of sub-100 nm diameter channels of polycarbonate etched ion-track channels by atomic layer deposition

• Nicolas Sobel,
• Christian Hess,
• Manuela Lukas,
• Anne Spende,
• Bernd Stühn,
• M. E. Toimil-Molares and
• Christina Trautmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 472–479, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.48

• interesting to study water and ion transport in confinement [15][16]. Coated templates are also attractive to synthesize extremely thin nanowires for the investigation of finite size and quantum size effects [17]. Atomic layer deposition is based on cycles of self-limiting chemical reactions between the gas

Biological responses to nanoscale particles

• Reinhard Zellner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 380–382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.37

• . The key differences are (i) an increased relative surface area and (ii) quantum size effects. Since the growth, catalytic activity and the various interactions with molecules (including biomolecules) occur at the surface of nanoparticles, a given mass of material in nanoparticle form will be much more

Nanoporous Ge thin film production combining Ge sputtering and dopant implantation

• Jacques Perrin Toinin,
• Alain Portavoce,
• Khalid Hoummada,
• Michaël Texier,
• Maxime Bertoglio,
• Sandrine Bernardini,
• Marco Abbarchi and
• Lee Chow

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 336–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.32

• interesting properties for optoelectronic applications. For example, porous Si was shown to exhibit an increased band gap compared to bulk Si due to quantum (Q) size effects, related either to the formation of pseudo Q-wires or Q-dots in the porous structure, depending on the production method [1]. Generally

• wavelengths (red–green). Si and Ge are indirect gap materials, requiring phonon scattering for optical absorption/emission to take place. However, Q-size effects present in porous semiconductors can promote optical transitions without the need of phonons by breaking the momentum conservation rules and/or by

Comparative evaluation of the impact on endothelial cells induced by different nanoparticle structures and functionalization

• Lisa Landgraf,
• Ines Müller,
• Peter Ernst,
• Miriam Schäfer,
• Christina Rosman,
• Isabel Schick,
• Oskar Köhler,
• Hartmut Oehring,
• Vladimir V. Breus,
• Thomas Basché,
• Carsten Sönnichsen,
• Wolfgang Tremel and
• Ingrid Hilger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 300–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.28

• exposure, native), which were set to 100%. DPA: D-penicillamine, MPA: 3-mercaptopropionic acid, CyA: cysteamine. Size effects of the different manganese oxide nanoparticle formulations on the cellular ATP levels of endothelial cells, reflecting activity of cell metabolism. (a) Cells were treated with Au

Aquatic versus terrestrial attachment: Water makes a difference

• Petra Ditsche and
• Adam P. Summers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2424–2439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.252

• performance of animals as a whole, because this is what is evolutionarily selected over time and what will lead to the most immediate ecological insights. Size effects on attachment, especially in the submerged case, might provide key insights into selective pressures and may yield clarity regarding the

Nanoparticle interactions with live cells: Quantitative fluorescence microscopy of nanoparticle size effects

• Li Shang,
• Karin Nienhaus,
• Xiue Jiang,
• Linxiao Yang,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder,
• Thomas Simmet and
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2388–2397, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.248

• critical size of ≈50 nm are likely to be packaged as a cluster in one vesicle with the optimal size. Of note, Aoyama and colleagues [48] studied size effects and receptor contributions in glycoviral gene delivery and concluded that receptor-mediated endocytosis is optimal for ≈50 nm artificial glycoviruses

Hybrid spin-crossover nanostructures

• Carlos M. Quintero,
• Gautier Félix,
• Iurii Suleimanov,
• José Sánchez Costa,
• Gábor Molnár,
• Lionel Salmon,
• William Nicolazzi and
• Azzedine Bousseksou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2230–2239, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.232

• dependent variation of the mechanical properties of the particle [37]. Of course all of these phenomena can be coupled, which leads to considerable complexity for the study of size effects in spin-crossover nanoparticles. In any case, the pervasiveness of the surface-to-volume ratio at the nanometer scale

Nanometer-resolved mechanical properties around GaN crystal surface steps

• Jörg Buchwald,
• Marina Sarmanova,
• Bernd Rauschenbach and
• Stefan G. Mayr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2164–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.225

• simulation of indentation modulus for three different step heights by using a flatpunch indenter (A2 = 1.232 nm2). Topography (a) and indentation modulus (b) map of the area around a GaN step. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 136: Information about the influence of finite size effects on