Radiation-induced nanostructures: Formation processes and applications
Radiation-induced nanostructure formation is ubiquitous. It is routinely used in lithography employing photons and masks, or in the form of focused electron beams following a maskless approach for pattern definition in a radiation-sensitive resist, also commonly known as electron beam lithography. Examples of this are found in this Thematic Series covering the topics of selected-area silicon nanowire growth by the vapor–liquid–solid approach and the preparation of monolayers of metal–organic frameworks attached to the functional groups of a self-assembled monolayer. Not as wide-spread, but rapidly developing, is the technique of focused electron beam induced deposition. In this technique a previously adsorbed molecular precursor is dissociated by the electron beam, leaving behind a permanent deposit of an amorphous, nanogranular or polycrystalline microstructure with a minimum feature size well below 10 nm. Selected aspects of this technique and its application are reviewed in this Thematic Series.
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- Published 25 Jul 2012
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Figure 1: SEM images of NWs grown on gold-sputtered Si[111] exposed to NPS vapor at 375 °C for 1 h (left: sid...
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Figure 2: Analysis of NWs grown on gold-sputtered Si[111] for 1 h at 375 °C. Top left: Backscattered-electron...
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Figure 3: TEM images of NWs grown on gold-sputtered Si[111] for 1 h at 375 °C. The FFT of the HRTEM image and...
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Figure 4: SEM images of NWs grown on gold-sputtered Si[111] by exposure to NPS vapor for 1 h at 650 °C.
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Figure 5: SEM image of gold nanoparticles formed on the native oxide surface of Si[111] after annealing of Au...
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Figure 6: SEM image of NWs grown at 650 °C for 1 h on Si[111] surfaces with annealed gold films (left: sample...
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Figure 7: SEM image of NWs grown at 375 °C for 1 h, on annealed gold films of different sputtering times (lef...
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Figure 8: SEM image of the chemisorbed gold nanoparticles on the aminopropylated Si[111] surface.
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Figure 9: SEM image of NWs grown from nanoparticles at 650 °C without prior treatment (left) and at 375 °C af...
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Figure 10: SEM images with different magnifications of a spin coated film of “liquid bright gold” on Si[111] a...
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Figure 11: SEM image of Si NWs obtained from spin-coated “liquid bright gold” films after annealing at 650 °C,...
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Figure 12: Optical microscopy images of the different steps of the irradiation-induced pattern formation. Left...
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Figure 13: SEM images (different magnifications) of Si NWs obtained from UV-patterned spin-coated “liquid brig...
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Figure 14: SEM image of the border region of a Si NW pattern obtained from UV-patterned “liquid bright gold” f...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 25 Jul 2012
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Figure 1: (a) Optical micrograph of the Co dissociation product on the plasma-activated silica surface. The d...
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Figure 2: SEM images of Co deposited on the plasma-pretreated silicon oxide and gold. The picture on the top ...
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Figure 3: (a) SEM micrograph of Co deposit formed after electron pre-irradiation of the rectangular area depi...
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Figure 4: (a) Temperature dependence of resistivity of Co deposit grown on the plasma-activated SiO2 surfaces...
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Figure 5: (a) Top and (b) side view of DFT optimized structure of Co2(CO)8 and its frontier orbitals (c) HOMO...
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Figure 6: Schematic representation of the starting configurations with possible Co2(CO)8 orientations, consid...
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Figure 7: (a) Most stable structure of Co2(CO)8 on the (a) FOH-SiO2 and (b) POH-SiO2 surfaces. The molecule d...
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Figure 8: Band decomposed charge density for the valence band maximum for Co2(CO)8 on the (a) FOH-SiO2 and (b...
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- Published 25 Jul 2012
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Figure 1: Bending of linear ion-induced γH2AX streaks indicates chromatin density-dependent damage relocation...
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Figure 2: Relocation dynamics of damage sites centrally induced within heterochromatic chromo centers. (a) Th...
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Figure 3: Accumulation of H4K16ac in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Cells were irradiated with Au ions (energy:...
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Figure 4: The phosphorylated H2AX distribution after radiation is correlated with the GC base content (a geno...
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Figure 5: Microdosimetric spectra in a water phantom irradiated by 300 A MeV 12C nuclei. Upper (red) histogra...
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Figure 6: Contribution of various fragments to the microdosimetry spectra measured on the beam axis in the Br...
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Figure 7: Simulated angular distributions of 158.6 MeV protons incident on 0.66 cm beryllium (upper picture) ...
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Figure 8: In the upper picture, the tracks of 10 individual oxygen ions with a primary energy of 2.57 MeV/u, ...
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Figure 9: Living HeLa cells expressing histone H2B tagged to GFP were photobleached. Bleaching within a regio...
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- Published 31 Jul 2012
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Figure 1: (a) tilted-view SEM image of Au-catalysed NWs grown at 700 °C with OCTS, (b) top-view SEM image of ...
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Figure 2: TEM images (a), (c) and (e) show impressions of intrinsic, B-doped and P-doped NWs respectively. An...
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Figure 3: Semilogarithmic I/V plot of intrinsic, p- and n-type NWs. The calculated specific resistivity value...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 02 Aug 2012
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Figure 1: (a) The crystallographic cell of [Zn2(adc)2(dabco)]. The directionality of the attachment of carbox...
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Figure 2: SEM images (a–c) and epifluorescence images (a1–c1) of Zn-MOF nanocrystals synthesized at various c...
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Figure 3: (a) Powder diffractograms of the nanocrystalline products (cuboid (50 mM Zn–adc/50 mM dabco); brick...
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Figure 4: Characterization of [Zn2(adc)2(dabco)] grown on a MTCA surface at 15 °C after 45 cycles by using th...
