Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• treatments such as nanopatterning, sputter etching, and controlled defect formation [6][7]. Particularly, ultralow-energy ion beams are exceptionally valuable for the precise modification of 2D layers [8] and ion-induced nanopatterning of semiconductor surfaces [9]. Over the past few decades, ion-induced

• formation of well-defined parallel ripples at off-normal incidence. Figure 7 illustrates the surface topography after 450 eV Ar-ion bombardment of the silicon surface at an angle of 72.5° as function of the bombardment time. 3D AFM images are presented along with 2D surface topography images. Generally, the

Impact of adsorbate–substrate interaction on nanostructured thin films growth during low-pressure condensation

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 473–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.36

• ], sensors [5], and catalysts [6][7][8]. Nanostructured thin films grown via low-pressure deposition methods have garnered significant attention because of their diverse applications in electronics, optics, catalysis, and sensors [9]. The ability to precisely control properties such as morphology

• significantly within the interaction radius, we can exploit a self-consistent approximation used in different areas of numerical modeling [33][34][36][37][38][39]: Substituting Equation 7 into Equation 8 and assuming at m ≥ 2, the interaction potential of the adsorbate Uads(r) obtains the following form: Uads

• in elastic interaction strength δ. In Figure 7, we show snapshots of the typical surface morphology realized during deposition at different δ for different values of the adsorption rate α. It is seen that in the case of α = 0.04 (see Figure 7a), without elastic interactions between adsorbate and

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• including electrode materials [1], conductive pastes [2][3], catalysts [4][5], sensors [6][7][8], and drug delivery systems [9]. The chemical reduction [10] and the solvothermal methods [11][12] are well known for synthesizing nanoparticles in large quantities at low cost, but these methods require the use

• for the radicals generated by laser irradiation in the solution. Methods Nanoparticles were synthesized by focusing and irradiating femtosecond laser pulses (Ti:sapphire laser, pulse width = 100 fs, pulse energy = 7 mJ, repetition rate = 1,000 Hz) on a precursor salt solution in a 3 mL fused silica

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• oncological, autoimmune, and infectious conditions, where genetic expression plays a crucial role on the disease pathogenesis and prognosis [1][2][3][4]. In the past decades, several approaches including cell-based therapies [5][6][7], gene therapies [8][9], and RNA therapies [10][11] have been studied to

• latter ssASO drug contains 2′-O-2-methoxyethyl modifications, which allow for the inclusion of exon 7 in the gene SMN2. This promotes the production of SMN protein, ameliorating the symptoms of spinal muscular atrophy [40]. ASO-based therapeutics have demonstrated great potential in the expansion of

• model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) showed that specific dendrimer/ODN-1 complexes, particularly those formed with dendrimers 4 and 7, significantly inhibited CNV development, reducing the severity of vascular leakage for up to two months. Similarly, Eom et al. presented an

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• chemical substances [7][8]. Target detection in real time is a strong suit for electrochemical devices. Electron mediators are typically used to modify the working electrodes in electrochemical sensor fabrication. These days, due to their unique electrical and optical characteristics, nanomaterials are

• , environmental impact, can cause electrode corrosion, enhances interference, and is incompatible with real-life or biological samples. Therefore, PBS with pH 7 has been used for electrochemical studies since it provides a stable pH, which is crucial for maintaining consistent electrochemical conditions during

Biomimetics and bioinspired surfaces: from nature to theory and applications

• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Thies H. Büscher,
• Manuela Rebora,
• Poramate Manoonpong,
• Zhendong Dai and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 418–421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.32

• mammals while addressing the functional fibrillar interfaces in biological hair. Presenting one applied example for biomimetic approaches, Ali et al. [7] used the hydrophobicity of the integument of spring tail (Collembola) as a template for the bioinspired development of nanofilament coatings that reduce

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• nanoparticles (NPs) with defined particle sizes and narrow size distribution width is driven by the growing integration of nanomaterials into various industrial applications, such as medicine [1][2][3], catalysis [4][5], sensors [6][7], and additive manufacturing [8]. The performance of NPs typically depends on

• distance between the target surface and the window was ca. 7 mm. Deionized water was used as liquid in all experiments and pumped through the chamber at a flow rate of 0.13 L·min−1, ensuring the complete filling of the chamber volume under laminar flow conditions. For the synthesis of gold and Y2O3 NPs

