Hierarchically patterned polyurethane microgrooves featuring nanopillars or nanoholes for neurite elongation and alignment

• Lester Uy Vinzons,
• Guo-Chung Dong and
• Shu-Ping Lin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1157–1168, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.96

• uncrosslinked PDMS monomers (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3C). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) scans of the samples (Figure 1F–H) show that the nanopillars and nanoholes have sub-micrometer feature sizes and a periodicity of around 1.2 µm. Due to AFM measurement artifacts, especially for lateral

Gap-directed chemical lift-off lithographic nanoarchitectonics for arbitrary sub-micrometer patterning

• Chang-Ming Wang,
• Hong-Sheng Chan,
• Chia-Li Liao,
• Che-Wei Chang and
• Wei-Ssu Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 34–44, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.4

• -off lithography; gap; self-assembled monolayer; sub-micrometer; surface patterning; Introduction The development of lithographic techniques is crucial to the advancement of the electronics and semiconductor industry, the backbones of modern technology. Advances in photolithography have pushed the

Direct measurement of surface photovoltage by AC bias Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Masato Miyazaki,
• Yasuhiro Sugawara and
• Yan Jun Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 712–720, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.63

• shown in Figure 3c. The AC-KPFM successfully resolved the inhomogeneous SPV distribution with fluctuations on scales of 10–50 nm and a few millivolts, whereas classical KPFM observed a homogeneous SPV distribution over the TiO2 surface with sub-micrometer resolution [12][51] because of the influence of

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• and can be distinguished in aqueous and organic solvent routes [57]. The so-called Weimarn sols are produced by dissolution of sulfur powder in ethanol or acetone-based solutions and the subsequent precipitation of sub-micrometer-size particles in water [57]. The so-called Raffo sols are obtained by a

• sub-micrometer-sized sulfur NPs within milliseconds [62]. The resulting sulfur–PVP composite cathode had a capacity of 808 mAh·g−1 after 50 cycles at 0.1C. Sodium metal-free anodes The reason for the widespread use of metal Na anodes in Na–S batteries is the very high capacity of 1165 mAh·g−1 of

Determination of elastic moduli of elastic–plastic microspherical materials using nanoindentation simulation without mechanical polishing

• Hongzhou Li and
• Jialian Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 213–221, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.17

• –displacement data alone. This avoids the need to measure the area of indentation by imaging and facilitates the measurement of properties at the sub-micrometer scale. During nanoindentation, a diamond indenter with a geometry known to high precision is pressed into the surface of the specimen with increasing

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• of atomic force microscopy (AFM) is the measurement of physical properties at sub-micrometer resolution. Methods such as force–distance curves (FDCs) or dynamic variants (such as intermodulation AFM (ImAFM)) are able to measure mechanical properties (such as the local stiffness, kr) of nanoscopic

Fabrication of nano/microstructures for SERS substrates using an electrochemical method

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Xiaoping Li,
• Junjie Yang,
• Zhengkai Li,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Xinming Zhang and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1568–1576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.139

• , all PEO-treated Mg specimens demonstrate the typical surface morphology, which comprises of micrometer and sub-micrometer-sized quasi-circular pores and cracks. This porous and uneven surface is a result of the consecutive dielectric breakdown of the passivation layer and the heat generated during

High permittivity, breakdown strength, and energy storage density of polythiophene-encapsulated BaTiO₃ nanoparticles

• Adnanullah Khan,
• Amir Habib and
• Adeel Afzal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1190–1197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.103

• exhibit irregular surface profile, which confirms the occurrence of sub-micrometer clusters and nanoscale particles on the surface. The permittivity or dielectric constant (ε′), loss tangent (tan δ), dielectric loss (ε″), and ac conductivity (σac) of the synthesized materials are measured as a function of

• the SEM image shown in Figure 4a. PTh, on the other hand, exhibits an inhomogeneous surface morphology with large flakes of polymer randomly distributed on the surface. In case of core–shell BTO-PTh nanoparticles (Figure 5b), the surface topography is very consistent with uniformly distributed sub