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Figure 5: [Zn2(adc)2(dabco)] grown on a PPP1 surface at 60 °C after 45 cycles. (a) AFM image; (b) cross-secti...
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Figure 6: SAMs can be either patterned by µCP (top row, left) or by EB lithography (top row, right) before th...
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Figure 7: [Zn2(adc)2(dabco)] patterns grown on MUDA/HDT surfaces (square areas: MUDA, remaining area: HDT) st...
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Figure 8: Patterned deposition of [Zn2(adc)2(dabco)] by using the irradiation-promoted exchange reaction (IPE...
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- Review
- Published 29 Aug 2012
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Figure 1: Illustration of FEBID. Precursor molecules (here: organometallic complex; blue: metal, green: organ...
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Figure 2: Single-species growth rate calculated for the precursor Me3Pt(IV)CpMe assuming three different elec...
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Figure 3: Molecular models of octanol (left) and Co2(CO)8 (right). Rendered using Jmol.
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Figure 4: Simulation of concentration of different elements in FEBID structure under parallel use of Co2(CO)8...
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Figure 5: Molecular models of Si5H12 (left) and Me3Pt(IV)CpMe (right). Rendered using Jmol.
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Figure 6: Elemental composition of various Pt–Si deposits as determined by EDX according to [28]. The data were t...
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Figure 7: Dependence of the room temperature resistivity on the Si/Pt ratio in the FEBID samples according to ...
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Figure 8: Temperature-dependent conductivity of the Pt–Si FEBID samples represented as ln σ vs T−a to facilit...
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Figure 9: TEM electron diffraction pattern of samples on carbon membrane before (left) and after (right) post...
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Figure 10: Temperature-dependent conductivity and Hall effect as a function of the applied magnetic field for ...
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Figure 11: Dependence of the yield ratio for the precursors Co2(CO)8 and Me3Pt(IV)CpMe on the dwell time withi...
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Figure 12: Phase diagram of the transport regimes of granular metals. In the insulating regime for g < gc ther...
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Figure 13: Temperature-dependent conductivity of Pt–C FEBID structures that have been exposed to different pos...
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Figure 14: Temperature-dependent conductivity of Pt–C FEBID structures that have been exposed to different pos...
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Figure 15: Calculated gauge factor κ as a function of intergrain coupling strength (bottom axis) and metal vol...
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Figure 16: Left: Strain-resistance effect of a Pt–C nanogranular sensor element measured on a test cantilever ...
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- Review
- Published 17 Dec 2012
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Figure 1: (a) Track-etched membrane illustrating the porosity regime available by means of ion-track technolo...
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Figure 2: (a) Energy loss as a function of specific ion energy. The dashed lines separate the different regim...
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Figure 3: SEM images displaying the cross sections of the following membranes: (a) cylindrical channels in PI...
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Figure 4: Schematic of etching equipment. Symmetric etching conditions leading to cylindrical channels in (a)...
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Figure 5: (a) Photograph of a pressure-sealed electrochemical cell. (b) Schematic for the electrodeposition o...
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Figure 6: (a) Representative I–t curve and schematic of the four different deposition regimes. (b) Chronoampe...
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Figure 7: TEM images of representative Cu nanowires and lattice defects: (a) single-crystalline and (b) polyc...
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Figure 8: TEM images of representative (a) polycrystalline and (c) single-crystalline Au nanowires and (b,d) ...
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Figure 9: TEM images of Bi and Bi2Te3 nanowires: (a) individual single-crystalline Bi nanowire deposited unde...
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Figure 10: TEM images of Bi1−xSbx nanowires deposited at U = −200 mV versus SCE from electrolytes with Sb conc...
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Figure 11: SEM images revealing the characteristic morphology of various metallic caps: (a) polycrystalline Au...
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Figure 12: (a) SEM and (b) TEM images displaying the rough contour of Sb nanowires electrodeposited in PET mem...
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Figure 13: (a) Schema of the electrodeposition and gap-forming process. SEM images of (b) Au-rich/Ag-rich/Au-r...
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Figure 14: (a–e) Schematic of the fabrication and contacting process for a single nanowire.
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Figure 15: Specific electrical resistivity as a function of diameter of single bismuth nanowires fabricated un...
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Figure 16: Specific electrical resistivity versus wire diameter for single polycrystalline gold nanowires (amm...
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Figure 17: (a) TEM image of the single Au nanowire (length 907 nm, width 107 nm) and the corresponding high-re...
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Figure 18: HRSEM micrographs of Cu nanowires of diameter 30 nm after 30 min annealing at different temperature...
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Figure 19: TEM images and video snapshots of Cu nanowire (covered by carbon coating) recorded on four areas ma...
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Figure 20: (a–c) TEM images of a Cu nanowire close to the end of a carbon tube (field 2 in Figure 19) visualizing the f...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 04 Feb 2013
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Figure 1: (a,b) HAADF-STEM images of the Pt deposited CNT at tilting angle of 0 and 70 degrees respectively. ...
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Figure 2: Illustrations of FEBID of nanoclusters on CNT. (a) Precursor gas is all around the CNT since the CN...
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Figure 3: (a) TEM image of Pt nanoclusters deposited by FEBID on a CNT shows that site specific deposition ha...
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Figure 4: FEBID Pt on amorphous carbon at different defoci of the electron beam. (a) in focus, (b) at 4 μm de...
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Figure 5: (a) HAADF-STEM image of a CNT with stripe-pattern of Pt nanoclusters from FEBID. (b) A snapshot fro...
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Figure 6: HRTEM images showing Pt nanoclusters deposited on CNTs by using different electron-beam settings. B...
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Figure 7: HRTEM images showing that amorphous carbon can be reduced by in-situ electron irradiation in a TEM ...
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