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- Published 21 Aug 2015
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Figure 1: Number of available products over time (since 2007) in each major category and in the Health and Fi...
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Figure 2: (a) Claimed composition of nanomaterials listed in the CPI, grouped into five major categories: not...
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Figure 3: Major nanomaterial composition groups over time. Carbon = carbonaceous nanomaterials (carbon black,...
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Figure 4: Major nanomaterial composition pairs in consumer products. Carbonaceous nanomaterials (carbon black...
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Figure 5: Locations of nanomaterials in consumer products for which a nanomaterial composition has been ident...
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Figure 6: Expected benefits of incorporating nanomaterial additives into consumer products.
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Figure 7: Potential exposure pathways from the expected normal use of consumer products, grouped by major nan...
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Figure 8: Distribution of products into the “How much we know” categories.
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Figure 9: Nanotechnology survey answers on how respondents have used the CPI in the past and how they might u...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 10 Mar 2011
- 41795 Accesses
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Figure 1: (a) Lotus leaves, which exhibit extraordinary water repellency on their upper side. (b) Scanning el...
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Figure 2: Epidermis cells of the leaf upper side with papillae. The surface is densely covered with wax tubul...
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Figure 3: SEM images of the papillose leaf surfaces of Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus) (a), Euphorbia myrsinites (b)...
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Figure 4: The contact between water and superhydrophobic papillae at different pressures. At moderate pressur...
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Figure 5: Measured forces between a superhydrophobic papilla-model and a water drop during advancing and rece...
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Figure 6: Papillose and non-papillose leaf surfaces with an intact coating of wax crystals: (a) Nelumbo nucif...
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Figure 7: Traces of natural erosion of the waxes on the same leaves as in Figure 6: (a) Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus); (b) ...
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Figure 8: Test for the stability of the waxes against damaging by wiping on the same leaves: (a) Nelumbo nuci...
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Figure 9: SEM and LM images of cross sections through the papillae. Lotus (a,b) and Euphorbia myrsinites (c,d...
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Figure 10: Epicuticular wax crystals in an area of 4 × 3 µm2. The upper side of the lotus leaf (a) has the hig...
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Figure 11: Chemical composition of the separated waxes of the upper and lower side of the lotus leaf. The uppe...
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Figure 12: X-ray diffraction diagram of upperside lotus wax. The ‘long spacing’ peaks indicate a layer structu...
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Figure 13: Model of a wax tubule composed of layers of nonacosan-10-ol and nonacosanediol molecules. The OH-gr...
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- Published 03 Apr 2018
- 41719 Accesses
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Figure 1: Nanomaterials with different morphologies: (A) nonporous Pd NPs (0D) [9,10], copyright Zhang et al.; lice...
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Figure 2: FESEM of dust particle samples collected (a) during and (b) after the dust storm episodes on March ...
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Figure 3: (a) SEM image of flaming smoke collected during a Madikwe Game Reserve fire in South Africa on Augu...
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Figure 4: (A) Negatively stained rotavirus with complete (long arrow) and empty (short arrow) particles in sw...
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Figure 5: Nanoparticles synthesized intracellularly in algae and fungi. (A) TEM micrograph of R. mucilaginosa...
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Figure 6: Photographs and the scanning electron microscope images of various bio-prototypes bearing superhydr...
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Figure 7: (A) Photograph of peacock feathers showing various colors and patterns. (B) Cross-sectional SEM ima...
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Figure 8: The macro- and microstructure of bone and its components with nanostructured materials employed in ...
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Figure 9: Electron microscope images show how NPs can penetrate and relocate to various sites inside a phagoc...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 16 Feb 2011
- 37132 Accesses
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Figure 1: N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms of SBA-15 unwashed (1A), after washing with 30 mL ethanol (1B) a...
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Figure 2: NLDFT pore size distributions of SBA-15 unwashed (1A), after washing with 30 mL ethanol (1B) and 30...
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Figure 3: Small angle XRD of SBA-15 unwashed (1A), after washing with 30 mL ethanol (1B) and 30 mL water (1C)...
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Figure 4: N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms of SBA-15 unwashed (2A), after washing with 5 mL (2B) and 30 mL (...
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Figure 5: NLDFT pore size distribution of SBA-15 unwashed (2A), after washing with 5 mL (2B) and 30 mL (2C) q...
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Figure 6: NLDFT pore size distribution of SBA-15 unwashed (2A), after washing with 5 mL (2B) and 30 mL (2C) q...
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Figure 7: Small angle XRD of SBA-15 unwashed (2A), after washing with 5 mL (2B) and 30 mL (2C) quantities of ...
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Figure 8: N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms of SBA-15 sample 3 devided into a 1× half batch unwashed (3A), a...
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Figure 9: NLDFT pore size distribution of SBA-15 sample 3 calculated from the adsorption branch of the isothe...
