Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• , Section S1). We used heavy metal staining in STEM on the nanometer scale, to distinguish the organic ligand shell from the gold core. The main method, however, was “noncontact” (AC mode) AFM. Its advantage lies in obtaining a very detailed surface topography through height images. This also includes

• negative staining, 0.35 µL of dimanno-AuNPs (1.9 × 1013 particles/mL) were deposited on glow-discharged carbon TEM grids (air flow, 20 mA, 4 min). Then, 0.35 µL uranyl acetate (0.5% w/w) was deposited and dried on the sample. AFM imaging AFM topography images were recorded with an Agilent 5500 AFM

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• direct ROS measurement and apoptosis marker assays (e.g., Annexin V/PI staining, caspase-3 activation) will be crucial for validating and further elucidating these mechanistic pathways. The surface charge and zeta potential of AgSbS2 NCs, which strongly influence their colloidal stability and cellular

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• day) demonstrated relatively homogeneous staining on both hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials, indicating adhesion to the relevant surfaces (Figure 4a,b). Staining was noticeably more intense for protein samples incubated at pH 4.0 and 150 mM NaCl, followed by samples incubated at pH 8.0 and 0 mM

• NaCl (Figure 4a,b). Additionally, denser staining in a heterogenous, granulated pattern, thought to correspond to clusters of aggregated proteins, was observed to occur on both surfaces in samples that had been incubated for 21 days at pH 4.0, 150 mM NaCl (Figure 4c), whereas these were not evident in

• either pH 8.0 environment. No significant change in staining was observed when samples that had been incubated for 21 days at pH 4.0, 150 mM NaCl to allow fibres to form were switched to pH 8.0, 600 mM NaCl (to mimic seawater) prior to carrying out the adhesion analysis (Figure 4a,b). Discussion This

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• aptamers. After Cy3 staining, the results showed that the two staining results were similar. The imaging method of the aptamer is simpler, indicating that the aptamer SYL3C can be used as a molecular diagnostic tool instead of antibody. Although there are many potential biomarkers for ESCC, and noninvasive

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• osteoblast cell activity, the HOb cell line (cell line no. 406-05a, European Collection of Cell Cultures, UK) was chosen due to its sensitivity to mechanical and electric stimuli. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, cellular uptake, scratch, and von Kossa staining assays (Abcam, UK) were

• inverted light microscope to observe the scratch closure (cellular migration). These images were analyzed using the Wound Healing Image Analysis Platform (Wimasis) and the ImageJ software, and the percent scratch closure was calculated. Von Kossa staining assay To estimate the influence of NMs and US

• stimulation on osteoblastic differentiation, calcium depositions as an osteoblastic end differentiation marker was detected via the von Kossa staining procedure. Coloring is based on the conversion of calcium salts into silver salts. The calcium ions bound to the phosphates are replaced by the silver ions in

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• Fisher Scientific Inc., USA) for 30 min at 37 °C, followed by staining with 5 mmol·L−1 TMRE (Molecular Probes Invitrogen Detection Technologies, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., USA) for 30 min at 37 °C. The samples were analysed using a Fluoview FV10i confocal microscope (Olympus, Germany). Oxygen

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• ns = non-significant, * = p ≤ 0.05, ** = p ≤ 0.01, *** = p ≤ 0.001 and **** = p ≤ 0.0001. Schematic representation of the heat treatment and ThT staining of ApoE. Binding of ThT to misfolded or aggregated proteins greatly enhances its fluorescence (A). The fluorescence of solutions containing ApoE3

• or BSA following ThT staining as determined by spectrophotometry, after a 30 min incubation at room temperature (rt), 37, 56 and 75 °C (n = 3) (B). Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05 and were annotated as ns = non-significant, * = p ≤ 0.05, ** = p ≤ 0.01, *** = p

• 1.725 pmol per well and uptake was measured after 4 h (n = 3). The fluorescence of HMEC-1 cells after uptake of LNPs in medium supplemented with HI or NHI ApoE (B). Schematic representation of the bead capture and staining of ApoE bound LNPs (C). The fluorescence of ApoE3 bound to LNPs that are captured

