Nanoglasses: a trail towards uncharted regions of vitreous materials and their properties?

• Gerhard Wilde and
• Horst Hahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1047–1062, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.72

Influence of an external electric field on the catalytic CO oxidation of nanoscaled CeO₂ and its La³⁺ and Gd³⁺ congeners

• Parastoo Jamshidi,
• Silvio Heinschke and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1028–1038, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.70

• Information File 1, Table S3. Before gas dosing, the sample chamber was heated to approximately 120 °C under vacuum for 15 h to remove weakly adsorbed species, including adsorbed gases, water, and possible residual ammonia, from the sample surface and the cell environment. After this pre-treatment, the system

Ultrasonic irradiation in the synthesis of nanohydroxyapatite: a chemically friendly technique for improving hemocompatibility and antibiofilm applications

• Juan Mendoza Turmero,
• Cristina Parra Pantoja,
• Marcos Sabino Gutiérrez,
• Milagro Fernández-Delgado,
• Claudia Alvarado-Castillo,
• Damarys Soto Gil,
• María E. Gomes Gomes,
• Yony Gutiérrez Barrios and
• Daniel Suárez Arteaga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 991–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.68

• medium. Water-based mixtures were used, that is, water/acetone (W/ACET), water/tetrahydrofuran (W/THF), and water/ethanol (W/ETOH). The resulting nHA was characterized structurally using FTIR, XRD, TGA, FESEM, and specific surface area determination. These analyses revealed the formation of carbonated

• engineering and bone devices. Results and Discussion Infrared study Figure 3 shows the FTIR spectra of hydroxyapatite prepared using mixtures of water/acetone (W/ACET), water/THF (W/THF), and water/ethanol (W/ETOH) with varying ultrasonic irradiation (UI) times between 15 and 60 min. The spectra in Figure 3A

• to adsorbed water molecules at 1636 cm−1 (for nHA obtained in the W/ACET system), 1634 cm−1 (for nHA obtained in the W/THF system), and at 1638–1634 cm−1 (for nHA obtained in the W/ETOH system). Table S1 (shown in Section I, Supporting Information File 1) systematically summarizes the assignment of

Development of Protium heptaphyllum essential oil-loaded nanocapsules: experimental design and biological activity

• Debora Freitas Silva,
• Kaidy Giselle Orellana,
• Allessya Lara Dantas Formiga,
• Jin Wang,
• Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade,
• Aline Collares Valente Pinheiro,
• Maria Izabel de Jesus,
• Francisco Canindé Ferreira de Luna,
• Wallax Augusto Silva Ferreira,
• Edivaldo Herculano Correa de Oliveira,
• Francisco Humberto Xavier Junior,
• Emmanuel Abraham Ho and
• Marcele Fonseca Passos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 974–990, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.67

• . Simultaneously, the aqueous phase was prepared with 12 mL of a Tween® 80 solution (20–60 mg) in Milli-Q® water. Nanoparticles were formed by adding the organic phase to the aqueous phase using a syringe with an 11.2 mm diameter, under magnetic stirring at 400 rpm and room temperature. The dispersion was then

• concentrated in a rotary evaporator at 40 °C, with constant rotation at 100 rpm for 45 min, at 40 mbar. The resulting nanocapsules were washed with Milli-Q® water and centrifuged in centrifugal filters at 3000g for 10 min at 4 °C to remove residual solvents. This step was repeated three times to ensure

• values of Dh, PDI, and zeta potential of the nanoparticles were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) using a Zetasizer Nano-ZS® (Malvern Instruments Ltd, Canada). All samples were previously diluted in Milli-Q® ultrapure water at a ratio of 1:100 prior to analysis. For zeta potential measurements

Materials challenges in solid-state sensors for continuous monitoring of ions in water

• Maryam Darestani-Farahani and
• Peter Kruse

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 935–973, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.66

• essential for monitoring natural water resources, treatment facilities, and wastewater systems. Solid-state sensors have emerged as versatile platforms for this purpose due to their adaptability in geometry, compatibility with electronic integration, portability, and low energy requirements. A wide variety

• active and sensing materials for designing electrochemical and electrical devices capable of reliable, real-time ion monitoring in water. Keywords: aqueous ion sensors; biosensors; chemical sensors; nanomaterials; water quality monitoring; Introduction Access to clean water is critical for public

• health and ecosystem integrity. Traditionally, water quality monitoring has relied on periodic grab sampling and laboratory analyses. While useful, these methods only offer brief snapshots and may miss sudden changes or localized chemical shifts. For example, ion levels in natural, treated, or