• -micrometer particles or agglomerate on the surface. The same is observed in the surface profile of core–shell BTO-PTh nanoparticles, which is monotonous on the height scale. Pristine PTh shows a variable surface profile because of the inconsistent presence of large polymer flakes. BTO nanoparticles also

Atomic force acoustic microscopy reveals the influence of substrate stiffness and topography on cell behavior

• Yan Liu,
• Li Li,
• Xing Chen,
• Ying Wang,
• Meng-Nan Liu,
• Jin Yan,
• Liang Cao,
• Lu Wang and
• Zuo-Bin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2329–2337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.223

• stripes patterns of sub-micrometer size. Figure 4 shows that the cells on the developed substrate cannot spread freely and become elongated in the stripe direction. The alignment and elongation of the L929 cells are attributed to the topographical pattern. Similar responses to the patterned topography

Microfluidics as tool to prepare size-tunable PLGA nanoparticles with high curcumin encapsulation for efficient mucus penetration

• Nashrawan Lababidi,
• Valentin Sigal,
• Aljoscha Koenneke,
• Konrad Schwarzkopf,
• Andreas Manz and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2280–2293, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.220

• sub-micrometer particles, because it is a simple and straightforward technique, without the involvement of any chemical additives, and also does not require harsh formulation parameters, such as high energy input or mechanical shear stress (e.g., by sonification) [30][31]. Nonetheless, the preparation

• of sub-micrometer NPs in a conventional “bench-top” nanoprecipitation method still faces several critical challenges, such as the lack of reproducibility, which restricts it from being widely adopted in the pharmaceutical industry [32][33]. This issue is mainly attributed to the poor control of the

Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging applications

• Alberto Boretti,
• Lorenzo Rosa,
• Jonathan Blackledge and
• Stefania Castelletto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2128–2151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.207

• NV centers and employed to image thin ferromagnetic films. The accuracy obtained is sub-micrometer over surfaces as wide as 100 × 100 µm2 and the imaging speed is fast enough to obtain a real-time video of the evolution of stray magnetic patterns. It is not necessary to supply a microwave signal to

• allows imaging of metal spins via the Hall effect [55]. NV center wide-field microscopy was applied in [11] to characterize and image magnetic samples; sample thin ferromagnetic films were used to map and image their sub-micrometer stray magnetic field patterns by using an array of NV center spins. Using

• ODMR, wide-field magnetic imaging over an area of 100 × 100 μm2 with sub-micrometer spatial resolution (440 nm) and a temporal resolution of 20 ms and 1.5 μT·Hz−1/2 sensitivity could be achieved at room temperature. Without using an applied microwave field, all-optical spin relaxation contrast imaging

Optimization and performance of nitrogen-doped carbon dots as a color conversion layer for white-LED applications

• Tugrul Guner,
• Hurriyet Yuce,
• Didem Tascioglu,
• Eren Simsek,
• Umut Savaci,
• Aziz Genc,
• Servet Turan and
• Mustafa M. Demir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2004–2013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.197

• per hour as the operating conditions of the electrospinning process. Owing to the potential difference between the syringe tip and the collector aluminum foil, the N-CDots were confined into sub-micrometer fibers by electrospinning. Results and Discussion Structural characterization of the N-CDots

Green fabrication of lanthanide-doped hydroxide-based phosphors: Y(OH)₃:Eu³⁺ nanoparticles for white light generation

• Tugrul Guner,
• Anilcan Kus,
• Mehmet Ozcan,
• Aziz Genc,
• Hasan Sahin and
• Mustafa M. Demir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1200–1210, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.119

• properties, a desired amount of the red Y(OH)3:Eu3+ sub-micrometer phosphor in mass was introduced into the PDMS/YAG:Ce3+. The resulting mixture was stirred until all phosphors mixed homogenously. Then, this mixture was dropped into a mold having a fixed thickness of 0.2 cm and a diameter of 2.0 cm and the

• -scale size distribution (Figure 2a). After 15 min of reaction, the crystals grow larger and started to show a rod-like structure with sub-micrometer sizes (Figure 2b). As the reaction time is extended to 60 min, the crystals transform into a rice-like structure (Figure 2c). For more detailed information