• acknowledge funding by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation), grant numbers GO 2566/8-1, GO 2566/14-1, GO 2566/7-2 (428315411). The authors further thank the DFG and NRW for funding in the frame of the major equipment program (INST 20876/212-1). Carlos Doñate Buendia thanks

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• these techniques are photon-based [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Even though they provide valuable insights, the development of surface-sensitive techniques that can image the catalyst at the atomic scale under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions remains crucial. In attempting to close the pressure gap

• current of 6 mA, and beam energy of 2 kV for 7 min. Figure 6a shows an AFM image at room temperature and high vacuum (≈10−7 mbar) of the prepared surface in the closed reactor. The Co nanoparticles appear as bright dots on the surface with an average diameter of ≈20 nm. Figure 6b shows the surface at 430

• larger particle sizes. Despite not being able to image the surface during the FTS reaction at 550 K, it was possible to measure possible reaction products using QMS at higher temperatures, as shown in Figure 7. During the heating process, at around 490 K, we observe a strong increase in the counts of

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• , 190, 12, and 4 h of exposure, respectively [6]. The sub-lethal chronic effects of SDS were observed on the survival, metabolic processes, and development of juvenile Centropomus parallelus specimens exposed to the compound at three distinct salinity levels [7]. In vitro studies on bovine lenses at an

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• positive charge. A peptide, as a model drug, was loaded onto the nanoparticles with an encapsulation efficiency of 58%. The release of the model drug from the delivery system was pH-independent and lasted for 7 days. The periodic acid–Schiff stain assay indicated 69% mucin interaction for the nanoparticles

• to the site of action because of increased drug retention at the mucosa [7]. These systems have the capacity to strongly adhere to the mucus layer, provide slow release of its contents, and even reduce the required dose because of higher accumulation of the drug at the target site [8]. Nanoparticles

• ± 3.9)%. To our knowledge, the range of encapsulation efficiency (EE) values determined in studies conducted with alginate-based nanoparticles was 7–90% [46][47]. As examples, Fernando et al., produced nanoparticles by a water-in-oil emulsification/external gelation process with EE values of 36% [48

Vortex lattices of layered HTSCs at different vortex–vortex interaction potentials

• Valerii P. Lenkov,
• Anastasia N. Maksimova,
• Anna N. Moroz and
• Vladimir A. Kashurnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 362–370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.27

• superconductors can be represented as a stack of pancakes, that is, flat vortices located in the CuO planes and connected by Josephson interaction through interplanar gaps. The vortex structure in layered HTSCs is still a subject of research. In [7], it was shown that Pb doping increases the two-dimensional

• when moving from 1 to 3 K (Figure 5). The vortex configurations for the model potential from Equation 3 were simulated in a similar manner. The vortex configurations calculated for different values of the magnetic susceptibility are shown in Figure 7. At χ0 = 0.01, the ferromagnetic part of the

• middle of the sample in Figure 7. At χ0 = 1, strip-shaped clusters are formed. The vortices inside the clusters still form a hexagonal lattice. In Figure 8, vortex configurations arising in the sample with increasing magnetic field are presented. Increasing the magnetic field leads to the birth of new

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• electrochemical conditions [2]. On the laboratory scale, attachment is achieved electrostatically or by adding ion-conducting polymer (i.e., ionomer) binders to the nanoparticles, either as mixtures (inks) or overlayers [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Electrostatic attachment of nanoparticles to supports lacks long

• reactions and can create unwanted side products [7]. Long-term surfactant stability and associated catalyst agglomeration or detachment are another issue. Post-synthetic attachment of catalyst nanoparticles is poorly scalable, creates large amounts of organic hazardous waste, and results in wastage of

• (84.4 ± 0.1) eV for Au 4f7/2 and (88.0 ± 0.1) eV for Au 4f5/2 [7]. Additionally, peaks corresponding to the Au3+ oxidation state were observed at (87.0 ± 0.2) eV and (90.5 ± 0.2) eV corresponding to Au 4f7/2 and Au 4f5/2 of Au2O3, a result of oxide formation at the nanoparticle surface upon exposure to

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• carrier transport, ZnTe can be used as a buffer layer in CdTe-based solar cells for back contact. Moreover, n-type zinc telluride films can be used in the window layer as a substitute for CdS [6]. Zinc telluride films are highly resistive with a resistivity of about several megaohm·centimetres [7]. The

