Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• address these challenges, nanotechnology-based delivery systems, particularly microemulsions (MEs), offer a promising solution. Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, isotropic mixtures typically composed of oil, water, surfactants, and co-surfactants [6]. Their spontaneous formation, high

• solubilization capacity, ability to enhance dermal permeation, and cost-effectiveness make microemulsions attractive carriers compared with other delivery systems [6][7]. Nevertheless, conventional microemulsions typically require high concentrations of surfactants, which may raise safety concerns such as

• the oil phase, particularly the fatty acids in OPS, as well as the surfactants. In particular, the autoxidation of the polyoxyethylene (POE) chains in the hydrophilic head group of the PEG-30 castor oil and the hydrolysis of the surfactant hydrophobic tails may have contributed to the observed pH

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• the anisotropic growth and self-assembly of nanostructures with the formation of nanorods and nanosheets. It is currently agreed that media surrounding the particles also influence the surface energy dependence on nanoparticle size. If ions or surfactants are present in the solution, their absorption

• complexity of the processes involved. As a result, a mixture of NPs with different morphologies and sizes is often produced. Since laser ablation in liquid typically does not imply usage of any surfactants or stabilizers, the produced bare NPs can spontaneously assemble and grow into nanostructures of

• either on the ablation in organic liquids or on the addition of surfactants or ionic species which participate in the processes of NP nucleation and growth and alter the structure and overall morphology. Although this approach has several limitations and may affect colloid purity, varying the liquid

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• , nanotechnological strategies have been used, such as polymeric nanocarriers [30], solid lipid nanoparticles [31], liposomes [32], and nanoemulsions [13][14][33]. Among these strategies, nanoemulsions, kinetically stable nanometric dispersions (20–500 nm) of two immiscible liquids, stabilized by surfactants, have

• ]. Beyond liposomes, other lipid-based nanosystems have gained prominence, such as nanoemulsions (NEs) [87]. NEs are kinetically stable dispersed systems composed of two immiscible phases, typically an oil and aqueous phases, with droplets (20–500 nm) stabilized by surfactants. NEs can be classified as oil

• Pyriproxyfen) were used as controls. It should be noted that the study did not perform comparisons with the free essential oil nor did it evaluate the formulation in non-target species [111][112]. Machado et al. (2023) developed an oil-in-water nanoemulsion containing 5% of surfactants and 5% of the essential

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• agents such as surfactants and co-surfactants, forming a kinetically stable system. With droplet sizes ranging from 20 to 500 nm, NEs can significantly enhance drug permeability and bioavailability [24][25][26][27]. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a nanoemulsion containing phytol, produced

• -solvent, Tween® 80, and ʟ-α-phosphatidylcholine (PC), as surfactants. For nanoemulsions containing phytol, 10 mg/g of the drug was added to OP. Subsequent to the nanoemulsification step, the nanoemulsions were transferred into hermetically sealed glass vials and stored at room temperature for further

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• (GIT), such as mucus and the intestinal epithelium [2][3]. The complex biochemical environment includes pH variations (ranging from 1 to 2.5 in the stomach to 7 to 8 in the colon), metabolizing enzymes (such as pepsin, lipase, peptidase, and amylases), and surfactants like bile salts and those produced

• surfactants and results in lower polymer chain yields. Interfacial polymerization, in contrast, is characterized by the reaction of two monomers dissolved in immiscible phases, leading to polymer formation at the interface [35][36]. Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of these methods and the most commonly

• ]. Zein’s amino acid composition contributes to its insolubility in water, except under specific conditions, such as in the presence of high concentrations of urea, alcohol, anionic surfactants, or at high pH levels (≥11). Its hydrophobicity and solubility profile make zein an attractive nanocarrier as it

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• reduced interfacial tension and the reorganization of lecithin molecules, which minimize aggregation over time. However, a high density of ionic surfactants at the system interface requires careful consideration. Strong electrostatic repulsion within the dispersion can generate dipole moments between

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• polymeric membranes, non-ionic surfactants, macromolecules, and phospholipids [176][177]. The properties of the pharmaceutical form are governed by size, shape, core structure, and ligands, which can alter factors such as solubility, charge density, hydrophobicity, stability, and binding affinity [178]. The

