Figure 1: Tensile stress–strain curves for a BMG in comparison to three NGs with grain sizes of 4 nm, 10 nm a...
Figure 2: Local atomic shear strain for Cu64Zr36 BMG and NGs with grain sizes of 4 nm, 10 nm and 16 nm, respe...
Figure 3: The ψ values for a BMG in comparison to three NGs with grain sizes of 4 nm, 10 nm and 16 nm, respec...
Figure 4: Tensile stress–strain curves for Cu64Zr36 and Cu36Zr64 BMGs and as-prepared (NG1), annealed (NG2), ...
Figure 5: Local atomic shear strain for (a) Cu36Zr64 and (b) Cu64Zr36 BMGs and as-prepared (NG1), annealed (N...
Figure 6: The ψ values for Cu64Zr36 and Cu36Zr64 BMGs and as-prepared (NG1), annealed (NG2), annealed and pre...
Figure 7: The fraction of Cu-centered full icosahedra and Voronoi volume in the Cu64Zr36 and Cu36Zr64 metalli...
Figure 1: Schematic drawing and experimental results of the metal PBL process for the fabrication of metal na...
Figure 2: SEM images of perforated Au, Pd, Cu, and Cr films fabricated by metal PBL. Aluminum films are shown...
Figure 3: Sub-100 nm holes in a Cu film (left) and gold islands (right) fabricated by metal PBL. a) AFM image...
Figure 4: Optical transmission due to localized surface plasmonic resonance (blue) of perforated aluminum fil...
Figure 1: (a) Sketch showing multiple concurrent deformation mechanisms. (b) ACOM-STEM orientation maps overl...
Figure 2: Grain fragmentation of the center grain (white boundary) during the tensile deformation (0–4.7% str...
Figure 3: Twinning, twin boundary migration and detwinning of the center grain (white boundary) during the te...
Figure 4: Analysis of the crystallite rotations in the range 0–65° for ncPda: (a) Crystallite boundary map ov...
Figure 5: Analysis of the crystallite rotations in the range 0–12° for ncPda: (a) Crystallite boundary map of...
Figure 6: Crystalllite size versus lattice rotation plot of all tracked crystallites: (a) ncPda (dA = 25 nm) ...
Scheme 1: Synthesis of complexes 1–3. (a) NaH, 1/3DyCl3·6H2O, EtOH, reflux then stirring at RT overnight. (b)...
Scheme 2: Synthesis of complex 4 under anhydrous conditions. The proposed structure of the complex is based o...
Figure 1: Molecular structure of complex 1 obtained by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Hydrogen atoms are o...
Figure 2: Molecular structure of complex 2 obtained by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Hydrogen atoms are o...
Figure 3: Molecular structure of complex 3 obtained by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Hydrogen atoms are o...
Figure 4: Absorption spectra of the three dysprosium complexes in diluted (2 × 10−6 M) DMSO solutions of 1–4 ...
Figure 5: (Top) Temperature dependence of out-of-phase component of ac magnetic susceptibility under zero dc ...
Figure 6: Orientation of the main anisotropy axis in complexes 1–3 indicated as blue arrows (a, b and c) calc...
Figure 7: Cole–Cole plots under zero or different dc fields in the given temperature ranges. Sample codes are...
Figure 1: Cyclic voltammetry of np-Pd with a scan rate of 1 mV/s, recorded between potentials UAg/AgCl of −10...
Figure 2: Charge dependence of relative electrical resistance (a) and sample thickness (b) upon cyclic voltam...
Figure 3: Thickness variations (ΔL)f/L0 of np-Pd upon loading experiments up to different final hydrogen conc...
Figure 1: Synthesis of the hollow carbon spheres via impregnation of silica spheres with solid core and mesop...
Figure 2: a) SEM and b) TEM images of mesoporous hollow carbon spheres. Inset: larger magnification of the sh...