• conversion layer Red-emitting Y(OH)3:Eu3+ sub-micrometer phosphors were integrated into a YAG-based white LED configuration, and the resulting optical features were investigated. Among the varying doping ratios, Y(OH)3:20% Eu3+ fabricated at 60 min was selected as a model material since the results from

Pull-off and friction forces of micropatterned elastomers on soft substrates: the effects of pattern length scale and stiffness

• Peter van Assenbergh,
• Marike Fokker,
• Julian Langowski,
• Jan van Esch,
• Marleen Kamperman and
• Dimitra Dodou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 79–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.8

• micropatterns with microscale dimples that are about one order of magnitude larger than the (sub-)micrometer-sized dimples reported in [28][30][33][34], with stiffness values down to 280 kPa, which is lower than the typical stiffness in the megapascal-range achieved by soft molding [35]. This fabrication method

Femtosecond laser-assisted fabrication of chalcopyrite micro-concentrator photovoltaics

• Franziska Ringleb,
• Stefan Andree,
• Berit Heidmann,
• Jörn Bonse,
• Katharina Eylers,
• Owen Ernst,
• Torsten Boeck,
• Martina Schmid and
• Jörg Krüger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3025–3038, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.281

• -induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS [19]) and round melting features form on the glass surface (Figure 5b). The LIPSS with periods in the sub-micrometer range are generated via intra-pulse scattering and interference of the fs-laser radiation at the roughened glass surface, leading to the spatially

Electrostatic force microscopy for the accurate characterization of interphases in nanocomposites

• Diana El Khoury,
• Richard Arinero,
• Jean-Charles Laurentie,
• Mikhaël Bechelany,
• Michel Ramonda and
• Jérôme Castellon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2999–3012, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.279

• ]. In fact, as our samples were highly rough owing to the sub-micrometer PS spheres, spin-coating could not produce uniformly thin films [37]. However, this did not affect our study because the EFM results were compared at the center of the particles. Concerning the EFM signals, the average values

• dielectric materials, each with a specific dielectric permittivity, were assembled in the form of sub-micrometer particles covered by two thin shells that represent the interphase and the matrix in the “real” systems. The study of the signals above the central region of the particles at constant tip–sample

High-temperature magnetism and microstructure of a semiconducting ferromagnetic (GaSb)_1−x(MnSb)_x alloy

• Leonid N. Oveshnikov,
• Elena I. Nekhaeva,
• Alexey V. Kochura,
• Alexander B. Davydov,
• Mikhail A. Shakhov,
• Sergey F. Marenkin,
• Oleg A. Novodvorskii,
• Alexander P. Kuzmenko,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Boris A. Aronzon and
• Erkki Lahderanta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2457–2465, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.230

• ) demonstrates the presence of sub-micrometer ferromagnetic inclusions with aligned magnetic poles. Combining these results with SEM and TEM data suggests that MnSb inclusions are ferromagnetic and located mostly close to the film surface, rather than being evenly distributed within the sample volume. This

Performance analysis of rigorous coupled-wave analysis and its integration in a coupled modeling approach for optical simulation of complete heterojunction silicon solar cells

• Ziga Lokar,
• Benjamin Lipovsek,
• Marko Topic and
• Janez Krc

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2315–2329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.216

• substructure of the solar cell, including the texture, thin passivation and contact layers. Inverted pyramidal textures of different sizes were included in the simulations. The simulations rapidly converge as long as the textures are small (in the (sub)micrometer range), while for larger microscale textures

Lead-free hybrid perovskites for photovoltaics

• Oleksandr Stroyuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2209–2235, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.207

• preferable to sub-micrometer HP domains. Typically, the MABI-based solar cells demonstrate a high resistivity to air oxidation and ambient humidity [85][155][156][157][160][168]. Similar high stability to the degradation under ambient atmosphere was reported for highly luminescent Cs3Bi2X9 (X = Cl, Br, I

Electromigrated electrical optical antennas for transducing electrons and photons at the nanoscale