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• nanoparticles can be modified to achieve high protein loading or avoid a rapid cellular uptake. Using different strategies, nanoparticles have been functionalized with a variety of ligands such as small molecules, surfactants, polymers, and biomolecules [21][22]. The use of cationic molecules, as

• systems that utilize surfactants [26]. The stability of venom-loaded nanoparticles did not exhibit significant changes in particle size, which can be explained by the complex interplay of charges derived from the polycation (PEI) and venom proteins. The net repulsive forces between particles offer a

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• upon formulation with the surfactant system characterized by a hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) value of 12. These physicochemical parameters are critical for defining the kinetic stability and structural integrity of the nanoemulsion system. Surfactants or emulsifiers are characterized by their

• value of zeta potential over time suggests enhanced system stability, attributed to the intensification of electrostatic repulsion among nanodroplets. Although this phenomenon is atypical for systems stabilized by nonionic surfactants (Span 80® and Tween 80®), it may result from the presence of

• marked reduction in droplet size, stabilizing between 110 and 120 nm across all time points. This reduction can be attributed to several interrelated physicochemical mechanisms. Primarily, the nonionic surfactants Span 80® and Tween 80® reduce interfacial tension between oil and aqueous phases, a

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• transfersomes was developed to enhance the transdermal delivery of paclitaxel, an antineoplastic agent, as a strategy for noninvasive topical chemotherapy in melanoma treatment. The transfersomes were prepared using phospholipids and surfactants, such as Tween 80 and sodium deoxycholate, to modify the lipid

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• (Figure 6) [241]. The presence of two salts and two surfactants ensures the stability of the lyotropic liquid crystal mesophase even at elevated salt concentrations. The calcium and iron salts act as eutectic solvents, facilitating the assembly of surfactants into the lyotropic liquid crystal phase

• materials nanoarchitectonics. Cornez, Azzaroni, and colleagues describe the preparation and functionalization of highly organized layered multilayer structures by layer-by-layer organization of lipid-like surfactants and polyelectrolytes (Figure 15) [276]. In this study, hydrophobic lamellar domains were

• incorporation of an additional redox-active osmium complex layer between the surfactant bilayer and the glucose layer enhances the wiring efficiency of the redox assembly. The incorporation of lipid-like surfactants into polyelectrolyte multilayers can facilitate the development of soft materials

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• available for producing CCA NPs, pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL) stands out as a particularly promising method [41][42][43]. PLAL is a straightforward and versatile method that does not require expensive precursors, reducing agents, or surfactants [44][45]. The process is based on the laser

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• yielding high-quality graphene [10][11]. The ability to produce large quantities of FLG with minimal structural defects makes this method particularly well-suited for industrial applications, including those in the dental field [4][12]. A key aspect of LPE is the use of surfactants to prevent the

• reaggregation of exfoliated graphene layers [11]. Various surfactants have been employed. For instance, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate and sodium cholate have been reported to be able to produce stable graphene colloidal dispersions [13]. However, these synthetic surfactants often raise concerns about toxicity

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• class-IV drug [10]. Low solubility and poor dissolution of BCS class-IV drugs can be improved by using techniques such as incorporating the drug or prodrug into lipid or polymeric formulations, using solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), applying surfactants, adjusting the pH value, reducing particle size

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• stabilized by surfactants, with a very small droplet size (<100 nm), which facilitates their permeation through membranes [9]. In addition, MEs showed increased anti-inflammatory activity, reduced irritation, and improved the stability of EOs in previous studies [10][11]. Thus, from an innovative perspective

• diagram Various surfactants in different combinations were tested to obtain the ME. In general, non-ionic surfactants are most commonly used because they have a low critical micelle concentration, low toxicity, and greater stability to changes in pH and charge when compared to other classes of surfactants

• [14]. Another important parameter is the hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB). Surfactants with low HLB values between 3 and 6 generally promote the formation of water/oil (W/O) emulsions, while high HLB values between 8 and 18 predominantly result in O/W emulsions [14]. The HLB values of Eumulgin® CO

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• polygon laser scanner [21]. However, narrowing the NP size distribution remains a challenge for PLAL [22]. Typically, PLAL-generated NPs exhibit broad and/or bimodal size distributions [23][24]. Extensive research has been conducted to reduce NP size dispersion by PLAL, mainly by adding surfactants [25

