Parylene C as a versatile dielectric material for organic field-effect transistors

• Tomasz Marszalek,
• Maciej Gazicki-Lipman and
• Jacek Ulanski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1532–1545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.155

• temperature, indicates that more ordered polymer chains are formed at higher temperatures. This is due to higher energy available for chain motion and crystallization during thermal annealing. The size of crystalline domains is controlled by a number of defect mechanisms in the polymerization process. The

• ]. It appears that adhesion forces of Parylene C not only depend on the type of substrate, but they can also be easily modified by surface processing, such as oxygen plasma treatment or thermal annealing [64]. Which procedure is to be applied strongly depends on the material used and on the further

• sensitive to high-temperature treatment, such as thermal annealing, has been discussed in one of the previous chapters. When heated, this material becomes harder, more rigid and more brittle. A simple explanation of this effect is the increase of the degree of polymer crystallinity at elevated temperatures

A biofunctionalizable ink platform composed of catechol-modified chitosan and reduced graphene oxide/platinum nanocomposite

• Peter Sobolewski,
• Agata Goszczyńska,
• Małgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Karolina Urbaś,
• Joanna Derkowska,
• Agnieszka Bartoszewska,
• Jacek Podolski,
• Ewa Mijowska and
• Mirosława El Fray

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1508–1514, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.151

• with Pt nanoparticles dispersed in ethylene glycol, admixed with an aqueous solution of catechol-modified chitosan. Using our commercial piezoelectric microplotter, the ink formed an excellent fluid bridge and was readily printable. Following thermal annealing, the resultant chitosan/graphene

• work of Torrisi et al. with NMP [12], in order to avoid “coffee ring” formation, EG, which has a similar boiling point as NMP, was removed by thermal annealing in an oven at 170 °C for 5 min. Printed patterns were imaged using dark field microscopy (Nikon MM-40). Biofunctionalization of printed

Preparation of thick silica coatings on carbon fibers with fine-structured silica nanotubes induced by a self-assembly process

• Benjamin Baumgärtner,
• Hendrik Möller,
• Thomas Neumann and
• Dirk Volkmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1145–1155, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.116

• calcination process at a temperature of 800 °C. However, the fine-structure will be sintered by thermal annealing at higher temperatures, what restricts the usability for catalytic applications at higher temperatures. For instance, this can be observed for isothermal treatment at 1100 °C for 15 h in an argon

Hierarchically structured nanoporous carbon tubes for high pressure carbon dioxide adsorption

• Julia Patzsch,
• Deepu J. Babu and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1135–1144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.115

• [49] might be one reason for the observed changes in the pore size distribution. Interestingly, changes in the pore structure induced by the high pressure CO2 adsorption are similar to the porosity changes caused by thermal annealing (Table 1). Annealing, similar to high pressure CO2 adsorption, leads

• to a decrease in the total micropore volume and an increase in the mesopore content. The similarity of the carbon tube material (4) after CO2 adsorption with 4 carbonized at a high temperature of 1300 °C or 1600 °C is also observed in the Raman spectra (Figure 11). After the thermal annealing of 4

CVD transfer-free graphene for sensing applications

• Chiara Schiattarella,
• Sten Vollebregt,
• Tiziana Polichetti,
• Brigida Alfano,
• Ettore Massera,
• Maria Lucia Miglietta,
• Girolamo Di Francia and
• Pasqualina Maria Sarro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1015–1022, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.102

• electronics, able to perform data analysis [8] or a refresh of the device through UV illumination or thermal annealing [9][10][11][12][13]. All that said, the development of new approaches enabling the direct growth of large-area graphene layers on arbitrary insulating substrates, compatible with conventional

3D Nanoprinting via laser-assisted electron beam induced deposition: growth kinetics, enhanced purity, and electrical resistivity

• Brett B. Lewis,
• Robert Winkler,
• Xiahan Sang,
• Pushpa R. Pudasaini,
• Michael G. Stanford,
• Harald Plank,
• Raymond R. Unocic,
• Jason D. Fowlkes and
• Philip D. Rack

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 801–812, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.83

• current during EBID is PtC5 [61]. Ex situ thermal annealing has been used to remove carbon in the past [47] but causes severe structural distortions due to the large quantity of carbon removed. Thus, in situ purification is necessary for all but the simplest geometries because of severe volumetric