Nanocarrier strategies to overcome P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance in cancer therapy

• Andreina Quevedo-Enríquez,
• Katty Yi Zhang,
• Denisse Yajaira Enriquez,
• Byron Raul Inapanta,
• Roxana Noemí Peroni and
• Christian Rafael Quijia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 882–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.64

• polymers. These structures enable the encapsulation or conjugation of active compounds, allowing for controlled and targeted drug release [67]. One of their major advantages is the improvement of the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble or unstable drugs. They also protect sensitive molecules such as

Supramolecular one-dimensional conducting nanofibers from a C₃-symmetric tetrathiafulvalene derivative

• Yoko Tatewaki,
• Fumiya Hirose,
• Sadafumi Nishihara,
• Tomoyuki Akutagawa,
• Takayoshi Nakamura and
• Tsuyoshi Minami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 872–881, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.63

• , 0.369 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (8.5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was then acidified with 5 M HCl (ca. 1.0 mL), during which the solution turned red. After stirring for 30 min, diethyl ether (6.0 mL) and water (2.0 mL) were added to form a biphasic system

Light-driven ammonia electrooxidation via carbon nitride–ruthenium molecular interfaces

• Jan Holub and
• Pablo Jiménez-Calvo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 854–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.61

• lies catalysis. For decades, it has been divided into two families, yet their integration is already bearing fruit. In water oxidation catalysis, molecular-semiconductor hybrids have demonstrated performance in electrocatalytic and photocatalytic systems, as proof of concept for bridging homogeneous

• and light-harvesting capacity of heterogeneous materials [1][2][3][4][5][8]. This perspective focuses on the well-known combination regarding water oxidation, that is, C3N4 semiconductors with molecular Ru-based catalysts as one promising multicomposite hybrid strategy. C3N4 acts as the light absorber

• absorbed excitation drives the oxidation of water (a thermodynamically demanding four-electron, four-proton process) at an inorganic cluster containing four manganese ions and one calcium ion (Mn4CaO5). The electrons extracted from water are passed along the electron transport chain to Photosystem I, where

Cross-scale design of chemosensor arrays: from molecular self-assembly in water to paper-based devices for metal ion detection

• Yui Sasaki and
• Tsuyoshi Minami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 828–838, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.59

• , Tokyo 153-8505, Japan 10.3762/bjnano.17.59 Abstract Monitoring metal ions in aquatic environments is essential for understanding ecosystem dynamics and assessing water quality. Chemosensors have emerged as powerful analytical tools at the molecular level that transduce ion-recognition events into

• ions in various water environments across microscopic and macroscopic scales. Keywords: chemosensor; metal ion; paper device; pattern recognition; self-assembly; Introduction Metal ions are essential species in biological systems; however, heavy metal ions act as pollutants and can damage organs and

• the immune system through the intake of contaminated food [1][2]. Globally, the monitoring of metal ion levels in water environments is significant. Chemosensors are analytical tools at the molecular level that exhibit optical responses through colorimetric and fluorescence signals [3][4][5]; they

Glycerol photoelectrochemical oxidation reaction at carbon nitrides/BiVO₄ materials

• Charles Garcia da Cunha,
• Isabelle M. D. Gonzaga,
• Cristian Hessel,
• Izadora F. Reis,
• Ivo F. Teixeira,
• Lucia H. Mascaro and
• Elton Sitta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 806–817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.57

• Charles Garcia da Cunha Isabelle M. D. Gonzaga Cristian Hessel Izadora F. Reis Ivo F. Teixeira Lucia H. Mascaro Elton Sitta Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil 10.3762/bjnano.17.57 Abstract The H2 evolution from water electrolysis can be coupled with co-generation of other

• spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) revealed regions rich in Bi and V, and others rich in C and N, suggesting the formation of heterojunctions. Photoelectrochemical studies demonstrated that BiVO4 is active for both water and glycerol (1.0 mol·L−1) oxidation, with a fourfold increase in photocurrent at 1.23 V vs reversible

• [1]. Among the various methods of producing green-H2 [2], water photoelectrolysis [3] allows the direct use of solar energy, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels, and having potential for large-scale hydrogen production [4]. On the other hand, the challenges related to the sluggish kinetics of the

Restorative potential of laser-synthesized silver nanoparticles with Salvia officinalis for periodontal disease treatment: an in vitro study