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• synthesized nanoparticles exhibited a distinct colorimetric response to SDS when combined with the Bradford reagent, which acted as a linker molecule. Interference studies demonstrated the high selectivity of the method, even in the presence of various heavy metals and other surfactants. The method showed

• technique for quantifying surfactants employs ionic electrodes to measure the unknown concentration of the target substance within 30 minutes. However, this method exhibits reduced sensitivity (280–600 µg/mL) and selectivity, rendering it less than optimal for analyzing surfactants in relatively complex

• using PEG–PCL NPs. Thus, this study is the first of its kind to develop a colorimetric/spectrometric detection system for anionic surfactants. Materials and Methods Materials Methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG5000, Cat. No. 81323), ε-caprolactone (Cat. No. 704067), stannous octoate (Cat. No. S3252

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• surfactants for size control [17][18][19]. Nanoparticles prepared by pulsed laser in liquid synthesis are surfactant-free [1], but the same binder strategies are used for nanoparticle–support composites as for conventionally made nanoparticles. Capping ligands and binders hinder intimate contact between

• nanoparticles and supports, lowering electrical contact fidelity and energy efficiency of the composite electrodes. Surfactants alter nanoparticle surfaces, complicating understanding and often lowering catalytic performance by blocking active sites. Surfactants (like binders) partake in electrochemical

• function of gold nanoparticle preparation method. The pulsed laser-grafted integrated composites showed superior electrical contact compared to analogous electrodes with chemically synthesized gold nanoparticles with citrate surfactants that were electrostatically attached to hydrophilic carbon fiber paper

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• an efficient technique for fabricating nanoparticles from crystalline structures of organic pharmaceutical raw materials [18]. Other studies have shown that incorporating surfactants into the wet ball milling process significantly enhances particle size reduction, facilitates the effective production

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• in liquid; laser synthesis and processing of colloids; phase transfer; size separation; thermomorphic multiphase system; Introduction Laser ablation in liquids (LAL) provides nanoparticles without the need of external surfactants while retaining the initial composition of the educt material in the

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• excreted by penetrating the renal filtration barrier, but too small AuNPs may enter cell membranes and irreversibly bind to cellular biopolymers, leading to cytotoxicity [217]. Large AuNPs may accumulate in eye, liver, and spleen, causing long-term toxicity. Surfactants such as CTAB and CTAC used to assist

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• matrix, which can vary in its configuration depending on the specific requirements of the delivery system [12][13]. The lipid components, often phospholipids, cholesterol, and surfactants are integral for solubilizing lipophilic drugs. The polymer component, which can include materials such as

• , including phospholipids, cholesterol, and surfactants, play a crucial role in solubilizing lipophilic phytochemicals and facilitating interactions with biological membranes. The polymers provide structural stability, controlled release properties, and protection against premature degradation [40][41

• simplest among PLHNPs; they are simply mixed nanosystems of polymer/copolymer and lipids with the help of surfactants. In this system, the lipids are scattered in a polymeric/copolymeric matrix [48]. Monolithic PLHNP systems are very similar to colloidal polymeric nanocarriers. In these nanocarriers

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• lipid NPs (SLNs) are prepared from lipids that are solid at room temperature, which are then stabilized by surfactants [100]. While both liposomes and SLNs are considered biocompatible and biodegradable, SLNs provide increased stability because of their rigid core [101]. Nevertheless, SLNs suffer from

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• agents on the metal surface and further dominates functionalization. Various capping agents such as citrate, PVP, and surfactants have been the choice for metal nanoparticles. Controlled size, shape, and surface properties have been achieved using strong capping and reducing agents. Capping agents

• environments or functional groups [3]. Surfactants bind to metal surfaces and create a stable colloidal solution by preventing the nanoparticles from aggregation or clustering [4]. CTAB is a widely used cationic surfactant that provides nanoparticle ionic stability and anisotropy [5]. Although CTAB delivers

• plasmons due to the easy desorption of CTAB in the presence of NaOH, which is not observed in the case of small gold nanorods and nanospheres. The CTAB is tightly packed on short nanorods and nanospheres [43]. It was reported that NaOH significantly alters the micelles of quaternary ammonium surfactants