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• acid [60]. Despite the chemical reagent reduction, other reduction processes are used for the conversion of GO to graphene, e.g., microwave irradiation [61][62], electrochemical reduction [63][64], thermal annealing [46][65], photocatalytic reduction [66], solvothermal reduction [67][68], thermal

Advances in the fabrication of graphene transistors on flexible substrates

• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Stella Lo Verso,
• Silvestra Di Marco,
• Vincenzo Vinciguerra,
• Emanuela Schilirò,
• Salvatore Di Franco,
• Raffaella Lo Nigro,
• Fabrizio Roccaforte,
• Amaia Zurutuza,
• Alba Centeno,
• Sebastiano Ravesi and
• Filippo Giannazzo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 467–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.50

• is worth noting that due to the constrains imposed by the use of a PEN substrate, it is not possible to perform thermal annealing processes (in vacuum or Ar/H2 ambient at temperatures from 300 to 400 °C) or stronger chemical treatments typically used to remove polymeric residues after graphene

Role of oxygen in wetting of copper nanoparticles on silicon surfaces at elevated temperature

• Tapas Ghosh and
• Biswarup Satpati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 425–433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.45

• rapid thermal annealing has been performed under various atmospheric conditions. In spite of the general tendency of the agglomeration of nanoparticles to lower the surface energy at elevated temperatures, our plan-view and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray

• synthesized following different processes such as hydrothermal, chemical precipitation, electrochemical as well as other methods [4][5][6][7][13]. In this context the combination of the galvanic displacement reaction and the rapid thermal annealing process provides a simple and quick route for the synthesis

• easily formed by thermal annealing on indium tin oxide (ITO) or glass [3]; but copper oxidation on a silicon surface may lead to copper silicidation [28]. Papadimitropoulos et al. have observed the formation of copper silicide at low annealing temperatures, and when the temperature is high, pure copper

Ordering of Zn-centered porphyrin and phthalocyanine on TiO₂(011): STM studies

• Piotr Olszowski,
• Lukasz Zajac,
• Szymon Godlewski,
• Bartosz Such,
• Rémy Pawlak,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Res Jöhr,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Ernst Meyer and
• Marek Szymonski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 99–107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.11

• studied copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and ZnTPP heterostructures. It was found that the central metal atom may play some role in ordering and growth of phthalocyanine/ZnTPP heterostructures, causing differences in stability of upright standing ZnPc versus CuPc molecular chains at given thermal annealing

• and further ordered by thermal annealing at 150–200 °C. Although the structure of the thermally annealed CuPc islands could be characterized with low temperature (LT) scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), indicating that the molecules are predominantly upright-oriented, at room temperature, the

• are rather weakly bound to the wetting layer. The situation can be significantly changed by thermal annealing. The application of 30 min of postdeposition thermal treatment at 150 °C transforms the system into randomly distributed 2D islands which are sufficiently stable to be imaged by STM. A more

Sensitive detection of hydrocarbon gases using electrochemically Pd-modified ZnO chemiresistors

• Elena Dilonardo,
• Michele Penza,
• Marco Alvisi,
• Gennaro Cassano,
• Cinzia Di Franco,
• Francesco Palmisano,
• Luisa Torsi and
• Nicola Cioffi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 82–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.9

• amount of palladium deposited on ZnO was about 1.0 atom %. The TOAB surfactant was almost completely removed from the Pd surface after annealing. In Figure 3, the SEM images of pristine and Pd-functionalized ZnO NRs after thermal annealing at 550 °C are reported. Pristine and functionalized ZnO reveal a

• components (O–Zn and O–C), with the additional Pd 3d spectrum in Pd@ZnO. SEM images of A) pristine and B) Pd-modified ZnO nanostructures, after thermal annealing at 550 °C. The inset shows the TEM image of Pd@ZnO NRs. A) Time response and B) calibration curves of the change of electrical resistance of

Scanning probe microscopy studies on the adsorption of selected molecular dyes on titania

• Jakub S. Prauzner-Bechcicki,
• Lukasz Zajac,
• Piotr Olszowski,
• Res Jöhr,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Bartosz Such,
• Ernst Meyer and
• Marek Szymonski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1642–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.156

• structures transmuted into ordered islands of upright standing molecules. The authors observed that the subsequent deposition of molecular material followed by thermal annealing at the same temperature eventually led to the formation of a well-ordered layer of upright standing CuPc molecules that covered the

