Ferroelectric nanodot reservoir for neuromorphic computing

• Anna Razumnaya,
• Yuri Tikhonov,
• Dmitrii Naidenko,
• Léo Boron,
• Valerii Vinokur and
• Igor Lukyanchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 352–364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.24

• individually or integrated between common conducting plates. By leveraging the intrinsic nonlinearity and memory of ferroelectric polarization switching, the device maps incoming signals into a high-dimensional space of polarization configurations. This physical transformation enables efficient temporal

• protected switching, enhanced memory capacity, and localized polarization textures that can act as multilevel logic or signal-processing elements [34]. Ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FeFETs), ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJs), and memcapacitive synapses revealing ferroelectric properties, have

• engineering have enabled reliable multilevel operation and subnanosecond switching speeds, which are essential for real-time neuromorphic processing [37]. A topologically configurable multilevel logic unit based on interacting ferroelectric domains proposed in [38][39] showed how polarization states can be

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• laser pulses due to the high damage threshold and the possibility of simply switching from radial to azimuthal polarisation. To generate vortex beams with their helical/twisted wavefronts, spiral phase plates are typically used to produce beams with pre-defined OAM modes. One of the schemes to create

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• facilitate effective LAO. A study by Tominov et al. [18] introduced forming-free titanium oxide-based memristive nanostructures created through AFM-assisted local oxidation. This work demonstrates the fabrication of nanoscale resistive switching devices while eliminating the need for the electroforming step

• , which often requires high voltages that can compromise stability. The study revealed that thinner titanium oxide layers enhance resistive switching performance by providing higher resistance ratios and more uniform switching behavior. Furthermore, compositional analysis showed that TiO2 dominates the

• fabrication, including resistive switching elements and nanosensors, highlighting its importance in advanced graphene-based technologies. As already mentioned, Li et al. [23] developed EFLAO, a novel technique driven by high-frequency AC voltage, enabling precise and high-quality nanoscale patterning of low

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• lysosomes. Upon bond cleavage, the nanoparticles undergo a surface charge shift by exposing cationic groups, which significantly enhances cellular adsorption and uptake. This charge-switching mechanism, exemplified by PEG-b-poly(ʟ-lysine)-hydrazone- doxorubicin micelles from the cited study, enables

• reproducibility among various formulations [97]. In addition, the synthesis of CRNs often involves elaborate multistep processes to achieve accurate charge-switching properties, which can lead to inconsistencies between production batches and create scalability challenges [98]. The inclusion of diverse functional

• therapies driven by the next generation of charge-reversible nanocarriers. Conclusion CRNs enable targeted cancer therapy by maintaining neutral or negative charge in circulation and switching to positive charge in the acidic tumour microenvironment, enhancing cellular uptake and therapeutic efficacy. This

Capabilities of the 3D-MLSI software tool in superconducting neuron design

• Irina E. Tarasova,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Evgeny N. Zhardetsky,
• Aleksandr S. Ionin,
• Mikhail M. Khapaev and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 122–138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.8

• consumption of digital SCE circuits based on QFPs can be reduced down to the fundamental limit (kTln(2) per switching event). In [31], a QFP was proposed as a basic cell for RBF neural networks. Due to the more complicated form of the TF equation for the Gauss neuron, an analytical constraint for its

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• currently developing an alternative approach based on color CMOS detection, which retrieves the spectral intensity from a single RGB image and eliminates the need for mechanical filter switching. This strategy, though beyond the scope of the present work, is expected to enable true real-time 3D

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• AgNRs allows for the reconstruction of two sets of hologram patterns by switching the circular polarization of incident light. The large circular differential absorption of cPNSs also leads to a polarization-dependent differential hot carrier generation rate that can be used to build CPL photodetectors

Calibration of piezo actuators and systems by dynamic interferometry

• Knarik Khachatryan and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2086–2091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.143

• and hysteresis occurring after switching polarity from positive to negative. Note that we observe this phenomenon although we paused the measurement for 25 min between contraction and extension experiments to give the system time for equilibration. The deviation of data points from a straight line is

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• , Russia 10.3762/bjnano.16.131 Abstract We demonstrate the programmable control of kinetic soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction (all-JJ) networks through a novel tunable cell design. This cell enables on-demand switching of transmission lines and operates across defined parameter regimes supporting

• suitable for complex computational tasks. As a direct application of the KICK’s switching capabilities, we first propose the three-input, three-output routing network illustrated in Figure 4a. The proposed architecture is based on a grid where each path depicted is itself a complete all-JJTL. The routing

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• under low pH/low salt concentration conditions, while pre-formed fibrils retained their adhesion ability upon switching to a high pH/high salt concentration environment, which was designed to mimic the change in the protein environment upon secretion in vivo. These findings support the hypothesis that

• rPolcp19k-his protein to (a) hydrophilic and (b) hydrophobic polystyrene surfaces in the presence of (I.) pH 4.0, 150 mM NaCl; (II.) pH 8.0, 600 mM NaCl; and (III.) pH 8.0, 0 mM NaCl. 21 days + pH switch: rPolcp19k-his incubated in pH 4.0, 150 mM NaCl for 21 days, followed by switching to pH 8.0, 600 mM

Few-photon microwave fields for superconducting transmon-based qudit control

• Irina A. Solovykh,
• Andrey V. Pashchenko,
• Natalya A. Maleeva,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Olga V. Tikhonova and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1580–1591, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.112

• algorithms. A promising solution to this problem is to expand the computational basis of an element by switching to qutrits (n = 3), ququarts (n = 4), and so on [7][8][9][10][11][12]. We believe that an additional synergistic effect can be achieved by using quantum electromagnetic fields with a comparable

