Nanostructured liquid crystal systems and applications
This Thematic Series focuses on selected publications that employ nanostructured materials or have nanostructured end products which assist in liquid crystal systems.
- Full Research Paper
- Published 22 Nov 2017
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Figure 1: Schematic representation of a laser beam (λ = 632.8 nm) passing through a planar nematic cell place...
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Figure 2: The deviation angle of molecular director inside a planar cell.
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Figure 3: Experimental setup for the study of the internal organization of the mixture of 5CB with CoFe2O4.
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Figure 4: Magnetic Fréedericksz threshold for a) pure 5CB liquid crystals and b) the mixture of 5CB and CoFe2O...
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Figure 5: Experimental results plots for 0.1050 T magnetic field applied to the 5CB cell a) the field was app...
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Figure 6: Experimental results and theoretical curves for a magnetic field of 0.1050 T applied to the mixture...
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Figure 7: Fir branch-like structure in the cell with the mixture of 5CB with CoFe2O4.
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 27 Nov 2017
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Figure 1: Magnetization curve of the powder of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles, measured at 285 K.
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Figure 2: Temperature dependence of the capacitance of 6CB and of two ferronematic samples with different MNP...
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Figure 3: Magnetization curves of neat 6CB and the FN with a MNP concentration of
![[Graphic 7]](/bjnano/content/inline/2190-4286-8-251-i7.svg?max-width=637&scale=1.18182)
= 10−4 in the nematic phas...
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Figure 4: Temperature dependence of the real part χ′ of the ac susceptibility of the 6CB-based FN, measured i...
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Figure 5: Magnitude of the reduction in the ac susceptibility Δχ′ at the isotropic-to-nematic phase transitio...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 29 Nov 2017
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Figure 1: Interferometric surface structure analyzer (ISSA) study of the liquid crystal 8CB free surface in (...
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Figure 2: Interferometric surface structure analyzer (ISSA) study of the liquid crystal (LC) 8CB free surface...
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Figure 3: Interferometric surface structure analyzer (ISSA) image of the liquid crystal 8CB free surface in s...
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Figure 4: Interferometric surface structure analyzer (ISSA) study of the liquid crystal 8CB free surface in s...
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Figure 5: Schematic optical diagram of the interferometric surface structure analyzer (ISSA).
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Figure 6: Computer software interface with experimental results of an ISSA scan of the 8CB free surface in th...
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Figure 7: Liquid crystal display substrate (a) without any material and (b) with a very thin liquid crystal f...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 30 Nov 2017
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Figure 1: Orientation of the director and the magnetization of a ferrocholesteric in a magnetic field and a s...
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Figure 2: The diagram of the FC–FN phase transition in the plane h–φH for λ = 2, u = 0.3 and different values...
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Figure 3: The diagram of the FC–FN phase transition in the plane u–φH for ξ = 0.1, h = 1 and different values...
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Figure 4: The diagram of the FC–FN phase transition in the plane u–h for (a) the quadrupole (ξ = 0.1) and (b)...
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Figure 5: The diagram of the FC–FN phase transition in the plane u–h for λ = 2, φH = φ0 and various values of...
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Figure 6: The dependence of the FC helix pitch on (a) the magnetic field strength h and (b) the shear flow gr...
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Figure 7: The dependence of the FC helix pitch on the angle of magnetic field orientation φH for λ = 2, h = 0...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 27 Dec 2017
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Figure 1: Properties of the Au nanoparticles (NPs): particle size distribution of Au NPs obtained by using a ...
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Figure 2: Cross-section of the PCF 061221 (a) and experimental setup for measuring the propagation spectra in...
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Figure 3: Experimental setup for measuring changes of the switching times under an external electric field.
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Figure 4: Liquid crystal (LC) cells filled with (a) undoped, (b) 0.5 wt % Au-doped and (c) 1 wt % Au-doped 6C...
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Figure 5: Microcapillaries infiltrated with (a) undoped, (b) 0.3 wt % Au-doped, (c) 0.5 wt % Au-doped and (d)...