• Jelena Filipović Tričković,
• Sanja Živković,
• Bojana Ilić,
• Miloš Tošić,
• Jelena Marinković,
• Ana Valenta Šobot and
• Miloš Momčilović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 781–795, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.55

• . AgNPs were synthesized at two laser pulse energies (2 and 6 mJ), in sage extract and deionized water, and characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Synthesis at 6 mJ in sage extract (SageAgNPs6mJ) yielded

• media, namely, (i) aqueous sage extract and (ii) deionized water. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report the synthesis of AgNPs via PLAL using aqueous sage extract as a stabilizing medium. The objective was to investigate the influence of synthesis parameters on AgNP properties

• ) was prepared prior to nanoparticle synthesis, as previously described [13]. Commercially available S. officinalis leaves (Serial No. 23380723, Institute of Medicinal Plant Research “Dr Josif Pančić”, Belgrade, Serbia) were ground, infused with boiling water, and cooled to room temperature. The extract

Substrate-dependent pore formation in molybdenum disulfide monolayers under ion irradiation

• Yossarian Liebsch,
• Umair Javed,
• Lucia Skopinski,
• Leon Daniel,
• Franziska Appel,
• Radia Rahali,
• Clara Grygiel,
• Henning Lebius,
• Carolin Frank,
• Lars Breuer,
• Leon Kirsch,
• Frieder Koch,
• Jani Kotakoski and
• Marika Schleberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 769–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.54

• irradiation using only water, transfer from Au substrates to TEM grids requires chemical removal of the gold support using an iodine/iodide etchant (KI/I2). Consequently, unlike in the previous case, the ion-induced pores cannot be assumed to remain unaffected during transfer [62], as they were in the

• placing a droplet of water near the grid, the water can intercalate between the flakes and the substrate, lifting off the MoS2 in the process and pressing it against the QUANTIFOIL® holey carbon mesh. Sample preparation and characterization are schematically shown in Figure 6. To investigate the

• layer has dissolved, allowing the PS film with the attached monolayers to be retrieved and cleaned in ultrapure water. The film is then transferred onto a TEM grid and heated for 30 min at 80 °C, followed by 1 h at 130 °C. During this step, slow heating and cooling are essential to avoid damaging the

Oxidative atmosphere-driven formation of single-phase spinel CuRh₂O₄ nanofibers for alkaline water oxidation

• Namhee Kim,
• Sumin Ko,
• Sohyeon Choi,
• Seoyoon Jang,
• Myung Hwa Kim and
• Dasol Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 737–743, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.50

• the efficiency of alkaline water electrolysis [1]. Developing robust and highly active OER electrocatalysts is therefore essential for practical hydrogen production and large-scale renewable energy conversion. Among numerous catalyst platforms, spinel oxides (AB2O4) have attracted significant

• water oxidation. Experimental Materials Copper(II) chloride hexahydrate (CuCl2·6H2O), rhodium(III) chloride hydrate (RhCl3·xH2O), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP, Mn ≈ 1,300,000), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and Nafion solution (5 wt %) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethanol was

• obtained from Daejung Chemicals (Korea). Commercial Ir/C catalyst (20 wt % metal loading on Vulcan XC-72) was purchased from Premetek Co. (USA). All aqueous solutions were prepared using deionized water (resistivity ≥ 18 MΩ·cm). Synthesis The electrospinning solution was prepared by dissolving Rh and Cu

Environmental applications of silver nanoparticles: state-of-the-art review and emerging trends

• Soni Prajapati,
• Akash Kumar and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 697–736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.49

• properties, making them a strong candidate for environmental applications in water, air, and soil. Indeed, various reviews are available, though a significant gap persists in addressing all environmental pollutants. This review comprehensively and critically analyses the advancement in AgNP research spanning

• ultrafiltration membrane technologies used for management of water pollutants. In addition, AgNPs-assisted nanosystems in fibrous filter membranes and photocatalytic composite coatings for the removal of volatile organic compounds, particulate matter, and gaseous pollutants are reviewed. Furthermore, AgNP

• the responsible, scalable application of AgNP-based technologies to address contemporary environmental challenges. Keywords: AgNPs; air application; environmental pollutants; soil applications; synthesis; water application; Review 1 Introduction Environmental pollution has intensified globally due

Molecular engineering of individual dye-based nanoparticle photostability for ultrabright two-photon fluorescence

• Eleonore Kurek,
• Sasha Cooper,
• Alexandre Clausolles,
• Karen Perronet,
• Jonathan Daniel,
• Mireille Blanchard-Desce and
• François Marquier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 688–696, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.48