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• metabolic activity. The maintenance of F-actin structural integrity, as visualized via phalloidin staining (red), offers compelling evidence supporting the biocompatibility of the material through sustained cytoskeletal organization. Figure S8, Supporting Information File 1, provides additional

• compared to control (Ctrl+), determined by Tukey's post-hoc test. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in cells treated with FLG–TA. Confocal fluorescence images showing ROS levels after staining with CellROX (green) and Hoechst 33258 (blue). Scale bar: 20 µm (A). Quantification of ROS production

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• nanoparticles before and after mucin interaction. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 6: Coating of alginate nanoparticles by Eudragit RS100 polymer. Supporting Information File 7: Properties of FAM-labeled peptide. Supporting Information File 8: Periodic acid–Schiff staining of cells

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• by embedding the samples in pure resin followed by curing at 60 °C for 24 h. The blocks were then subjected to a Leica UC7 ultramicrotome (Wetzlar, Germany) to make ultrathin (60 nm) sections followed by staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. The sections were allowed to air dry before

• monodansylcadaverine staining Fluorescent monodansylcadaverine selectively accumulates in acidic vacuoles and has been used as a tracer for autophagic vacuoles [34]. Briefly, A549 cells were plated onto 20 mm round glass coverslips and allowed to adhere overnight. On the next day, cells were exposed to 25 μg/mL of the

• with 1× PBS. The cells were then fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde at 4 °C for 30 min, counterstained with DAPI for nuclear staining, mounted using antifade, and analyzed using confocal microscopy. Immunoblot analysis The expression level of various autophagy-related proteins was analyzed using

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• considered to have a similarity greater than 97%, with matching identification if the similarity exceeds 99%. A similarity lower than 97% might suggest the presence of a novel species, as indicated by Stackebrandt and Goebel [39]. Staining revealed that both Brevundimonas olei (Pd) and Bacillus altitudinis

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• , and polypyrrole) with a broad light absorption spectrum and efficient photothermal conversion capabilities (see below in Figure 2e) [58][59][60]. In addition to polymer-based photothermal nanomaterials, organic small molecule dyes that are often used for tissue staining can also be used as

• for clinical ILM staining, is better suited for generating VNBs on the ILM, and the high NIR absorbance of ICG is beneficial in the in vivo environment. Karen Peynshaert’s team [169] demonstrated that ICG can bind to the ILM and generate VNBs upon pulsed laser irradiation, thereby disrupting the

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• . Later, bacterial colonies were screened, and pure cultures were maintained at 4 °C. A comprehensive analytical scheme was adopted to identify the most promising bacterial isolates, that is, Gram’s reaction, morphology, catalase activity, endospore staining, and carbohydrate fermentation profiling using

Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• in their study since this method is the only method for direct visualization of submicrometer structures. We used negative staining of bio-NP samples, which allows one to see the particles and study their structure, as well as to assess the degree of contamination of the sample with impurities. The

• photomodified and native FBS and NBS plus samples of sucrose fractions without sera (additional control), and (4) samples of bio-NPs isolated from photomodified and native FBS and NBS. Negative staining with 0.5% aqueous uranyl acetate solution was performed identically for all samples, using pre-prepared

• visualized in TEM. Representative images of bio-NPs isolated from 10% FBS by single (top row) or double (bottom row) UC. (a,e,f) LPs; circles show high-density LPs (≤10 nm). (a,e) Minute spherical particles are shown with arrows. (b,c,g,h) EVs. (d) Structureless serum components. TEM, negative staining with

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• -linking polysaccharides) are the cross-linkers. This structure is typical of diverse taxa from different plant groups and represents a characteristic 3D netlike architecture of a hydrogel. Staining of basic mucilage components. (a) Artemisia annua – pectins stained with ruthenium red. Delicate cellulose