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Figure 10: XRD of SBA-15 sample 3 devided into a 1× half batch unwashed (3A), after washing with 5 mL (3B) and...
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Figure 11: Effect of narrowed pores in the SBA-15 structure on the isotherm shape.
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- Published 18 Aug 2014
- 31479 Accesses
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Figure 1: Schematic depicting a simplified image of metal–electrolyte interfaces for magnesium and lithium me...
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Figure 2: SEM images of the electrodeposited magnesium (a) 500×, 0.5 mA cm−2, (b) 500×, 1.0 mA cm−2, (c) 500×...
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Figure 3: For Sn anode: a) The first 10 cycles for a Mg2Sn (anode), Mo6S8 (cathode) in conventional and organ...
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Figure 4: Cyclic voltammogram for LiBH4 (0.6 M)/Mg(BH4)2 (0.18 M) in DME, (inset shows deposition/stripping c...
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Figure 5: Cyclic voltammograms of the Mg deposition/dissolution in 0.25 M THF solution containing as-prepared...
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Figure 6: a) X-ray crystal structure of 1-(1,7-C2B10H11) MgCl. Hydrogen atoms and THF carbon atoms are omitte...
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Figure 7: a) Crystal structure of Mg(BH4)(NH2). Atomic sizes are depicted by sphere radii. b) Mg zigzag struc...
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Figure 8: The OCV values of the test cells after constant voltage charge: positive electrode, (a) ordered Co3O...
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Figure 9: (a) Discharge curves of V2O5/carbon composites in the Mg(ClO4)2/acetonitrile electrolyte solution a...
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Figure 10: (a) Charge–discharge curves of graphene-like MoS2 in the Mg(AlCl3Bu)2/tetrahydrofuran electrolyte s...
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Figure 11: (a) Charge–discharge curves of α-MnO2 in organohaloaluminate/tetrahydrofuran electrolyte solution. ...
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- Review
- Published 01 Feb 2011
- 22680 Accesses
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Figure 1: Two examples from nature: (a) Lotus effect [12], and (b) scale structure of shark reducing drag [21].
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Figure 2: Schematic of velocity profiles of fluid flow without and with boundary slip. The definition of slip...
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Figure 3: Schematic of the experimental flow channel connected with a differential manometer. The thickness, ...
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Figure 4: (a) SEM micrographs taken at top view, 45° tilt angle side view and 45° tilt angle top view, show s...
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Figure 5: SEM micrographs taken at 45º tilt angle (shown using three magnifications) of nanostructure on flat...
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Figure 6: Pressure drop as a function of flow rate in the channel with various surfaces using water flow. The...
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Figure 7: Bar chart showing the slip length in the channel with various surfaces using water flow in laminar ...
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Figure 8: Pressure drop as a function of flow rate in the channel with flat acrylic resin and rib-patterned s...
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Figure 9: Pressure drop as a function of flow rate in the channel with various surfaces using air flow. The f...
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Figure 10: Pressure drop as a function of flow rate in the channel with flat acrylic resin and rib-patterned s...
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Figure 11: Schematics of a droplet of liquid showing philic/phobic nature in three different phase interface o...
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Figure 12: Schematics of a solid–water–oil interface system. A specimen is first immersed in water phase, then...
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Figure 13: SEM micrographs taken at a 45° tilt angle showing two magnifications of (a) the micropatterned surf...
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Figure 14: Optical micrographs of droplets in three different phase interfaces on flat epoxy resin and micropa...
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Figure 15: Static contact angle as a function of geometric parameters for water droplet (circle) and oil dropl...
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Figure 16: Static contact angle as a function of geometric parameters for water droplet (circle) and oil dropl...
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Figure 17: Optical micrographs of droplets in three different phase interfaces on nanostructure and hierarchic...
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Figure 18: Optical micrographs of droplets in three different phase interfaces on shark skin replica without a...
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- Review
- Published 23 Apr 2015
- 21478 Accesses
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Figure 1: Theoretical and (estimated) practical energy densities of different rechargeable batteries: Pb–acid...
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Figure 2: Operating principles of (a) a lithium-ion battery, (b) a metal–oxygen battery (non-aqueous electrol...
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Figure 3: (a) The Li–O phase diagram. (b) The Na–O phase diagram. Figure redrawn based on [18] and [19].
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Figure 4: Matrix for classifying voltage profiles of metal–oxygen batteries. Type 1A is the ideal case. Frequ...
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Figure 5: DEMS analysis of Li/O2 cells with different electrolyte compositions, namely a mixture of propylene...
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Figure 6: Sketch by Thotiyl et al. illustrating their findings on the oxidation of the carbon electrode. At d...
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Figure 7: SEM image of toroidal Li2O2 nanoparticles on a carbon fiber (10 µm in diameter) that form as a disc...