• molecules. This improvement arises both from the large number of dye molecules incorporated within the nanoparticles [19] and from the protection offered to the interior dye against water, as similarly observed in other dye-doped nanoscale systems [31]. However, such ensemble measurements fail to reveal the

• -field correction, that is, the electric field experienced by a single molecule into the nanoparticle). This local field is not only different from the incident field, but also from the one experienced by the NP under other conditions (when in water or in air, as in the current experiment). The following

• in the Supplementary Information of [11]. 200 μL of dye solution of either 2 mM of dye 1 or 1 mM of dye 2 in THF were rapidly added to 19.8 mL of freshly distilled water at room temperature, under continuous sonication at 10 W – using a 20 kHz, 130 W ultrasonic processor (Vibra-Cell™ VC130, Sonics

Protein-based custom-designed molecular nanotraps for biomedical applications

• Devid Maniglio,
• Alice Marinangeli and
• Alessandra Maria Bossi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 683–687, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.47

• rich in glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, gelatin is a denatured and fragmented form of collagen produced through partial acidic or basic hydrolysis [13]. Gelatin is a water-soluble polymer that typically undergoes a temperature-dependent gelation, with the transition from a liquid to a hydrogel

• intertwined proteins, fibroin and sericin, with silk fibroin (SF) being non-immunogenic and highly biocompatible. Structurally, SF adopts mostly random coil conformations when dissolved in water but spontaneously self-assembles into beta sheets during processing. This beta-sheet formation enhances its

Decontamination from water pollutants and pathogens by electrospun nanofibers doped with heavy-atom-free borafluorene-BODIPY photosensitizers

• Angelika Zaszczyńska,
• Paulina H. Marek-Urban,
• Karolina Wrochna,
• Agnieszka E. Kuklewska,
• Kacper Kręgielewski,
• Marta Grodzik,
• Dawid R. Natkowski,
• Jolanta Mierzejewska,
• Ewa Iwanek,
• Agata Blacha-Grzechnik,
• Paweł Sajkiewicz and
• Krzysztof Durka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 668–682, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.46

• photocatalyst for the degradation of the pharmaceutical agents ranitidine, propranolol, and cimetidine, selected as model water pollutants. The obtained nanofibers showed smooth and uniform morphology along with very high durability and resistance toward oxidation, remaining active even after 20 reaction cycles

• findings highlight the potential of the electrospun PCL nanofibers as optimal matrix for the immobilization with singlet oxygen photosensitizers and subsequent application in the decontamination of water from pollutants and pathogens. Keywords: antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; BODIPY; electrospun

• nanofibers; heavy-atom free photosensitizers; immobilization; polycaprolactone; singlet oxygen; water purification; Introduction Due to the enormous population, economic, and industrial growth, the rapid rise in demand for water resources has become one of the major contemporary issues that needs to be

Cellulose as a photocatalyst support material: extraction, structural features, and environmental applications

• Yee Teng Lim,
• Nur Farhana Jaafar,
• Azizul Hakim Lahuri and
• Endang Tri Wahyuni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 635–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.44

• are exploring more sustainable alternatives. Enzymatic hydrolysis is an efficient and eco-friendly way to produce cellulose nanoparticles. This method breaks down cellulose fibers with precision under controlled conditions while using very little water and producing non-hazardous waste as well as

• mechanical strength, with a tensile capacity of about 10 GPa and a Young’s modulus of 140–150 GPa [11]. While CNFs can hold vast amounts of water, frequently exhibiting swelling ratios of 100 to 1,000 grams of water per gram of dry cellulose, which is 10,000% to 100,000% swelling capacity, while maintaining

• their structural integrity [12]. Cellulose possesses strong mechanical properties, and its favorable dimensions and strength make it an ideal material for water treatment membranes. This led researchers to apply it as a base material for developing such membranes [13]. A new approach involves

Two-step laser synthesis of Ag@TiO₂ nanomaterials for the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B

• Marija Kovačević,
• Miloš Tošić,
• Rafaela Radičić,
• Vladimir Rajić,
• Nikša Krstulović,
• Miloš Momčilović and
• Sanja Živković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 622–634, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.43

• pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL). Initially, silver was ablated using 200 and 2000 pulses and deposited onto titanium targets via PLD. Subsequently, these modified targets were submerged in water and processed using PLAL to generate the final nanomaterials. Characterization through HRTEM, EDS, and