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Figure 6: Propagation spectra for a photonic liquid crystal fiber (PLCF) infiltrated with 6CHBT LC (black) at...
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Figure 7: Thermal spectra of propagation in a photonic liquid crystal fiber filled with undoped liquid crysta...
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Figure 8: Thermal spectra of propagation in a photonic liquid crystal fiber filled with 0.1 wt % Au-doped liq...
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Figure 9: Thermal spectra of propagation in a photonic liquid crystal fiber filled with 0.3 wt % Au-doped liq...
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Figure 10: Thermal spectra of propagation in a photonic liquid crystal fiber filled with 0.5 wt % Au-doped liq...
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Figure 11: Thermal spectra of propagation in a photonic liquid crystal fiber filled with 1 wt % Au-doped liqui...
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Figure 12: Rise time (a,b) and fall time (c,d) for 0.3 wt % Au and 1 wt % Au-doped photonic liquid crystal fib...
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Figure 13: Selected oscillograms for undoped (a,b) and 1 wt % Au-doped (c,d) photonic liquid crystal fibers fo...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 28 Dec 2017
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Figure 1: A schematic of the graphene–ITO hybrid liquid crystal cell.
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Figure 2: Images of the graphene–ITO hybrid liquid crystal (LC) cell between crossed polarizers: voltage not ...
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Figure 3: The transmission spectra of graphene and indium tin oxide sections of the hybrid liquid crystal cel...
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Figure 4: Schematic of the liquid crystal characterization experiment.
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Figure 5: Light intensity vs peak-to-peak (pp) voltage applied, passing through the liquid crystal cell with ...
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Figure 6: Time dependence of the intensity of light passing through the LC cells with graphene and ITO electr...
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Figure 7: Time characteristic of liquid crystal cells with ITO (a) and graphene (b) transparent conductive la...
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Figure 8: Time characteristic of liquid crystal cells with ITO (a) and graphene (b) transparent conductive la...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 29 Dec 2017
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Figure 1: The planar layer of LC doped with CNTs in an external magnetic field, choice of the coordinate syst...
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Figure 2: The structure of the orientational phases: (a) planar phase, (b) angular phase and (c) homeotropic ...
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Figure 3: Diagram of the orientational state of the suspension for (a) γ = 0.1 [σm1 = 0.285, hm1 = 2.738] and...
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Figure 4: The tricritical segregation parameter
![[Graphic 43]](/bjnano/content/inline/2190-4286-8-280-i72.svg?max-width=637&scale=1.18182)
for the Fréedericksz transition as a function of the couplin...
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Figure 5: Dependence of the tricritical segregation parameters (a)
![[Graphic 58]](/bjnano/content/inline/2190-4286-8-280-i87.svg?max-width=637&scale=1.18182)
and (b) ![[Graphic 59]](/bjnano/content/inline/2190-4286-8-280-i88.svg?max-width=637&scale=1.18182)
on the coupling energy of CNTs w...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 02 Jan 2018
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Figure 1: Experimental LC cell geometry.
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Figure 2: Experimentally measured electrooptical response for (a) E7 and (b) ZLI 1957/5 LC cells with chromiu...
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Figure 3: Grayscale performance of E7 and ZLI 1957/5 LC cells with chromium electrodes, w/g = 0.5 (p = 6 μm), ...
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Figure 4: Measured response times τon (a, c) and τoff (b, d) for E7 (c, d) and ZLI 1957/5 (a, b) LC mixtures ...
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Figure 5: Polarized-light microscopy photographs of LC cells with electrode fingers at 45° with respect to th...
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Figure 6: a) Top view showing the simulated local transmittance of an E7 LC cell with d = 3 µm and w/g = 0.5 (...
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Figure 7: Simulated electrooptical response of an E7 LC cell with transparent electrodes: w/g = 0.5 (p = 6 μm...
