Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• the most prevalent mechanisms in nanomaterials to eliminate MPs, where metal oxides and carbon materials are particularly effective. Surface modification and environmental factors are crucial in controlling removal. 6.3 Tailoring nanomaterials for low-temperature, high-UV environments The Himalayan

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• infections dominated by this pathogen. However, their relatively weaker activity against E. coli and B. subtilis suggests that optimization may be necessary to broaden their spectrum through surface modification, particle size reduction, or combination with other antibacterial agents. Cytotoxicity of AgSbS2

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• these nanofibers as bioactive dressings. Additionally, surface modification strategies may be explored to tailor adhesion properties according to the intended biomedical application. Experimental Materials Tween® 80 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate), Span® 80 (sorbitan monooleate), β

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• hydrogen and peroxide radicals, as well as hydroxide and hydrogen ions that are changing the liquid parameters (such as pH) and can participate in the processes occurring with NPs during the later stages of growth, self-organization, and ageing. The produced reactive species might result in NP surface

• modification. The presence of the active ionic species has been shown to guide the formation of Ni(OH)2 nanosheets in [30]. After NP formation, the shape transformation can occur during the stages of growth, self-organization, and ageing of the NPs. In this case, laser ablation, which is performed for

• number of studies. In [46], ZnO and Zn(OH)2 of different sizes and morphologies were formed by laser ablation in a liquid environment of different temperatures (50, 70, and 90 °C). The temperature increase enhances the interactions of a liquid with the formed NPs, thus promoting their surface

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• hydrophilic or lipophilic pharmaceutical drugs, as well as surface modification, making PNCs advantageous for controlled drug delivery systems [132]. PNCs hold potential applications for cancer treatment and immunotherapy. They can provide sustained drug release while decreasing cytotoxicity and modifying

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• , with diameters ranging from 0.4 to 100 nm and lengths extending from a few micrometers to several centimeters [7]. The functionalization of CNTs is achieved by surface modification through various methods including covalent bonding, adsorption, and detection group attachment [7][8]. Palve et al

• [22]. Due to these attributes, parylene-C, along with other variants of parylene, has been extensively utilized in the protection of electronic devices and surface modification of biomedical devices [23]. In this study, platinum was chosen as the DENA growth material due to its exceptional

• 0.3–10 mM (Figure 4c), and the LoD is 0.01 mM glucose (Figure 4d). With limited surface area, LoD and detection range of our nanowire electrodes are inherently constrained. However, surface modification has been shown to enhance electrode performance, as described in the Introduction section

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• and exothermic events for the three materials (Figure 2b–d). These differences in transition temperatures confirm the successful surface modification of CTA with PDA and the subsequent successful deposition of Ag nanoparticles. The unique thermal signatures observed in the DTA curves provide clear

• provide compelling evidence for the successful surface modification of CTA with PDA and the subsequent immobilization of Ag on the PCTA surface via coordination bonds. In order to clarify the valence state of Ag, XPS was employed to provide detailed information about the elemental composition and chemical

Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• signal-to-noise ratios for SIMS analysis. A disadvantage of using Cs+ is a possible surface modification [20][21][22]. One aspect of this paper is to show whether it is at all possible to deposit Pt with Cs+ ions or whether surface modifications dominate [10]. This work presents FIBID experiments using a

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• evaluated the surface modification reaction and the surface potential. Our results established the correlations of the two latter properties with the thickness of flakes, observing a natural tendency to preserve their characteristic when the flakes have significantly less thickness. This is in contrast to

• layers, ESCA microscopy emerges as a prime choice for making these groundbreaking experiments. We studied the layer-dependent surface modification of CrCl3 by SPEM, one of the optimal experimental techniques (Figure 3) for this kind of study. The use of zone plate and order selection aperture (OSA

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• modifications and structural modifications. Material modifications include mixing with other polymers, plasticizers, and additives [155], as well as surface modification [156] and post-treatment processes such as cross-linking and heat treatment [157]. Structural modifications encompass fiber alignment

• selecting the plasma source and controlling discharge conditions such as voltage, pressure, and gas flow rate, various functional groups can be introduced on the fiber surface, enabling tailored modifications that enhance polymer biocompatibility. Punamshree et al. [162] performed surface modification of

• compared to electrospun fibers without nanoclay. This improvement is due to the dispersion of nanoparticles within the polymer matrices, which plays an important role in enhancing the physical and mechanical properties of electrospun nanofiber [169]. The purpose of surface modification is to increase the

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• ) and caveolin-mediated endocytosis (GO with diameter below 100 nm). In addition, accumulation in the glia cells due to the enhanced permeability and retention effect was observed. However, it is emphasized that surface modification, including modification of surface charge and particle size, can

• . The same was also confirmed in a systematic review related to the cell toxicity and immunological effects of CNs, in which the toxicity of CNs followed the order: fullerenes < carbon black nanoparticles < MWCNTs < SWCNTs < graphene [69]. Regarding the surface modification, findings from all studies

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• neovasculature, and uveal melanomas, showing enhanced contrast and resolution of photoacoustic images [202]. Surface modification and control over shape and size can alter the LSPR characteristics of AuNPs, resulting in a shift in the light absorption peak. Matching pulsed laser wavelength and LSPR peaks helps

