- Review
- Published 03 Apr 2018
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Figure 1: Nanomaterials with different morphologies: (A) nonporous Pd NPs (0D) [9,10], copyright Zhang et al.; lice...
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Figure 2: FESEM of dust particle samples collected (a) during and (b) after the dust storm episodes on March ...
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Figure 3: (a) SEM image of flaming smoke collected during a Madikwe Game Reserve fire in South Africa on Augu...
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Figure 4: (A) Negatively stained rotavirus with complete (long arrow) and empty (short arrow) particles in sw...
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Figure 5: Nanoparticles synthesized intracellularly in algae and fungi. (A) TEM micrograph of R. mucilaginosa...
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Figure 6: Photographs and the scanning electron microscope images of various bio-prototypes bearing superhydr...
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Figure 7: (A) Photograph of peacock feathers showing various colors and patterns. (B) Cross-sectional SEM ima...
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Figure 8: The macro- and microstructure of bone and its components with nanostructured materials employed in ...
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Figure 9: Electron microscope images show how NPs can penetrate and relocate to various sites inside a phagoc...
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- Review
- Published 01 Aug 2014
- 12242 Accesses
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Figure 1: Schematic view of active integrin molecules linking the ECM to the actin cytoskeleton. The heads of...
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Figure 2: Cryoelectron micrographs of negatively stained DMPG/DMPC vesicles containing integrin αIIbβ3. Negat...
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Figure 3: GUVs containing integrins interacting with a fibrinogen-coated substrate: (A) adhesion is detected ...
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Figure 4: Dependence of actin/α-actinin network structures on the vesicle size. The 3D reconstructions of net...
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Figure 5: Thin actin protrusions emerge from dendritic actin networks. Phase-contrast (A) and spinning-disc c...
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Figure 6: Confocal fluorescence micrographs of giant actin-filled liposomes. Lipid membranes are labelled wit...
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Figure 7: Transformed liposomes observed by dark-field microscopy in the presence of talin. Liposomes used we...
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- Review
- Published 23 Oct 2014
- 7146 Accesses
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Figure 1: Flexible MEA developed by Lin and colleagues. SEM micrographs showing vertically aligned CNTs on Pa...
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Figure 2: CNTs thin-films are optimal substrates for neuronal growth and development ex vivo (A–C) and improv...
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Figure 3: CNTs affect single-neuron excitability, inducing depolarising after-potentials (a). This behaviour ...
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Figure 4: Scanning electron micrographs show that, when exposed to animal blood serum proteins, polycrystalli...
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Figure 5: Sketch of the device for recording the extracellular electrical activity of cultured neuronal netwo...
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Figure 6: Three-dimensional graphene foam scaffolds allow neural stem cells to adhere and improve their proli...
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Correction
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- Published 10 Jul 2017
- 7005 Accesses
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Figure 1: (a) Time-domain example of an amplitude modulated signal with carrier frequency fc = 50 Hz, modulat...
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Figure 2: Classification of demodulation methods discussed in this paper.
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Figure 3: (a) Functional block diagram of the lock-in amplifier implementation and (b) illustrative double-si...
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Figure 4: (a) Functional block diagram of the high-bandwidth lock-in amplifier implementation and (b) illustr...
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Figure 5: General block diagram of the Kalman filter for demodulation. Thick lines indicate vector-valued sig...
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Figure 6: Functional block diagram of the Lyapunov filter implementation.
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Figure 7: Functional block diagram of (a) moving average filter and (b) mean absolute deviation measurement t...
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Figure 8: Functional block diagram of (a) the peak hold method and (b) the modified peak hold method based on...
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Figure 9: Functional block diagram of the coherent demodulator implementation.
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Figure 10: Schematic signal flow of the numerical integration scheme employed by the coherent demodulator with...
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Figure 11: Tracking bandwidth frequency response of the demodulators showing the −3 dB tracking bandwidth and ...
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Figure 12: Off-mode rejection of the demodulators for a carrier frequency of fc = 50 kHz and a tracking bandwi...
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Figure 13: Off-mode rejection of (a) fourth-order lock-in amplifier and (b) first-order Kalman filter for a ca...
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Figure 14: Schematic block diagram of the reference experiment of filtering a band-limited white noise process...
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Figure 15: Schematic block diagram of bandwidth-vs-noise experiment of recovering an amplitude-modulated band-...
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Figure 16: Tracking bandwidth vs total integrated noise (TIN) for each demodulator (blue circles) and for a lo...
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Figure 17: (a) Frequency response of the DMASP cantilever in open-loop (blue) and for various quality factor c...
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Figure 18: 3D image, 2D image and cross section of amplitude estimates obtained from (a) lock-in amplifier wit...
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Figure 19: 3D image, 2D image and cross section of amplitude estimates obtained from (a) lock-in amplifier wit...
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Figure 20: Functional block diagram of the Kalman filter implementation. Thick lines indicate vector-valued si...
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Figure 21: Maximum tracking bandwidth of (a) coherent demodulator (n = 6) and (b) half-period coherent demodul...
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Figure 22: Relationship between demodulator tuning variable and achievable tracking bandwidth.
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Figure 23: Experimental and theoretical total integrated noise of a low-pass filtered white noise process for ...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 21 Aug 2015
- 5192 Accesses
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Figure 1: Number of available products over time (since 2007) in each major category and in the Health and Fi...
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Figure 2: (a) Claimed composition of nanomaterials listed in the CPI, grouped into five major categories: not...
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Figure 3: Major nanomaterial composition groups over time. Carbon = carbonaceous nanomaterials (carbon black,...
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Figure 4: Major nanomaterial composition pairs in consumer products. Carbonaceous nanomaterials (carbon black...
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Figure 5: Locations of nanomaterials in consumer products for which a nanomaterial composition has been ident...