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Figure 8: Simulated distribution of the local transmittance of an E7 LC cell with w/g = 2.0 (p = 3 µm) and d ...
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Figure 9: Simulated local transmittance response in an E7 LC cell with w/g = 2.0 µm (p = 3 µm) and d = 4 µm d...
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Figure 10: Relaxation time of an E7 LC layer of thickness d = 3.5 µm as a function of p for different ratios w/...
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Figure 11: Simulated electrooptical response for rectangular pulses of duration Δt = 2, 5, 10 and 15 ms applie...
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Figure 12: Simulated electrooptical response for E7 LC cells with transparent and opaque electrodes (p = 3 µm ...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 04 Jan 2018
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Figure 1: Electron microscope image of a grating with period p = 350 nm, duty factor w/p = 1/3.
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Figure 2: Schematic layout of the gratings on the sample; the arrow on the left indicates the rubbing directi...
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Figure 3: Photos of the liquid crystal cell under polarized light: (a)
![[Graphic 3]](/bjnano/content/inline/2190-4286-9-6-i7.svg?max-width=637&scale=1.18182)
, the sample axis (rubbing direction) ...
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Figure 4: The transmittance for the grating with p = 300 nm and w/p = 1/2 versus wavelength (a) and wavenumbe...
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Figure 5: The Fourier transform spectra of the transmittance spectra given in Figure 4b (grating p = 300 nm, w/p = 1/2...
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Figure 6: Fourier transform spectra vs grating geometry.
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 10 Jan 2018
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Figure 1: Geometry of cells used in simulations. (a) In the “Cartesian” cells we enforce at the top “master” ...
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Figure 2: (a) Typical scribed surface topography enforcing the m = 2 topological defect. (b) Schematic repres...
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Figure 3: Plots of β2(x,y) for different imposed total topological charges using BAC: (a) m = 1, (b) m = 2, (...
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Figure 4: 2D Plot of the eigenvectors of
![[Graphic 25]](/bjnano/content/inline/2190-4286-9-13-i36.svg?max-width=637&scale=1.18182)
with the largest positive eigenvalue, corresponding to the 2D biaxi...
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Figure 5: Plots of β2(x,y) of the configuration of TDs with increasing ratio η = R/ξb: (a) η = 14, (b) η = 17...
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Figure 6: Changes in the nematic director field with increasing ratio η = R/ξb: (a) η = 14, (b) η = 17, (c) η...
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Figure 7: Cross section through a cylindrically symmetric boojum core structure. The biaxial shell exhibiting...
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Figure 8: Radial spatial variation of the director field (thin black lines, ρ ≡ r, ρ0 ≡ ξb; θ0 = π/2), and de...
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Figure 9: Extension of the fingertip with an increasing external field. Because of the cylindrical symmetry, ...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 15 Jan 2018
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Figure 1: Schematic representation of morphology and working principle of the electrospun cellulose network w...
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Figure 2: SEM image of deposited electrospun CA fibers.
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Figure 3: Polarizing optical microscopy images of the electrospun CA a) without LC and (b) filled with E7.
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Figure 4: Dielectric constant and dielectric loss (logarithmic scale) as functions of the temperature for (a)...
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Figure 5: Dielectric constant and dielectric loss (logarithmic scale) as functions of the frequency for (a) t...
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Figure 6: Relaxation time as a function of the inverse of temperature for the CA/E7 sample.
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Figure 7: Active and reactive part of the impedance as functions of the frequency, for (a) the CA cell and fo...
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Figure 8: Normalized reactive part of the impedance as a function of the frequency for (a) the CA cell and fo...
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Figure 9: Cole–Cole diagrams for (a) the CA cell at 303 K (black solid squares), 313 K (red solid circles), a...
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Figure 10: Equivalent three-element model circuit, formed by a serial resistance, Rs, a parallel resistance, Rp...
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Figure 11: Optical transmission of the sample CA/E7 as a function of the applied ac electric field.
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Figure 12: Schematic representation of electrospinning cellulose fibers from solution.