Figure 3: a) Small-angle and b) wide-angle XRD patterns as well as c) Raman spectrum of hollow carbon spheres....
Figure 4: a) Nitrogen physisorption isotherm (measured at 77 K), b) pore size distribution and c) cumulative ...
Figure 5: Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of HCS loaded with different amounts of sulfur by a) melt impregn...
Figure 6: Raman spectra of HCS loaded with different amounts of sulfur by a) melt impregnation at ambient pre...
Figure 7: SEM images of a) HCS-58-vac, b) HCS-67-vac, and c) EDX spectra of HCS-67-vac (measured areas are ma...
Figure 8: a) Voltage profiles of a Li–S cell with areal sulfur loading of 2.0 mg·cm−2. After the formation cy...
Figure 1: a) SEM overview of a Baytubes agglomerated pellet; b, c) SEM details of the MWCNTs; d) TEM detail o...
Figure 2: a) Helium ion microscope (HeIM) overview of b-MWCNTs and b) HeIM detail of b-MWCNTs; c) SEM detail ...
Figure 3: a) HRTEM overview of branched-MWCNTs and b) HRTEM detail of Y-pattern b-MWCNTs; c, d) HRTEM detail ...
Figure 4: A schematic diagram of the suggested “unzipping” and “re-rolling” sequence: a) formation of unzippi...
Figure 5: (a) Dispersion of MWCNTs starting material; (b) dispersion of b-MWCNTs.
Figure 6: TEM overview of a) thin MWCNTs starting material and b) graphene nanoribbons after treatment.
Figure 1: Schematic geometry of the constrained HPT process (the notation is defined in the main text).
Figure 2: Strain hardening curves used in the numerical simulations. (a): Curve 2 is the experimentally measu...
Figure 3: Maps of the von Mises strain rate in the (r,z) plane for different rotation angles β. An index abov...
Figure 4: Dependence of the von Mises strain on β in points 1–5 shown in Figure 1. The indices a, b, c and d correspo...
Figure 5: Dependence of torque on β in log–log coordinates. Each curve is indexed with the index of the respe...
Figure 6: Log–log plot of the dependence of the torque on β, obtained from experimental data.
Figure 1: Electron microscopy of as-prepared ZFO nanoparticles. (a) Bright-field TEM image. (b) HRTEM image a...
Figure 2: Observed (open circles) and calculated (red line) XRD patterns of as-prepared ZFO nanoparticles. Th...
Figure 3: XPS spectra of the (a) Fe 2p, (b) O 1s and (c) C 1s core levels of as-prepared ZFO nanoparticles. T...
Figure 4: Low-temperature Mössbauer data of as-prepared ZFO nanoparticles. The gray spectrum represents Fe3+ ...
Figure 5: Direct-current SQUID magnetometry of as-prepared ZFO nanoparticles. ZFC/FC curves measured with µ0H...
Figure 6: Alternating-current SQUID magnetometry of as-prepared ZFO nanoparticles with µ0HAC = 0.35 mT. (a) I...
Figure 7: Field-dependent SQUID magnetometry of as-prepared ZFO nanoparticles at (a,b) 5 K and (c) 300 K. The...
Figure 8: (a) Charge/discharge profiles and (b) corresponding differential capacity curves of ZFO nanoparticl...
Figure 9: (a) Long-term cycling performance of ZFO nanoparticle electrodes in Li half-cells at C/10 (black), ...
Figure 10: XANES spectra of ZFO nanoparticle electrodes (a) before cycling and (b) in a lithiated state and co...
Figure 1: Isothermal microcalorimeter trace at 60 °C for as-spun and cold-rolled ribbons. The inset shows the...
Figure 2: Dark field TEM analysis of cold-rolled (left) and cold-rolled and annealed samples. The sample was ...
Figure 3: The cumulative size distribution for Al nanocrystals inside shear bands. Square markers represent m...