• fibrils are visible stretching radially from the seed surface. (b) Capsella bursa-pastoris – pectins stained with alcian blue. (c) Plantago ovata mucilage is rich in hemicelluloses but comprises also pectins – staining with crystal violet. (d) Artemisia annua – magnification of the mucilage envelope

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• histopathology featuring Cy5-fluorescence microscopy, HER2 immunohistochemical staining, and autoradiography images. This figure was adapted from [145] (© 2018 Feng Chen et al., published by Springer Nature, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, https

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). The black staining of the membranes obtained by adding ruthenium red during cell fixation reveals that caveolae, which may appear to be free vesicles in the cytosol, are surface connected. The

Comparative analysis of the ultrastructure and adhesive secretion pathways of different smooth attachment pads of the stick insect Medauroidea extradentata (Phasmatodea)

• Julian Thomas,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 612–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.52

• microscopy (CLSM), histological staining of longitudinal and cross sections (toluidine blue and Cason), and micro-computed tomography (µCT), our investigation of the arolium and euplantulae of the stick insect M. extradentata addresses the following questions: (1) Are there structural and material

• -bearing regions stained from violet to pink [60][61]. For staining with toluidine blue, the glass slides were incubated with 0.1% toluidine blue solution for 2 min and rinsed using a stream of distilled water. Cason’s triple stain (consisted of 1 g of phosphotungstic acid, 2 g of orange G, 1 g of aniline

• (Figure 1B). Arolium structure The pretarsus of M. extradentata is 500 µm wide and 400 µm long. The ventral face of the arolium consists of a thickened layer of fibrous cuticle composing the actual smooth attachment pad (ap) [1]. Toluidine blue staining resulted in a blue hue of the attachment pad

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• with the release of CUR-Fe NPs and is in accordance with the Fick diffusion (Table 2). Cellular uptake study Prussian blue staining was performed to detect the ability of Huh-7 cells to uptake NFs, as shown in Figure 5. Compared with those in the control group, blue particles were observed in the

• was significantly enhanced by RF hyperthermia. To further test the cytotoxicity of the NFs group, we performed live and dead staining (Figure 6c,d). Dead cells were stained red and living cells were stained green. The results showed that the amount of red increased in the NFs+RF group, further

• . Three independent repetitions were performed in each group. The cytotoxicity of the NFs+RF group was also observed by live/dead staining. Huh-7 cells (1.0 × 106) were seeded onto 4-chamber cell culture slides, and incubated at 37 °C in 5% CO2 for 24 h. The medium was replaced either with fresh medium or

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• EndMT, that is, a predominance of tapered cells with little internal staining. These changes were not prevented by almost any treatment, except dexamethasone and nanoARC-Chol (ALN), which maintained the endothelial morphology and the intensity of actin filament staining to a higher extent and cell/field

• metalloproteases substrate (FS-6), Sephadex G-50, lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 (LPS), Mitochondria Staining Kit (JC-1 dye), valinomycin, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), dexamethasone (DEX), ammonium persulfate, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), gelatin from bovine skin type B, and BSA

• oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) as described by Ledda and co-workers [80]. Briefly, 1.5 × 104 THP-1 macrophages were incubated with 100 μg/mL of human oxLDL for 24 h at 37 °C and 5% CO2 atmosphere. FC induction was assessed by ORO staining. Briefly, cells were fixed to glass coverslips previously placed in 24-well

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

Fluorescent bioinspired albumin/polydopamine nanoparticles and their interactions with Escherichia coli cells

• Eloïse Equy,
• Jordana Hirtzel,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Béatrice Heurtault,
• Eric Mathieu,
• Morgane Rabineau,
• Vincent Ball and
• Lydie Ploux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1208–1224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.100

• step was added to the preparation procedure. However, it is important to specify that this step is not required and that bacteria stained by the RhBITC- or FITC-BSA/PDA NPs can be observed alive directly after staining. The samples were fixed with paraformaldehyde (PFA): Samples were centrifuged at