• efficient state control of the qudit will be possible for low-energy levels, n = 1–3. Switching between effectively populated states is carried out when an external magnetic flux Φext is applied to the interferometer, taking into account the condition (Figure 6). The tuning of the plasma frequency is

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• addition to the lack of data, ML models require careful labelling and a high level of knowledge from the labeller to be able to train such a model. Switching to a new substrate system is likely to require retraining of the model, and furthermore, even after a successful training, it is still often unclear

• each molecule located, using the same range of −1.5 V to 1.5 V as for the bare surface. Note on SnPc switching instability The adsorption of SnPc on coinage metal substrates is well studied, and the molecule is known to undergo an irreversible switch from the SnUp to the SnDown state on the Ag(111

• bias range used did not reach −1.9 V. With moderate negative bias (e.g., −1.5 V) a switch would commonly occur, and even with parameter adjustments to reduce the probability of switching (i.e. reduced integration times), there was still a chance that the switch would be induced, as can be seen in

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• growth kinetics, revealing complex behaviors such as intermittent switching between growth, pause, and etching modes, even under nominally constant synthesis conditions [20]. These observations, further supported by complementary Raman spectroscopy, served as a foundation for the development of a new

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• substantial molecular amplification, the surface is occasionally designated a “command surface” or “command layer”. Furthermore, other dynamic optical functions are being investigated, including photomechanical motion utilizing block copolymer monolayers, morphological switching, photoinduced mass transfer

• on/off response of the fabricated structures is length-dependent. For example, the switching current under light illumination increases with increasing molecular length and monolayer thickness. Furthermore, the technique has the potential to be automated, which would facilitate its use as an assembly

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• increased tenfold to 0.1 wt %, the value decreased to 0.8 nmol·cm−2, mainly driven by the overall tenfold reduction of degradation when switching to a higher particle mass concentration. Based on these findings it may be concluded that for surface area generation at minimized degradation, a higher curcumin

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• with trimethylindium and phosphine precursors. Axial p–n junctions were created by switching from diethylzinc to hydrogen sulfide as dopant precursors halfway during nanowire growth. More growth details can be found in references [18][30]. After growth, nanowires were mechanically transferred onto

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• can restore or disrupt reading frames as well as alter protein transcription levels [36]. For example, splice switching ASOs (ssASOs) have been proven to efficiently mask polyadenylation signals [37] and hamper intron excision on pre-mRNA [38]. This prevents the formation of mature mRNA, causing a

• intact after RNase treatment. In addition, the εPLL-modified GNPs exhibited high gene-silencing activity in HeLa-Luc cells, indicating efficient delivery of ASOs and other splice switching oligonucleotides, such as anti-microRNAs and DNAzymes, into the cells. The following year, Le Vay et al. designed a

• PMO conjugate containing linolenic acid with three double bonds (LenA) exhibited enhanced cellular internalisation while maintaining high cell viability on various cell lines, leading to the highest splice switching activity (Figure 8). Poly(propylene imine). Since pioneering research by Vögtle and

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• -octanol and 1-nonanol provided the highest phase selectivity, showing either a maximum (for copper) or minimum (for iron) amount of metal nanoparticles in the phases. However, the system seems not to be in full equilibrium after the ablation process as repeated switching between the mono- and biphasic

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• inflammation and tissue damage in RA models [75]. Beyond cytokines, mRNA therapies have targeted macrophage-specific markers to induce phenotype switching. Polyethylenimine NPs grafted with mannose ligands have been used to deliver genes encoding CD163, a hallmark of M2 macrophages. This system successfully

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• switching through the electro-optic effect [28]. The LNOI enables low-loss waveguides, efficient photon pair sources, and fast low-voltage switches for the successful implementation of quantum circuits [29]. There have been advancements in the successful realization of fabrication methods of LN integration

• lower input power levels. This, in turn, leads to lower switching thresholds, a critical requirement for efficient all-optical switching. The mode confinement observed in 1D photonic crystals significantly enhances nonlinear optical effects. Conversely, high-frequency modes concentrate in low-index

Green synthesis of carbon dot structures from Rheum Ribes and Schottky diode fabrication

• Muhammed Taha Durmus and
• Ebru Bozkurt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1369–1375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.110

• switching speed and low forward voltage [14]. In this study, CDs were synthesized in a single step by hydrothermal synthesis using Rheum Ribes, a natural material, for the first time, and diodes were fabricated using the new CDs. To our knowledge, studies on diodes with CDs obtained from natural materials

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• by numerous branched internal fibers [129]. Moreover, the pads in Hymenoptera exhibit self-cleaning capabilities [130]. The precise control of adhesive strength and contact area can inspire the development of new bioinspired surfaces that significantly reduce switching times between attachment and

The role of a tantalum interlayer in enhancing the properties of Fe₃O₄ thin films

• Hai Dang Ngo,
• Vo Doan Thanh Truong,
• Van Qui Le,
• Hoai Phuong Pham and
• Thi Kim Hang Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1253–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.101

• study of analog resistive switching of Fe3O4-based cross-cell memristive devices [7][8][9][10]. Fe3O4 thin films can be grown by many processes, including molecular beam epitaxy, which is employed for depositing single crystal films, and pulsed laser deposition, which is utilized to achieve epitaxial

Beyond biomimicry – next generation applications of bioinspired adhesives from microfluidics to composites

• Dan Sameoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 965–976, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.79

• 2010 with the advent of the modern soft robotics field. Traditional stiffness-switching mechanisms include phase change materials [39], jamming actuators [40], electrorheological fluids [41], and antagonistic actuators [42], but vacuum jamming has been the most popular in academic literature [43