Figure 4: (a) DSC trace for an as-spun Al88Y7Fe5 ribbon sample. (b) DSC trace for the cold-rolled Al88Y7Fe5 r...
Figure 5: XRD results showing an increase in intensity of the Al peaks after annealing of a cold-rolled sampl...
Figure 6: DF TEM (left) and BF TEM (right) after 210 °C anneal of cold-rolled sample.
Figure 1: Effect of dry shear aligning (DSA) on film morphology. a) and b) show SEM images of thin films prod...
Figure 2: a) Optical spectra of the various thicknesses of a SWCNT film, b) variation of the degree of alignm...
Figure 3: The variation of solar cell parameters with nanotube film thickness for films both before (red diam...
Figure 1: A typical bright-field TEM image of the HPT Cu–Zn alloy showing severe deformation and grain refine...
Figure 2: (a) A typical TKD orientation map of the HPT Cu–Zn alloy. The inverse pole figure coloring scheme i...
Figure 3: Typical TEM images of the three most common twin morphologies highlighted in Figure 2a: (a) twin thickness i...
Figure 4: (a) Grain size distribution and the size distribution of twinned grains indicated by red and blue h...
Figure 1: The MSS2 reactor [36]: a) general draft of the MSS2 reactor; b) view of the prototype; c) principle of ...
Figure 2: XRD patterns of HAp powders.
Figure 3: XRD patterns of a duck bone, a beef bone, a pork bone, a turkey bone, a horse bone, a rabbit bone, ...
Figure 4: Crystallite size distribution, obtained using Nanopowder XRD Processor Demo [48]: a) HAp Type 1; b) HAp...
Figure 5: SEM micrographs of HAp powders: (a, b) Type 1; (c, d) Type 2; (e, f) Type 3; (g, h) Type 4; (i, j) ...
Figure 6: The bright field TEM image of Type 1 HAp.
Figure 7: a) A dark field TEM image of Type 2 HAp; b) a histogram of the particle size distribution.
Figure 8: a) A dark field TEM image of Type 3 HAp; b) a histogram of the particle size distribution.
Figure 9: a) A dark field TEM image of Type 4 HAp; b) a histogram of the particle size distribution.
Figure 10: a) A dark field TEM image of Type 5 HAp; b) a histogram of the particle size distribution.
Figure 11: a) A dark field TEM image of Type 6 HAp; b) a histogram of the particle size distribution.
Figure 12: Results of thermogravimetric analysis for Type 1–Type 6 HAp nanopowder heated in helium atmosphere ...
Figure 1: (a) The Vickers hardness as a function of the average grain size in electrodeposited and subsequent...
Figure 2: Relationship between the Vickers hardness and the fraction of low-Σ CSL boundaries for the submicro...
Figure 3: Relationship between the Vickers hardness and the fraction of R0 and R1 type triple junctions compo...
Figure 4: SEM micrographs of cracks introduced by indentation tests in the sulfur-doped fine-grained Ni speci...
Figure 5: S–N curves of nanocrystalline Ni–2.0 mass % P alloy specimens: (a) stress amplitude versus logarith...
Figure 6: OIM micrographs with inverse pole figures (IPF) of grain orientation distribution for (A) prefatigu...
Figure 7: Misorientation angle distributions for (a) prefatigued and (b) postfatigued Ni–2.0 mass % P alloy s...
Figure 8: Specimen surface of electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni–2.0 mass % P alloy specimen after high-cycl...
Figure 9: (a) Schematic illustration of the mechanism of intergranular fatigue fracture at random boundaries ...
Figure 10: (a) Definition of the fractal dimension of the maximum random boundary connectivity (MRBC) and (b) ...
Figure 11: Relationship between the number of boxes N(η) for complete coverage of the maximum random boundary ...
Figure 12: Relationship between the fractal dimension of MRBC and the length of MRBC.
Figure 13: Relationship between the fractal dimension of the MRBC and the fraction of low-Σ boundaries FΣ or r...