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Figure 6: Expected benefits of incorporating nanomaterial additives into consumer products.
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Figure 7: Potential exposure pathways from the expected normal use of consumer products, grouped by major nan...
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Figure 8: Distribution of products into the “How much we know” categories.
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Figure 9: Nanotechnology survey answers on how respondents have used the CPI in the past and how they might u...
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- Review
- Published 23 Aug 2018
- 4877 Accesses
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Figure 1: Melting temperature of gold nanoparticles according to Castro et al. [11] and Cluskey et al. [13]. One real...
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Figure 2: Visualization of the setting for the estimation the number of next neighbors (coordination number) ...
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Figure 3: Relative coordination number q of an atom at the surface of a spherical particle as function of the...
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Figure 4: Graph of Equation 6. Also in this case, a lower limit for the particle diameter exists (α = β = 1).
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Figure 5: Surface energy for gold nanoparticles as function of the particle diameter according to Gang et al. ...
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Figure 6: Landau’s order parameter M for tin particles of different particle diameters as function of the rad...
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Figure 7: Difference of the surface energy between the solid and the liquid state at the melting temperature ...
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Figure 8: Radial profiles of the density for a fcc metal cluster consisting of 3302 atoms versus the particle...
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Figure 9: Thickness of the liquid and the quasi-liquid transition layer close to the surface of a 18 nm gold ...
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Figure 10: Translational order parameter for gold particles of different particle diameter as function of the ...
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Figure 11: Melting temperature of lead according to Coombes [16]. This figure shows two ranges of melting temperat...
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Figure 12: Surface energy of gold as function of the particle size according to Ali et al. [51]. The graphs show t...
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Figure 13: Results of molecular dynamic calculations of the surface energy of gold [54]. (a) All the results, wher...
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Figure 14: High-resolution electron micrograph of a zirconia, ZrO2, and an alumina, Al2O3 nanoparticles. (a) A...
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Figure 15: Surface energy of the three modifications of titania at a temperature of 300 K as function of the p...
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Figure 16: Surface energy of silver particles as function of the particle diameter [49]. This graph shows the orig...
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Figure 17: Surface energy of aluminum particles as function of the particle diameter [58]. This graph shows both t...
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Figure 18: Binding energy of the atoms in the outmost layer of an Au55 cluster [14]. Additionally, for each coordi...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 13 Jun 2014
- 4596 Accesses
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Figure 1: Trassati’s volcano plot for the hydrogen evolution reaction in acid solutions. j00 denotes the exch...
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Figure 2: ’Volcano’ plots for hydrogen evolution in acid and alkaline aqueous solutions. Note that ascending ...
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Figure 3: Square of the coupling constants between the H1s orbital and the d bands of Pt(111), Ni(111), Cu(11...
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Figure 4: Densities of states of the d bands of Ni(111) and of the 1s spin orbitals of a hydrogen atom at a d...
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Figure 5: Free energy surface for the Volmer reaction on Ni(111) in acid solution at the equilibrium potentia...
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Figure 6: Oxygen reduction on various substrates in acid solutions. Left: logarithm of the current at 800 mV ...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 10 Mar 2011
- 4414 Accesses
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Figure 1: (a) Lotus leaves, which exhibit extraordinary water repellency on their upper side. (b) Scanning el...
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Figure 2: Epidermis cells of the leaf upper side with papillae. The surface is densely covered with wax tubul...
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Figure 3: SEM images of the papillose leaf surfaces of Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus) (a), Euphorbia myrsinites (b)...
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Figure 4: The contact between water and superhydrophobic papillae at different pressures. At moderate pressur...
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Figure 5: Measured forces between a superhydrophobic papilla-model and a water drop during advancing and rece...
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Figure 6: Papillose and non-papillose leaf surfaces with an intact coating of wax crystals: (a) Nelumbo nucif...
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Figure 7: Traces of natural erosion of the waxes on the same leaves as in Figure 6: (a) Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus); (b) ...
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Figure 8: Test for the stability of the waxes against damaging by wiping on the same leaves: (a) Nelumbo nuci...
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Figure 9: SEM and LM images of cross sections through the papillae. Lotus (a,b) and Euphorbia myrsinites (c,d...
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Figure 10: Epicuticular wax crystals in an area of 4 × 3 µm2. The upper side of the lotus leaf (a) has the hig...
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Figure 11: Chemical composition of the separated waxes of the upper and lower side of the lotus leaf. The uppe...
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Figure 12: X-ray diffraction diagram of upperside lotus wax. The ‘long spacing’ peaks indicate a layer structu...
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Figure 13: Model of a wax tubule composed of layers of nonacosan-10-ol and nonacosanediol molecules. The OH-gr...
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- Review
- Published 16 Oct 2014
- 4335 Accesses
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Figure 1: Evolution of the Si NC photoluminescence spectra (offseted for clarity) with high temperature annea...
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Figure 2: DLTS spectrum of a MOS structure with Ge NCs embedded in the oxide, with Arrhenius plot in the inse...
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Figure 3: Hybridization between F4-TCNQ and Si NC one-electron states. (a) Isosurface plot of the F4-TCNQ low...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 31 Mar 2015
- 4038 Accesses
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Figure 1: TEM micrograph of the Cu@silica nanoparticles. a) Overview, b) detail of the core and shell structu...
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Figure 2: TEM micrograph of a Cu@silica nanoparticle. a) Bright field, b) dark field.
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Figure 3: TEM micrograph of a Cu particle with an incomplete shell demonstrating moiré patterns where Cu2O ha...
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Figure 4: TEM micrograph of the Ag@Si nanoparticles along with Ag agglomerates.
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Figure 5: Graph of the dependence of the surface tension of Si, Cu, and Ag with temperature.
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