• Arindam Dasgupta,
• Mickaël Buret,
• Nicolas Cazier,
• Marie-Maxime Mennemanteuil,
• Reinaldo Chacon,
• Kamal Hammani,
• Jean-Claude Weeber,
• Juan Arocas,
• Laurent Markey,
• Gérard Colas des Francs,
• Alexander Uskov,
• Igor Smetanin and
• Alexandre Bouhelier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1964–1976, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.187

• of the chip itself (millimeters). A new paradigm is thus required to develop miniature antennas enabling future WNoC to operate with sub-micrometer transmitting units [7]. In this context, optical antennas are offering an interesting technological route to meet this integration requirement. Optical

Synthesis of hafnium nanoparticles and hafnium nanoparticle films by gas condensation and energetic deposition

• Irini Michelakaki,
• Nikos Boukos,
• Dimitrios A. Dragatogiannis,
• Spyros Stathopoulos,
• Costas A. Charitidis and
• Dimitris Tsoukalas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1868–1880, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.179

• mechanical properties can be formed, without any additional treatment. It is shown that these films can be patterned on the substrate in sub-micrometer dimensions using conventional lithography while their porosity can be well controlled. The fabrication and experimental characterization of hafnium

• , it was shown that NTFs can be patterned on the substrate in sub-micrometer dimensions using conventional lithography. We demonstrated the energetic deposition with Hf nanoparticles, but the technique can be applied to any charged metallic nanoparticles according to the required application. We

Cryochemical synthesis of ultrasmall, highly crystalline, nanostructured metal oxides and salts

• Elena A. Trusova and
• Nikolai S. Trutnev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1755–1763, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.166

• NiO (Figure 9b) [16]. The problem with the production of sub-micrometer-sized nitrate powders resistant to caking was also solved through the use of cryochemical process and the addition of NaF in an amount of 3 or 15 wt %. According to the TEM data (Figure 10a,b), the difference in NaF content in the

• crystallites and their agglomeration. Conclusion In this work it was shown that inclusion of a cryotreatment step performed on the stock solutions of salts and sols in a technological synthesis scheme allows nano- and sub-micrometer-sized metal oxide powders and salts with improved morphological and textural

• synthesized using the cryochemical method: main O 1s peak is associated with structural oxygen (a) and the Ni 2p peak, containing its characteristic satellite peaks denoted by the letter S is given in (b). TEM images of sub-micrometer-sized NaNO3–NaF powders containing 3 wt % (а) and 15 wt % (b) of NaF

Controllable one-pot synthesis of uniform colloidal TiO₂ particles in a mixed solvent solution for photocatalysis

• Jong Tae Moon,
• Seung Ki Lee and
• Ji Bong Joo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1715–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.163

• surface and prevent surface reactions, and in turn, hamper the photocatalytic activity [25]. In order to address the above issues, TiO2 photocatalysts are often synthesized in the form of a porous colloidal particle in sub-micrometer dimensions [8][26][27]. They can be calcined at high temperature, which

• results in well-developed crystalline properties and clean active sites with a suitable high surface area. Sub-micrometer photocatalysts are usually stabilized by electrostatic charges from their surface so that no additional stabilizers are necessary for maintaining dispersion stability in a reaction

• solution [8]. In addition, the relatively larger size of the sub-micrometer photocatalysts compared to typical nanocrystal forms makes them easier to recycle from the reaction solution through simple centrifugation. With continued development of synthetic chemistry, a variety of methods was suggested for

Nanoscale electrochemical response of lithium-ion cathodes: a combined study using C-AFM and SIMS

• Jonathan Op de Beeck,
• Nouha Labyedh,
• Alfonso Sepúlveda,
• Valentina Spampinato,
• Alexis Franquet,
• Thierry Conard,
• Philippe M. Vereecken,
• Wilfried Vandervorst and
• Umberto Celano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1623–1628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.154

• processes in the thin films, at their interfaces and the combined electronic–ionic transport. It goes without saying that in sub-micrometer films thickness, the nanoionic properties of the system become more dominant and, similarly, the interfaces between layers represent a higher (compared to bulk) volume

• results show that highly lithiated domains are localized within sub-micrometer clusters, which also represent a low-resistance path for the electronic current in the cathode layer. It is worth noting that besides the regions with a clear electrical and chemical correlation, conductive spots without high