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Figure 13: Experimental set-up for the optical transmission measurement.
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 16 Jan 2018
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Figure 1: Schematic representation of the bilayer interdigitated SmA phase of the ILC based on bisimidazolium...
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Scheme 1: Synthesis of bisimidazolium salt with dodecyl sulfate anion: (i) Br(CH2)10Br, NaH; (ii) C8H17Br, ac...
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Figure 2: POM pictures of [bisC8ImC10][C12H25OSO3]2 on cooling from the isotropic state: at 318 K (a) and at ...
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Figure 3: DSC traces for [bisC8ImC10][C12H25OSO3]2: (a) first and (b) second heating–cooling cycle recorded i...
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Figure 4: Powder XRD pattern of [bisC8ImC10][C12H25OSO3]2 recorded at 298 K, after cooling from the isotropic...
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Figure 5: Permittivity as a function of the temperature (logarithmic scale) for pure ILC (green solid squares...
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Figure 6: Dielectric loss as a function of the temperature (logarithmic scale) for pure ILC (green solid squa...
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Figure 7: Relaxation time as function of the inverse temperature (logarithm scale) for pure ILC (green solid ...
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Figure 8: Permittivity and dielectric loss as functions of the frequency (logarithmic scale) for the pure ILC...
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Figure 9: Permittivity and dielectric loss as functions of the frequency (logarithmic scale) at different con...
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Figure 10: Real part of the conductivity versus temperature for pure ILC and ILC doped with CNTs, at 10 kHz.
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Figure 11: Real part of the conductivity as a function of the frequency (logarithmic scale) for the pure ILC, ...
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Figure 12: Conductivity as a function of the CNT concentration at three constant temperatures.
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- Review
- Published 18 Jan 2018
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Figure 1: Lyotropic liquid-crystalline phase transition of a dispersion of rod-like particles as a function o...
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Figure 2: Architectures of liquid crystalline scaffolds and their interactions with adherent cells. Each rod ...
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Figure 3: Physicochemical cues in tissue engineering scaffolds for controlling cellular responses. Cells may ...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 22 Jan 2018
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Figure 1: Liquid crystal molecular orientation inside a LC cell exposed to an electric field.
![[Graphic 1]](/bjnano/content/inline/2190-4286-9-25-i33.svg?max-width=637&scale=1.18182)
is the undistu...
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Figure 2: Carbon nanotubes in a liquid crystal cell exposed to an electric field.
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Figure 3: Orientation of a liquid crystal molecule on a CNT surface.
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Figure 4: Relative orientation of a liquid crystal molecule on a carbon nanotube surface. a) The electric fie...
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Figure 5: Experimental setup for the dynamic study of LC + SWCNTs in an electric field.
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Figure 6: Fréedericksz transitions for 5CB and 5CB + SWNCTs.
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Figure 7: Variation of the intensity of a light beam traversing a cell containing pure 5CB. a) The field is s...
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Figure 8: Variation of the intensity of a light beam traversing a cell containing LC + SWCNTs. a) The field i...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 29 Jan 2018
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Scheme 1: Reaction scheme for the synthesis of new (S)-4-((1-alkoxy-1-oxopropan-2-yloxy)carbonyl)phenyl 4'-al...
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Figure 1: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) plot of heating/cooling runs (indicated by horizontal arrow...
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Figure 2: Temperature dependencies of spontaneous polarization Ps, (a) and tilt angle of molecules θs, measur...
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Figure 3: Temperature dependencies of the helix pitch length p for KL 3/4 (black rectangle), KL 3/5 (red cicl...
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Figure 4: 3D plots of the imaginary part of complex permittivity for KL 3/4 (a) and KL 4/4 (b) showing strong...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 30 Jan 2018
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Figure 1: Image of the 8CB surface structures on the SmA free surface (a) and in bulk (b), as measured with a...
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Figure 2: (a) Interferometric surface structure analyzer (ISSA) 3D reconstructed image of the SmA surface; (b...