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• , indicating robust colloidal stability, contrasting with the moderately negative zeta potential (−15.3 mV) reported by Selvarajan and Mohanasrinivasan [24], which shows possible variations in ZnO NP characteristics, size distribution, surface modification, and experimental conditions. Nonetheless, both

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• adverse reactions. The toxicity of MNPs depends on various factors such as size, shape, structure, surface modification, concentration, dosage, biodistribution, bioavailability, solubility, immunogenicity, and pharmacokinetics [23][24]. Their use in some clinical applications is limited by low solubility

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• diseases. Keywords: bioavailability; phytochemical; polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles; solubility; stability; surface modification; Introduction Phytochemicals are naturally occurring compounds found in plants (from the Greek word “phyton” meaning plant) [1]. These bioactive compounds are responsible

• hydrophilic drugs are entrapped in the lipid shell. PLHNPs demonstrate relatively greater loading capacity for lipophilic compounds than other nanoparticle systems [12][19]. Moreover, the surface modification of PLHNPs with targeting ligands, such as antibodies, peptides, or aptamers, has been explored to

• the name suggests, the structural arrangement of these nanocarriers involves the surface coating of liposomes with biodegradable polymers/copolymers. The surface modification not only imparts surface functionality to the nanocarrier but also enhances its therapeutic efficacy by site-specific targeting

A biomimetic approach towards a universal slippery liquid infused surface coating

• Ryan A. Faase,
• Madeleine H. Hummel,
• AnneMarie V. Hasbrook,
• Andrew P. Carpenter and
• Joe E. Baio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1376–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.111

• of a liquid layer, which reduced protein adhesion. While activation is decreased on hydrophilic surfaces, it is elevated on negatively charged surfaces like glass [49]. FXIIa concentration was determined at each step of our surface modification process. In this work, we used BSA-coated surfaces as a

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• NaCl (Figure 4g,h). Although centrifuged and as-prepared AuNR20.5 and AuNR21.0 showed a noticeable difference in the absorption spectrum compared to the control (Figure 4g,h). Previously, several reports confirmed the use of NaOH and NaCl in nanoparticle synthesis or surface modification for different

• and AuNR11.0) without NaOH showed no metal detection (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S15 and Figure S16). The robust nature of CTAB on nanoparticle surfaces is well known, thus resisting the interaction with target molecules without surface modification. In our case, NaOH was used to weaken

• CTAB micelles without hampering the physicochemical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles. This weakening of CTAB solves the persistent problem of surface modification or the use of linker molecules with CTAB-capped nanoparticles for sensing applications. In addition, the nanorod size might be

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• . Furthermore, we study in detail TA interactions with GO’s surface employing computational modeling to analyze the interaction mechanisms and GO’s surface modification by TA. The application of in silico methodologies is advantageous in understanding phenomena that cannot be easily accessed experimentally but

• is well known that in more diluted suspensions, nanomaterials tend to present better dispersibility, and it is expected that GO remains stable in EPA medium for a longer time. Computational simulation of GO–TA interactions To analyze the surface modification of GO by TA and gain insights into the

• GO, as well as an understanding of how the environment and interactions impact these properties. The combined approach of MD and ab initio calculations provided comprehensive insights into the surface modification process and the underlying mechanisms involved in the interactions between GO and TA

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• the antifibrosis compound myricetin in pro-liposome nanocarriers to improve its solubility, stability, and low oral bioavailability [57]. As illustrated in Figure 3, the surface modification of pro-liposome with ᴅ-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (vitamin E-TPGS) enhanced the stability

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine at a TiO₂/graphene quantum dot-modified electrode

• Vu Ngoc Hoang,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Le Vu Truong Son,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Vo Thang Nguyen,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Ly Hoang Diem,
• Kieu Chan Ly,
• Ho Sy Thang and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 719–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.60

• capability of the nanomaterials. Low LODs, high reproducibility, and simple procedures for surface modification and analysis can be considered as the advantages of the proposed DPV method. Images of aqueous suspension of TiO2/GQDs samples (a) under white light and (b) under UV light. (c) Photoluminescence

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• polyynes can be found in the recent review article by Marabotti and coworkers [64]. Solid carbon formation and nanoparticle surface modification While the oxidation of nanoparticles formed by LSPC can be attributed to redox reactions that result in water splitting [50][51], the mechanism for the carbon

• the surfactants (or inorganic anions) used, the carbon stemming from the organic solvent molecules acts as a surface modification of the nanoparticles and is often obtained as carbon shells. The carbon shell can be amorphous carbon [100][101], graphitic carbon [104][149][150][151][152], or carbide [99

• produce graphite structures. The carbon shell is a surface modification and, as such, affects the nanoparticles’ catalyst properties either positively [37][155] or negatively [149]. A low number of graphene layers on the surface of the nanoparticles was found to enhance the catalytic activity during

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• of metal-based nanoantioxidants and the reduction of detrimental effects of these nanomaterials on human health. Surface modification can become an effective method to decrease the toxicity of nanomaterials through coating with biocompatible polymers such as chitosan, polydopamine, and polyethylene