Nanostructured germanium deposited on heated substrates with enhanced photoelectric properties

• Ionel Stavarache,
• Valentin Adrian Maraloiu,
• Petronela Prepelita and
• Gheorghe Iordache

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1492–1500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.142

• thin films during deposition at temperatures lower than those necessary for nanostructuring Ge-nps by thermal annealing after deposition. To optimize the substrate temperature, Al/n-Si/Ge:SiO2/ITO photodetector test structures have been fabricated by magnetron sputtering at low temperatures of 300, 400

A composite structure based on reduced graphene oxide and metal oxide nanomaterials for chemical sensors

• Vardan Galstyan,
• Elisabetta Comini,
• Iskandar Kholmanov,
• Andrea Ponzoni,
• Veronica Sberveglieri,
• Nicola Poli,
• Guido Faglia and
• Giorgio Sberveglieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1421–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.133

• thermal annealing in a furnace at 400 °C as we have described in [25]. We prepared the composite material using the method described in [22]. We produced graphite oxide from natural graphite (SP-1, Bay Carbon) by means of modified Hummers method [26]. Then, we prepared aqueous dispersions of GO by

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• are removed from the arc-discharge soot usually by refluxing in HNO3 or thermal annealing in oxygen-containing atmosphere. The metal catalyst particles are removed by treatment with inorganic acids [127]. Figure 14 shows the arc discharge apparatus used by Saito and Uemura for the production of CNTs

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• (SPIO/oMWCNT#Wu) [38], while Wang used the thermal annealing method of iron(II) acetate (SPIO/oMWCNT#Wang) [43]. Solvothermal co-precipitation of CoCl2 and FeCl3, also by Wu, led to the non-covalent deposition of magnetic cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4/oMWCNT#Wu) [39]. It was found that a low temperature (180

Assembling semiconducting molecules by covalent attachment to a lamellar crystalline polymer substrate

• Rainhard Machatschek,
• Patrick Ortmann,
• Renate Reiter,
• Stefan Mecking and
• Günter Reiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 784–798, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.70

• carboxyl groups was achieved during thermal annealing, which, in turn, was only possible upon inclusion of a layer of carboxyl groups into the stack of crystalline lamellae. A detailed description of the morphological changes that could be observed during thermal annealing, side-group inclusion and

• procedure did not yield the same surface enrichment effect for layers of nanocrystals. Due to the high surface to volume ratio of the CPE45 nanocrystals, Ostwald ripening (i.e., fusion of nanocrystals) is expected to take place upon thermal annealing of nanocrystal layers [37][38]. We note that the ratio of

• of accessible carboxyl groups at the crystal surface, allowing the covalent attachment of a compact layer of semiconducting molecules. As opposed to CPE45 nanocrystals, the driving force for the exchange and reorganization of polymer chains during thermal annealing was low, because the fraction of

Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

Single-molecule mechanics of protein-labelled DNA handles

• Vivek S. Jadhav,
• Dorothea Brüggemann,
• Florian Wruck and
• Martin Hegner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 138–148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.16

• CTT TCG TCT TCA AGA ATT-3’, Microsynth, Balgach, Switzerland) via thermal annealing. This linker was added to streptavidin beads of 3.1 µm diameter at a concentration of 1 μM to cover the bead surface with biotinylated linkers. In subsequent optical force measurements these bio-linker-streptavidin

Evaluation of gas-sensing properties of ZnO nanostructures electrochemically doped with Au nanophases

• Elena Dilonardo,
• Michele Penza,
• Marco Alvisi,
• Cinzia Di Franco,
• Francesco Palmisano,
• Luisa Torsi and
• Nicola Cioffi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 22–31, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.3

• stabilized gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) directly on the surface of nanostructured ZnO powders, previously synthesized through a sol–gel process. The effect of thermal annealing temperatures (300 and 550 °C) on chemical, morphological, and structural properties of pristine and Au-doped ZnO nancomposites (Au

• rpm to separate unsupported colloidal Au nanoparticles from the heavier Au@ZnO nanocomposite. After separation, Au@ZnO were thermally annealed at 300 or 550 °C for 2 h in air to study the effect of thermal annealing on the structural stability of Au NPs [45], and of ZnO [44][49], and on the surface