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Figure 3: AFM image of SmA free surface at room temperature.
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Figure 4: SNOM image of SmA free surface at room temperature (a) and its cross-section (b).
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Figure 5: Periodic structure formation after Cry–SmA phase transition at room temperature. Topographical AFM ...
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Figure 6: Periodic SmA structure formation at room temperature after cooling from the nematic phase. Topograp...
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Figure 7: Equilibrium surface state of SmA phase after 30 minutes of relaxation at room temperature. SNOM ima...
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Figure 8: Periodic structure formation in the nematic phase at 38 °С. Topographical (a) and optical (b) SNOM ...
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Figure 9: SNOM image of LC film on the Si substrate at 46 °С (isotropic liquid).
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Figure 10: Schematic illustration of smectic layer configurations, with smectic layers (white), substrate (bla...
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Figure 11: Schematic optical diagram of the interferometric surface structure analyzer (ISSA).
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Figure 12: Liquid crystalline display substrate a) without a material; b) a 3D reconstruction of the display w...
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Figure 13: Schematic diagram of the CryoSNOM produced by CDP System Corp. (http://www.cdpsystems.com/moscan.ht...
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Figure 14: SEM photo of the SNOM probe in the topographical regime, where the scales represent Al metallizatio...
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Figure 15: Schematic illustration of operational regions of SNOM and AFM.
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Temperature-tunable lasing from dye-doped chiral microdroplets encapsulated in a thin polymeric film
- Full Research Paper
- Published 31 Jan 2018
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Figure 1: Spectral shift of the PBG as a function of the temperature: a) 12 °C (cyan line), b) 17 °C (black l...
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Figure 2: DCM fluorescence spectrum.
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Figure 3: Blue shift of the emitted laser wavelength.
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Figure 4: Polymeric film containing the DD-CLC microdroplets obtained after water evaporation.
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Figure 5: Confocal micrograph of two DD-CLC microdroplets confined in a polymeric film.
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Figure 6: Blue shift of the emitted laser wavelength, measurements acquired at 28 °C (black solid line), at 4...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 01 Feb 2018
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Figure 1: Molecular director orientation of a liquid crystal with a positive anisotropy in a planar cell expo...
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Figure 2: Molecular director and quantum dot orientation in a planar LC cell subjected to electric field.
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Figure 3: Nematic molecular orientation around an ellipsoidal QD.
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Figure 4: Experimental setup for the dynamic study of the LC + QDs mixture.
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Figure 5: Fréedericksz transition for 5CB and 5CB + QD. Lines are guide to the eyes.
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Figure 6: Dynamic measurement of emergent light intensity: a) for LC sample when the field is on; b)for LC sa...
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Figure 7: Schematic representation of the molecular orientation around a QD a) when the field is switched on ...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 26 Feb 2018
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Figure 1: (a) Adsorption and desorption N2 isotherms of TiO2 at liquid nitrogen temperature. (b) Pore size di...
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Scheme 1: Synthetic route and chemical structure of SP1 and SP2 imines.
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Figure 2: Temperature evolution of the FTIR spectrum of SP1 imine obtained during heating in two spectral ran...
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Figure 3: Temperature evolution of the FT-MIR spectrum of SP2 imine obtained during heating between: (a) 3080...
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Figure 4: Intensity of X-ray signal vs diffraction angle, obtained by integration of 2D patterns over azimuth...
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Figure 5: Polarizing optical microscopy (POM) images for: (a) SP1 taken during 1st heating (at 27, 58, 72, 75...
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Figure 6: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves of the SP2 and SP2:TiO2 mixtures registered at the 1...
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Figure 7: (a) Cyclic voltammograms for SP1 and SP2. CV sweep rate ν = 100 mV/s, 0.1 M Bu4NPF6 in CH2Cl2, (b) ...
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Figure 8: Polarizing optical microscopy (POM) textures of SP2:TiO2 mixtures with weight ratios: 3:0 w/w, 3:1 ...