Figure 14: SEM micrographs of the surface (a,c) and the cross section (b,d) for the corroded specimens with di...
Figure 15: Schematic illustration showing the bulk mesoscopic propensity to percolation-related phenomena in t...
Figure 16: (a–c) OIM micrographs with inverse pole figures (IPF) of grain orientation distribution and (d–f) g...
Figure 17: Change in grain boundary character distribution in the sputtered gold thin film specimens after ann...
Figure 18: Example of the fractal analysis by box counting method for spatial distribution of random boundarie...
Figure 19: Relationship between the electrical resistivity and fractal dimension of spatial distribution of ra...
Figure 1: Ferromagnetic (full symbols) and paramagnetic or diamagnetic properties (open symbols) of (a) pure ...
Figure 2: Dark-field TEM micrograph of a thin zinc oxide nanocrystalline film obtained using the liquid-ceram...
Figure 3: Magnetization Js (in units of 10−3 µB/f.u.) as a function of the applied external magnetic field fo...
Figure 4: Dependence of magnetization per area unit (calibrated in emu/m2) on the film thickness (circles are...
Figure 5: Averaged zero-field µSR spectra for the single crystal (top curve, open circles), the coarse graine...
Figure 6: Saturation magnetization of doped zinc oxide films versus the concentration of (a) cobalt [8], (b) man...
Figure 7: (a) Lattice parameter c in Co-doped ZnO films deposited using the liquid ceramics method versus the...
Figure 8: (a–d) Solubility limit of nickel in zinc oxide polycrystals with grain sizes (a) larger than 1000, ...
Figure 9: Solubility limit of (a) cobalt [47] and (b) manganese [46] in zinc oxide polycrystals with various grain si...
Figure 10: Bright-field HREM micrographs [48] for zinc oxide films doped with (a) 10 atom % Mn and (b) 15 atom % M...
Figure 1: The microstructure of the as-deposited Au(Fe) film. (a) High-resolution scanning electron microscop...
Figure 2: AFM micrograph of the surface of the as-deposited Au(Fe) film, four months after deposition.
Figure 3: AFM topography images of one and the same imprint produced at P = 0.2 mN (a) after indentation, aft...
Figure 4: AFM topography images of nanoimprints produced at P = 0.2 mN (a) after indentation, after annealing...
Figure 5: A three-dimensional AFM image of the indent after annealing for (a) 290 min and AFM profiles taken ...
Figure 6: Three-dimensional AFM image of the hole in the Au(Fe) film far from the indented regions after anne...
Figure 7: The simulated surface topography of the indent evolving by a surface diffusion mechanism, for diffe...
Figure 8: Schematic illustration of indent evolution with increasing annealing time: (a) before annealing, (b...
Figure 9: (a) Cross-sectional SEM image from the region indented at a high load (P = 1 mN), and (b) of the un...
Figure 1: (a) Waveguide-integrated CNT transducers. False-colored scanning electron image of the waveguides (...
Figure 2: (a) Normalized total intensity Inorm versus 1/V under variation of electrical pulse width, w, and d...
Figure 3: (a) Spatially resolved light emission showing intensity at the position of the CNT emitter and the ...
Figure 4: (a) WG-CNT transducer characterized by the fiber-coupled setup. (b) Comparison of electrical pulses...
Figure 1: Sketch of the photocleavable 2-(phenoxymethyl)-1-nitrobenzene subunit and its intramolecular photon...
Scheme 1: Synthesis of the trimeric target structure 1. Reagents and conditions: a) NaBH4, THF, 30 min, rt, q...
Figure 2: Qualitative photocleavage experiment of the monomer 4 irradiated at 355 nm inside the NMR spectrome...
Figure 3: Continuous illumination of the trimer 1 in dichloromethane solution by UV light of 254 nm (a) and 3...