• 120 kV and by a field emission Zeiss ΣIGMA SEM operated at 5–10 kV, 10 μm aperture. Chemiresistive sensor preparation and gas-sensing set-up A scheme of the used chemiresistive ZnO-based gas sensor is shown in Figure 1. After the thermal annealing at 300 or 550 °C for 2 h, pristine and Au-doped ZnO

Nanoscale rippling on polymer surfaces induced by AFM manipulation

• Mario D’Acunto,
• Franco Dinelli and
• Pasqualantonio Pingue

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2278–2289, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.234

• , bunches of molecules are moved and/or disrupted in an abrasive way (Figure 3A,B). On the contrary, for Mw > Mc, the molecules are fully entangled, when the sample can be considered close to a thermodynamic stable state [38]. This is valid provided thermal annealing has been performed and solvent has been

Near-field visualization of plasmonic lenses: an overall analysis of characterization errors

• Jing Wang,
• Yongqi Fu,
• Zongwei Xu and
• Fengzhou Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2069–2077, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.211

• stochastic process which causes the roughened top surface of the sample. However, the roughening process is a dynamically instable state and competes with surface smoothing process. Therefore, internal stress is generated when a balanced state is reached, unless thermal annealing is arranged after the

• patterning. However, oxidation of the metal film will be caused by thermal annealing. The internal stress can lead to deformation of the fabricated structures and the NSOM measurement results will change accordingly. The internal stress τ is determined by the following parameters where d is the ion

• . For the fixed process parameters, selecting the a substrate materials with small ρ can reduce the internal stress. Theoretically, thermal annealing or natural annealing is necessary after FIB structuring for the purpose of eliminating the internal stress. With regard the quality of the results thermal

Formation of pure Cu nanocrystals upon post-growth annealing of Cu–C material obtained from focused electron beam induced deposition: comparison of different methods

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Alfredo Rodrigues Vaz,
• Yucheng Zhang,
• Andrzej Rudkowski,
• Czesław Kapusta,
• Rolf Erni,
• Stanislav Moshkalev and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1508–1517, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.156

• settings [20] as well as by optimizing scanning strategies [21]. However, the purity of FEBID materials obtained with organic precursors still remains an issue. Recently, post-growth purification methods using electron beam irradiation in combination with thermal annealing and co-injection of reactive

• limits of 2 atom % there is no fundamental difference to the trends and absolute values for Cu stated for conventional annealing. The Cu/C = 1:6.6 ratio after laser annealing of 1 min at around 158 °C (see section Experimental) is smaller than for thermal annealing, however, time and annealing

• temperature were lower for the laser than for thermal annealing. Figure 4 c shows that precipitation of Cu nanocrystals is not fully uniform across the line length in contrast to the conventionally annealed lines in Figure 3b and Figure 3c (see also Figure S5 in Supporting Information File 1). At the vicinity

Transformations of PTCDA structures on rutile TiO₂ induced by thermal annealing and intermolecular forces

• Szymon Godlewski,
• Jakub S. Prauzner-Bechcicki,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Ernst Meyer and
• Marek Szymoński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1498–1507, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.155

• differently ordered structures either due to additional energy provided by thermal annealing or when the influence of intermolecular forces is increased by the enlarged amount of deposited molecules. Proper adjustment of molecular coverage and substrate temperature during deposition allows for fabrication of

• ordered layer. In contrast, our main concern here is the transformation of the molecular structure driven by thermal annealing. Thus, we systematically analyse the impact of post-deposition annealing and deposition at elevated temperatures on the self-assembly processes for different adsorbate coverage

• the result of relatively weak permanent quadrupole moment interactions and dispersion interactions [36]. Therefore, the meandering chains are not stable against thermal annealing, as will be discussed in the following sections. A detailed description of the intermolecular forces of PTCDA molecules

Enhanced fullerene–Au(111) coupling in (2√3 × 2√3)R30° superstructures with intermolecular interactions

• Michael Paßens,
• Rainer Waser and
• Silvia Karthäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1421–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.147

• of the ac tunnelling current achieved by modulating the sample bias after switching off the feedback loop. The single crystal Au(111) substrate (MaTecK, Germany) was cleaned in UHV by cycles of Ne+ ion sputtering (1 kV, 10 min) and thermal annealing (600 °C, 20 min). The cleanliness was checked by