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Figure 8: Illustration of TEMPO as a redox mediator (RM) in an Li/O2 cell reversibly catalyzing the Li2O2 oxi...
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Figure 9: Literature timeline of research papers on aprotic sodium–oxygen batteries (ranked after date of acc...
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Figure 10: Sketch of the first room temperature sodium–oxygen cell and its discharge and charge potentials dur...
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Figure 11: Discharge/charge curves (Type 1B) of a sodium–oxygen battery with NaO2 as discharge product. The ma...
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Figure 12: The thermodynamic landscape of (a) sodium– and (b) lithium–oxygen cells. All values are calculated ...
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Figure 13: Voltage hysteresis of different carbon materials for the cathode of a sodium oxygen cell (left), fi...
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Figure 14: Voltage profiles of Na/O2 cells under static gas atmosphere and flowing gas atmosphere (Type 1B/3B)...
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Figure 15: Literature overview on different studies of Na/O2 cells. The comparison shows the voltage profile o...
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Figure 16: (a) The Li–S phase diagram. (b) The Na–S phase diagram. Redrawn from references [129,130]. The Na–S phase di...
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Figure 17: Schematic illustration of the reduction processes at the negative electrode during discharge of a L...
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Figure 18: Schematic illustration of the polysulfide shuttle mechanism after Mikhaylik and Akridge [123]. Long poly...
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Figure 19: Typical voltage profile of a lithium/sulfur cell. A similar behavior can be expected for an analogo...
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Figure 20: Schematic diagram of the interconnected pore structure of mesoporous CMK-3 impregnated with sulfur ...
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Figure 21: Operando X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) measurements (left) during first charge an...
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Figure 22: Literature timeline of research papers on room temperature Na/S8 batteries (ranked after date of ac...
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Figure 23: (a) First discharge–charge curve of a Na/S8 battery with liquid electrolyte at room temperature and...
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Figure 24: (a) Voltage profiles a of Na/S8 cells with a TEGDME-based electrolyte and a nanostructured carbon/s...
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Figure 25: Room temperature sodium–sulfur battery based on shallow cycling between sulfur and soluble long cha...
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Figure 26: Literature overview on different studies of Na/S8 cells with liquid electrolyte operating at room t...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 13 Jun 2014
- 20444 Accesses
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Figure 1: Trassati’s volcano plot for the hydrogen evolution reaction in acid solutions. j00 denotes the exch...
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Figure 2: ’Volcano’ plots for hydrogen evolution in acid and alkaline aqueous solutions. Note that ascending ...
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Figure 3: Square of the coupling constants between the H1s orbital and the d bands of Pt(111), Ni(111), Cu(11...
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Figure 4: Densities of states of the d bands of Ni(111) and of the 1s spin orbitals of a hydrogen atom at a d...
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Figure 5: Free energy surface for the Volmer reaction on Ni(111) in acid solution at the equilibrium potentia...
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Figure 6: Oxygen reduction on various substrates in acid solutions. Left: logarithm of the current at 800 mV ...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 06 Jun 2013
- 19019 Accesses
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Figure 1: XRD pattern of (a) TiO2 and (b) 3% and (c) 7% Ag-doped TiO2 nanoparticles annealed at 450 °C.
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Figure 2: TEM images of (a) TiO2 and (b) 3% and (c) 7% Ag-doped TiO2 nanoparticles annealed at 450 °C.
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Figure 3: UV–vis absorption spectra of the annealed (a) TiO2 and (b) 3% and (c) 7% Ag-doped TiO2 nanoparticle...
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Figure 4: Band gap obtained by extrapolating the linear portion of the (αhν)1/2 versus photon energy (eV) cur...
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Figure 5: Photoluminescence spectra of annealed TiO2 (a) and 3% and 7% Ag-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (b,c).
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Figure 6: Viability of bacteria (S. aureus) against the concentration of nanoparticles (mg/30 mL of culture) ...
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Figure 7: Viability of bacteria (P. aeruginosa) against the concentration of nanoparticles (mg/30 mL of cultu...
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Figure 8: Viability of bacteria (E.coli) against the concentration of nanoparticles (mg/30 mL of culture) in ...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 24 Sep 2014
- 18480 Accesses
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Figure 1: Characterization of polystyrene particles. (A) Characteristics of the particles as measured by dyna...
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Figure 2: LSM images demonstrate the presence of the different endocytotic uptake proteins within J774A.1 mac...
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Figure 3: Investigation of cell morphology after inhibitor treatment. Healthy cells (green inset) retained th...
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Figure 4: Fluorescence intensity profiles of J774A.1 cells, 40 nm PS NPs with clathrin heavy chain or flotill...
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Figure 5: Laser scanning microscopy imaging revealed particle uptake in J774A.1 and A549 cells. (A–C) Uptake ...
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