• diameter and 3 mm thickness) having 99.99% purity was used for sputter deposition of the films. The substrate was kept at a distance of 7 cm from the target. The different deposition parameters are specified in Table 1. The thickness of the fabricated ZnTe/Qz films was determined using spectroscopic

• . The experimental data was fitted using Equation 7 in the high-frequency region, and the obtained values of b are listed in Table 3. For the film deposited at R.T., the value of b lies between 2 and 3, which implies that the possible surface growth mechanism is a combined effect of evaporation

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• -damage response. GO–Chl causes loss of plasma membrane integrity, cell cycle arrest, and significant genotoxicity in A549 cells. Further, elevated expression of key autophagy proteins beclin-1, ATG-7, LC-3-I/II, and SQSTM1/p62 reveal that inhibition of autophagy plays a crucial role in regulating DDR

• of DDR either through autophagy modulation or poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition could provide a better therapeutic response [6][7]. Recently, nanomedicine has shown immense potential/efficacy in the treatment of chemoresistant tumors by providing improved molecular targeting, better

• were obtained from American Type Cell Culture (Cat. No. CCL-185; ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). Primary antibodies anti-β-actin (Cat. No. 4970), anti-LC-3-I/II (Cat. No. 12741), anti-ATG-7 (Cat. No. 88577) and anti-beclin-1 (Cat. No. 3495) were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). The

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• . mutans can ferment carbohydrates, primarily sucrose and glucose or by-products in saliva, to produce weak organic acids. These acids lead to tooth surface demineralization and the subsequent enamel loss, resulting in tooth decay [6][7]. Furthermore, the biofilm formation by S. mutans contributes to

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• uses, and wound healing [4][5][6]. However, a drawback of electrospun nanofibers is their mechanical properties [7][8]. Electrospun nanofibers typically exhibit poor mechanical properties due to their high porosity, random fiber arrangement, and weak interactions at the cross-points of the nanofibers

• electrospun simultaneously, as shown in Figure 7. This method of electrospinning is usually preceded by single-nozzle electrospinning of each component separately to find the optimum parameters before running them concurrently [87]. Besides combining different fibrous materials, this multinozzle method can

• of chemical (intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen) bonds, which also lead to a highly cross-linked chitosan/PVA nanofiber matrix [162]. Table 7 summarizes the enhancement of material modifications on the mechanical properties of electrospun nanofiber. Another method to improve the mechanical

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• antibiotics has raised public concern, especially because they are environmental contaminants originating from human and animal waste [5]. These antibiotics can persist without change or as active metabolites in the environment, posing significant toxicity risks to aquatic and human life [6][7][8]. The

• antibiotics, several physical, biological, and chemical methods have been applied [13][18][19]. Various physical wastewater treatment techniques are based on mechanical separation to reduce contaminant levels by relocating rather than degrading antibiotics [7][8][20]. Biological approaches, such as the

• more effectively than the previous methods of physical adsorption, flocculation, and chemical oxidation [7][8][25]. AOPs offer several advantages, including simple equipment, straightforward operation, minimal sludge production, and the rapid generation of mineralized products. Additionally, they are

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• Theo Fromme Maximilian L. Spiekermann Florian Lehmann Stephan Barcikowski Thomas Seidensticker Sven Reichenberger Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany Department for Biochemical and

• formed nanoparticles [1][2][3]. However, the formed nanoparticles also interact with the used liquid during the process; thus, chemical reactions such as oxidation [3][4][5][6] or carbon shell formation [7][8][9] occur depending on the solvent’s properties, allowing for alterations of the structural

• ], and/or carbon shells on the nanoparticle surface [7]. These carbon shells are either amorphous or graphitic [7][8][30], while doping of the shells [31] is also possible. Besides carbon formation, the choice of organic solvent influences the properties of the generated nanoparticles and process

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• processes, including neuroregeneration, neuronal differentiation, and stimulation of neuronal electrical signalization and brain activity. Thus, they are promising materials for new products regarding tissue engineering and prosthetic neuronal devices [6][7][8]. There is also an evidence that CNs manifest

• -methyl-1-triazene-1-yl)imidazole-4-carboxamide) (MITC) is a first-line therapy for primary and recurrent GBM, especially O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT)-promotor-methylated tumors. MITC, acting via its metabolite methyl diazonium cation generated at physiological pH (>7), develops O6