Figure 4: Molecular beam machine to study the photodepletion of the photoactive monomer in high vacuum. The p...
Figure 5: Photodepletion of the photocleavable nitrobenzyl derivative. When the dissociation laser pulse with...
Figure 6: Depletion ratio, i.e., fraction of remaining parent molecules, versus laser fluence (photons per pu...
Figure 7: Bond-selective dissociation and photoinduced beam depletion shall enable novel absorptive optical g...
Figure 1: Copper atomic-scale transistor. (a) Confocal optical microscopy image of the microelectrodes, elect...
Figure 2: The performance of copper atomic-scale transistors. (a) 0–1G0 quantum conductance switching at 0.5 ...
Figure 3: Controlled bistable quantum conductance switching of copper atomic-scale transistors. (a) 0–10G0 sw...
Figure 4: Observation of fabrication and operation of the copper atomic-scale transistor. Confocal microscopy...
Figure 5: The operation of a copper atomic-scale transistor driven by a function generator. (a) Schematic dia...
Figure 6: Demonstration of bistable quantum conductance switching of the copper atomic-scale transistor drive...
Figure 7: Influence of the copper electrolyte additives on the morphology of deposited copper film. (a) Confo...
Figure 1: Temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficients of Cr in the GNS Fe produced by SMAT and in th...
Figure 2: Variations of Cr-diffusion depth with temperature in different low carbon steel samples: as-SMAT (▲...
Figure 3: (a) A schematic illustration of the gradient microstructure of grain size and interface in the GNS ...
Figure 4: (a) The dependence of the growth constant k2 on the reciprocal annealing temperature during reactiv...
Figure 5: Correlation of temperature and nitrogen potential for the formation of ε-Fe2–3N phase in the GNS Fe...
Figure 6: Cross-sectional observations of (a) the CG and (b) the GNS 38CrMoAl samples after gas nitriding at ...
Figure 7: Effects of (a) T1 (with T2 = 950 °C for 120 min) and (b) T2 (with T1 = 600 °C for 120 min) on the c...
Figure 8: Typical cross-sectional morphologies of (a) the CG and (b) the GNS 9Cr2WVTa F-M steel samples oxidi...
Figure 1: Single sphere with multiple plane wave illuminations, depicted with their wave vectors in green.
Figure 2: Convergence of the T-matrix calculation with the increase of the number of plane wave illuminations...
Figure 3: Total scattering cross section (blue) of the dimer and the contributions of different multipoles. T...
Figure 4: The left picture shows the general form of the T-matrix, as described in the previous section. For ...
Figure 5: Convergence of the T-matrix calculation with the increase of the number of plane wave illuminations...
Figure 6: T-matrix entries of the dimer, calculated with the presented method at 600 THz. For the sake of cla...
Figure 7: Total scattering cross section (blue) of the sandwich particle and the contributions of different m...
Figure 8: T-matrix entries of the sandwich particle, calculated with the presented method at 336 THz with 50 ...
Figure 9: Right-handed metallic helix with two windings. Total scattering cross section for right-handed (sol...
Figure 10: T-matrix entries of the right handed helix, calculated with the presented method at 1.5 THz with 10...
Figure 11: T-matrix entries in the helicity basis (obtained by Equation 22) of a left-handed and a right-handed helix. We...
Figure 12: Duality breaking, electromagnetic chirality and cross section contrast of the left-handed helix.
Figure 1: Phospholipid array on nanoporous HEMA-EDMA polymer. a) Phospholipid microcontact spotting on porous...
Figure 2: a) Fluorescence image of the STV-FITC binding Biotin-PE containing arrays on the nanoporous HEMA-ED...
Figure 3: a) Fluorescence microscopy image of an anti-DNP IgE-Alexa 488 antibody (green) bound to an array of...
Figure 4: Fluorescence microscopy images of ARbiot binding onto STV-Cy3 coated biotin arrays on nanoporous HE...