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Figure 9: Polarizing optical microscopy (POM) textures of SP2:TiO2 mixtures with weight ratio: 3:0 w/w (at ab...
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Figure 10: AFM images of: (a) SP2, SP2:TiO2 (3:1 w/w), SP2:TiO2 (3:2 w/w), SP2:TiO2 (3:3 w/w), and (b) SP1, SP...
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Figure 11: Comparison of the FT-MIR spectra of the SP1:TiO2 (3:2 w/w) and SP2:TiO2 (3:2 w/w) mixtures and thei...
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Figure 12: Interactions between TiO2 and SP1 or SP2.
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Figure 13: Cyclic voltammograms for SP1 and its mixtures with TiO2 and P3HT during reduction (a) and oxidation...
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Figure 14: Cyclic voltammograms for TiO2, SP2 and its mixtures with TiO2 in various weight ratios during reduc...
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Figure 15: Architecture of the investigated devices along with the energy level diagram of donor and acceptors...
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Figure 16: I–V curves of the ITO/TiO2/active layer/Au systems under 88 mW/cm2 illumination: I–IV characteristi...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 13 Mar 2018
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Figure 1: Sketch of a glass cell with NLC droplets embedded into glycerol with planar (a) and homeotropic (b)...
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Figure 2: POM images of NLC droplet structures in the bulk of glycerol obtained at light-emitting diode irrad...
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Figure 3: POM images of NLC droplet structures in contact with the solid substrate obtained under light-emitt...
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Figure 4: Schematic illustration of dendrimer molecules near the NLC–glycerol interface and of the NLC direct...
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Figure 5: Absorption spectra of the extraordinary (solid curves) and ordinary (dashed curves) waves for (a) N...
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Figure 6: The trans isomer order parameter, Strans, as a function of the relative concentration of cis isomer...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 25 Apr 2018
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Figure 1: The molecular structure and phase transitions of two bent-core liquid crystal samples: BCN66 (m = n...
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Figure 2: (a) Dielectric loss spectra (ε″) of a planar cell of cell thickness d = 7.8 µm in the frequency ran...
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Figure 3: Temperature dependent cluster size (i.e., an average number of molecules involved in a cluster) (op...
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Figure 4: Polarized optical microscopy (POM) texture of a 7.8 µm BCN66 cell with an applied peak voltage of a...
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Figure 5: Dependence of the dielectric loss spectrum (ε″) on the DC bias voltage (0–36 V) in the nematic phas...
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Figure 6: Dependence of the dielectric strengths (Δε) on the bias voltage for two processes (high frequency (...
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Figure 7: Effect of temperature and bias voltage on the two relaxation processes for BCN66: (a) solid black l...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 26 Apr 2018
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Figure 1: Molecular structures of cyanobiphenyl dimer (CBI) and benzoyloxy-benzylidene dimer (BB).
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Figure 2: Phase diagram for binary mixture of CBI and BB.
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Figure 3: a) Marble texture of the nematic phase (magnification 200×); b) polygonal texture of the NTB phase ...
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Figure 4: a) AFM 2D-topographic image of the surface morphology of a binary mixture of 27 mol % BB; b) the in...
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Figure 5: Molecular curvature of CBI obtained by a least squares fit of a circle to the geometry of the molec...
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Figure 6: Texture of the mixture containing 73 mol % BB: a) blocky texture of NTB phase at 93 °C, b) fan-shap...
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Figure 7: IR spectra of pure BB (red), pure CBI (green) and a 73 mol % BB mixture (blue) at room temperature.
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Figure 8: IR spectra in the CH2 stretching bands region of: a) 73 mol % mixture – 50 °C (green), 75 °C (blue)...
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Figure 9: a) Free rotation of the C–C bonds of the alkyl chains in the gas phase molecular dynamics. Snapshot...
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Figure 10: a) A sketch of the hypothetical intercalated smectic-like organization of pure BB, where d denotes ...
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