• photodegradation. In practice, TiO2 is widely used in photocatalytic systems for pollutant degradation (e.g., dyes, pharmaceuticals, including drugs, supplements and cosmetics, phenols, and poly(alkyl)acrylates), water purification, CO2 reduction, and hydrogen production [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. However, pristine

• visible light, such as water treatment and degradation of organic contaminants [10][11][12]. Among various synthesis techniques, laser-based methods, such as pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL) and laser pyrolysis, stand out as clean, efficient, and surfactant-free routes for fabricating Ag@TiO2

Recent progress in enhancing built-in electric fields of perovskite solar cells via junction engineering

• Tong Xiao and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 602–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.42

• migration remain, with issues such as Pb–I bond rupture still persisting. To tackle these, strategies like chemical anchoring and gradient encapsulation have been suggested, such as using phosphate molecules to bond materials to the perovskite and adding thin Al2O3 layers to block water and oxygen

Towards targeted drugs and next generation of nanomedicines

• Anna Salvati,
• Silvia Giordani and
• Wolfgang J. Parak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 598–601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.41

• future development. Bioavailability is an important factor for pharmaceutical agents. Here nanoparticles have the great advantage that their physicochemical properties can be largely tailored. A hydrophobic drug can be made more water soluble by linking it to a hydrophilic nanoparticle. However, as with

Probing tribological evolution in atomically thin MoS₂ at different scales

• Xingzhong Zeng and
• Miao Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 586–597, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.40

• sequentially in acetone, ethanol, and deionized water via ultrasonic cleaning and then dried with high-purity nitrogen. Sample characterization MoS2 layer thickness was determined via AFM (MFP-3D, Asylum Research) and Raman spectroscopy (inVia Reflex, Renishaw). AFM topographic images were acquired in tapping

Laser–material interactions in liquids for the synthesis of nanomaterials: current status and perspectives

• Carlos Doñate Buendia,
• Bilal Gökce and
• Leonid V. Zhigilei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 571–575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.38

• nanoparticle generation in picosecond laser ablation in liquids [40], the elucidation of processes responsible for the formation of periodic surface structures on Cr targets irradiated by femtosecond pulses in water [41], and the integration of X-ray probing with simulations to study the transition from

• melting to explosive fragmentation of Au nanoparticles under picosecond laser irradiation in water [42]. Further advances in LSPC can be facilitated by data-driven machine learning approaches, which provide new pathways for optimizing synthesis parameters toward targeted size, composition, phase, and

• ]. Alternatively, employing organic solvents instead of water provides opportunities to produce carbon-encapsulated core−shell nanostructures [49] and enables control over oxidation [50], surface chemistry [51], and transferability between solvents [52]. The versatility of LSPC in terms of materials, solvents, and

Synthesis of Cu–Mo/TiO₂ and Co–Mo/TiO₂ photocatalysts for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants in water

• Ilse Acosta,
• Brenda Zermeño,
• Edgar Moctezuma,
• Luis F. Garay-Rodríguez and
• Isaías Juárez-Ramírez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 559–570, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.37

• the complete degradation of ketoprofen and 90% of mineralization. It was determined that HO· radicals play an important role in the oxidation reactions. Keywords: co-doping; photocatalysis; titanium dioxide; water remediation; Introduction Water is an essential part of every living entity

• . Unfortunately, water quality is negatively impacted by the increasing population, industrial operations, and agricultural activities. Therefore, it is essential to develop technologies to conserve and remediate contaminated water. A significant environmental challenge in water remediation is the presence of

• organic contaminants. These products are frequently detected in aquatic bodies due to human use and include pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and industrial chemicals, which significantly degrade drinking water quality [1]. To achieve the efficient removal of emerging pollutants, advanced oxidation processes

Advances in nanotechnology applied to natural products

• Douglas Dourado,
• Fábio Rocha Formiga,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar and
• Franceline Reynaud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 555–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.36

• formulated as oil-in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O) systems [3]. These carriers have been widely used to deliver natural products, particularly essential or fixed oils and their isolated constituents, for a wide range of applications. In this thematic issue, contributions examine nanoemulsion-based

• stable, isotropic systems composed of oil, water, surfactants, often with a co-surfactant, and typically requiring higher surfactant–co-surfactant concentrations than nanoemulsions [12]. As carriers for essential oils, fixed oils, and other lipophilic natural metabolites, microemulsions can improve

• , broadening the use of natural products in areas such as biological product development, immunization, and vector control [21][22]. In addition, polymeric micellar systems, such as poloxamer-based systems, have been explored to improve the solubility and dispersion of poorly water-soluble natural compounds