• limited efficacy (due to the high level of DNA repair by MGMT and other mechanisms of resistance) [34]. In addition, the high hydrolytic instability of TMZ at pH ≥ 7 limits its efficacy, because the formed MTIC exhibits high systemic toxicity and cannot pass the BBTB and accumulate in the GBM, unlike TMZ

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• application and storage [7]. Nanomaterials have gained significant attention in the development of rhizobacterial carrier materials, as their effective utilization can provide protective benefits to plants, assist in nutrient absorption, and, when in gel form, significantly improve water management efficiency

• resilience against pH fluctuations ranging from 5.5 to 9 [30]. Similarly, Tb rhizobacterium shows its best growth within a pH range of 7 to 8 [31]. Viability of rhizobacteria-nHA The viability test of rhizobacteria loaded onto the nHA carrier and incubated for 28 days yielded significant findings. Notably

• rhizobacteria-nHA The nitrogen-fixing activity of rhizobacteria after loading onto the nHA carrier was evaluated qualitatively by monitoring the color transition in nitrogen-free bromothymol (NFB) medium from yellow to blue. The results presented in Table 6 and Figure 7 indicate that all rhizobacteria loaded

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• treatments pose significant barriers [5]. The evolution of nanotechnology has catalyzed the development of novel therapeutic technologies, with a plethora of nanomaterials exhibiting significant potential for nanotherapeutic applications [6][7][8]. Among these, photothermal nanomaterials hold promise in

• ophthalmic photothermal nanomaterial treatment methods will emerge in the future. However, several challenges need addressing before these technologies can be integrated into clinical ophthalmology (Figure 7). Safety remains a paramount concern for the clinical application of photothermal nanomaterials [210

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• applications, rare earth elements are yet unexplored in the development of new drugs for cancer chemotherapies, and only a few works have pointed out the potential of such elements for this field [6][7][8]. An initial motivation to investigate the potential of rare earth elements for cancer treatments is the

• mechanical properties of the DNA complexes formed with the ytterbium and neodymium is very similar to the one previously studied using europium [7]. In this work, we showed that europium binds outside the double helix in a cooperative way, forming clusters of about approx. three molecules and presenting an

• the corresponding europium data in [7]. The fits are also shown in Figure 2 as solid lines and allowed us to determine the relevant binding parameters of the interactions, which are schematically shown in Table 1. The equilibrium association binding constant of the interactions between Yb and Nd with

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• , including regenerative solvent-based absorption [2][6], fixed-bed adsorption [7], cryogenic separation techniques [8], and membrane separation methods [9][10][11][12]. Of these, membrane technology offers advantages such as exceptional stability, high efficiency, low energy consumption, and ease of

• mixtures of CO2/CH4 conducted at 7 to 25 bar, it was observed that the amount of CO2 adsorbed closely matched the CO2 single component isotherm. In contrast, the amount of CH4 adsorbed was negligible or close to zero in all cases, indicating near-perfect selectivity for CO2. The near-perfect selectivity

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• , play a crucial role in industries requiring coloring, such as textile, food, cosmetics, rubber, printing, paper, and plastic. Globally, an estimated 7 × 105 tons of dyes are produced, with 10–15% typically disposed of as wastewater pollutants [2]. Among the most used dyes, methylene blue (MB) is an

• properties as an adsorbent, characterized by their low cost, abundant availability, nontoxic nature, and large surface area [2][7]. Additionally, its negatively charged surface renders it favorable for the adsorption of cations [7]. Bentonite clay is abundantly found in Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil. This

• natural clay has predominantly the bentonite phase (at least 50%), known as montmorillonite. Isomorphic substitution of cations between the interlayer space of montmorillonites by exchanging Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Cu2+ cations add other functionalities to the resulting material [7]. Heterogeneous

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• Marina G. Shelyapina Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola Gleb A. Valkovsky Vitalii Petranovskii Department of Nuclear Physics Research Methods, Saint-Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico Superior de

• distance and, hence, the mesopore size, but also the aluminum distribution and acidic properties of the obtained material, which are key parameters for catalysts [5][7][8][9][10]. One widely used component for the synthesis of 2D zeolites is CTAB [5][9][11][12][13]. To prepare mesoporous materials from