The high potential of methyl laurate as a recyclable competitor to conventional toxic solvents in [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions

• Ayhan Yıldırım and
• Mustafa Göker

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2389–2415, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.184

• against other solvents. Keywords: cycloaddition; fused isoxazolidines; renewable solvent; reusable solvent; trans-diastereoselectivity; Introduction It is an established fact that a significant number of conventional organic solvents, which are widely utilized in both industrial and academic contexts

• overlooked [69]. However, these methods are accompanied by the inevitability of long reaction times or the use of toxic organic solvents. Such negative aspects encountered during the synthesis of these compounds prompted us to seek alternative, environmentally benign, renewable, and reusable solvents [70

• all of the above criteria. For example, it can be synthesized easily and with high efficiency through the biodiesel production process, it can be reused, it is stable under storage conditions, it can be obtained from renewable resources, it is biodegradable, non-flammable etc. It is widely

Electrochemical cyclization of alkynes to construct five-membered nitrogen-heterocyclic rings

• Lifen Peng,
• Ting Wang,
• Zhiwen Yuan,
• Bin Li,
• Zilong Tang,
• Xirong Liu,
• Hui Li,
• Guofang Jiang,
• Chunling Zeng,
• Henry N. C. Wong and
• Xiao-Shui Peng

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2173–2201, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.166

• ][94]. Electrochemical transformations used renewable and clean electricity as a source of electrons and electron holes to generate radical species, showing several superiorities such as safety, economy, high selectivity, scalability, mild reaction conditions, powerful efficiency, environment-friendly

C2 to C6 biobased carbonyl platforms for fine chemistry

• Jingjing Jiang,
• Muhammad Noman Haider Tariq,
• Florence Popowycz,
• Yanlong Gu and
• Yves Queneau

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2103–2172, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.165

• impact while maintaining the efficiency of the chemical processes [1]. Green Chemistry principles outlined by Anastas and Warner in their work “Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice (2000)” [2] notably highlight atom economy, waste minimization and the use of renewable feedstock as pillars of sustainable

• biomass shows how renewable carbon sources can replace non-renewable chemicals in important industrial processes [18][19][20]. Many, if not most, biobased platform molecules contain carbonyl groups. Carbonyl compounds have unique electrophilic and nucleophilic reactivity which make them central players in

• –Crafts alkylation products were then converted into an intermediate tryptaldehyde that underwent intramolecular olefination to form the targeted product [34]. Glycolic acid (GA) The growing impact of fossil fuel consumption has heightened the need for advancing renewable energy technologies. One

Solar thermal fuels: azobenzene as a cyclic photon–heat transduction platform

• Jie Yan,
• Shaodong Sun,
• Minghao Wang and
• Si Wu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2036–2047, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.159

• pivotal position among renewable energy sources. To date, solar energy conversion and storage technologies have experienced considerable progress, including artificial photosynthesis [1], solar thermal collectors [2], photovoltaic cells [3], and solar thermal fuels [4][5]. Among these innovations, solar

Optimized synthesis of aroyl-S,N-ketene acetals by omission of solubilizing alcohol cosolvents

• Julius Krenzer and
• Thomas J. J. Müller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1201–1206, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.97

• . This can be obtained from renewable biomass and is therefore considered to be a "green" solvent. In 2-MeTHF (conditions (C)), product 1f was isolated with a yield of 95% and derivative 1h with a yield of 91%. This shows that the sustainable solvent is a potent alternative to 1,4-dioxane. With the new

Recent advances in synthetic approaches for bioactive cinnamic acid derivatives

• Betty A. Kustiana,
• Galuh Widiyarti and
• Teni Ernawati

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1031–1086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.85

• cinnamic acid (7) to give amide 12 in excellent yield via Ti(IV)–O=C complex 102 (Scheme 31C) [69]. 2.1.3 Photocatalysis: Photoredox catalysis has gained much attention as a sustainable alternative approach to performing O/N-acylation by utilizing light as a renewable source. For example, Li and co-workers

Synthesis and photoinduced switching properties of C₇-heteroatom containing push–pull norbornadiene derivatives

• Daniel Krappmann and
• Andreas Hirsch

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 807–816, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.64

• catalytic back-conversion studies. Keywords: heterocycles; molecular solar thermal systems; norbornadiene; photochemistry; quadricyclane; Introduction In recent decades, the demand for renewable energy has increased tremendously [1]. A promising alternative to fossil fuels is the utilization of so-called

The effect of neighbouring group participation and possible long range remote group participation in O-glycosylation

• Rituparna Das and
• Balaram Mukhopadhyay

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 369–406, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.27

• ], cosmetics, and detergents. Carbohydrates are the most abundant and versatile renewable sources of energy on earth. However, extraction of naturally occurring complex glycans from natural sources is a laborious and cumbersome task. Moreover, the isolated samples provide a low-yield heterogenous mixture of

Heteroannulations of cyanoacetamide-based MCR scaffolds utilizing formamide

• Marios Zingiridis,
• Danae Papachristodoulou,
• Despoina Menegaki,
• Konstantinos G. Froudas and
• Constantinos G. Neochoritis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 217–225, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.13

• Goals (SDGs), wherein the 7th goal focuses on ensuring access to affordable, renewable and clean energy [1]. Moreover, the European Union has committed to ambitious environmental targets as part of the European Green Deal [2]. Advancements in C1 chemistry are pivotal to achieving this equilibrium. As

Advances in the use of metal-free tetrapyrrolic macrocycles as catalysts

• Mandeep K. Chahal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3085–3112, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.257

• macrocycles as electrocatalysts Development of efficient renewable technologies is a driving force in the efforts to achieve sustainability with the same or even increasing demands for energy worldwide. In this context, transition-metal complexes of tetraazamacrocycles (N4-macrocycle) such as porphyrins

Copper-catalyzed yne-allylic substitutions: concept and recent developments

• Shuang Yang and
• Xinqiang Fang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2739–2775, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.232

• stereoselective aromatization serves as a pivotal step in the transfer of central chirality to axial chirality (Scheme 52). To harness the full potential of CO2 as a renewable and abundant carbon source, He et al. [82] proposed an innovative strategy that married asymmetric yne-allylic substitution with CO2

The Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé reaction in its maturity: innovation and improvements since its 21st birthday (2019–2023)

• Cristina Martini,
• Muhammad Idham Darussalam Mardjan and
• Andrea Basso

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1839–1879, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.162

• adducts. An intriguing study is reported by Porcal et al. [35] in which they evaluate the use of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF, 23). Nowadays, the need to move towards more sustainable protocols is impending and the emphasis on green chemistry and on the use of renewable carbon sources is huge. Indeed

• , the use of 5-HMF (23) [36], a renewable carbon source derived from biomass, responds to these requirements. This aldehyde displays additional functionalities useful for further modifications of the GBB adducts, but some optimization was necessary due to its intolerance to high temperatures and

New triazinephosphonate dopants for Nafion proton exchange membranes (PEM)

• Fátima C. Teixeira,
• António P. S. Teixeira and
• C. M. Rangel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1623–1634, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.145

• , renewable, and environmental-friendly technological processes are being considered using electrochemical devices which convert chemical to electric energy and/or vice versa that, when associated to renewable energy sources, can promote sustainable energy systems [1][2][3][4]. Among them are included proton

Generation of alkyl and acyl radicals by visible-light photoredox catalysis: direct activation of C–O bonds in organic transformations

• Mithu Roy,
• Bitan Sardar,
• Itu Mallick and
• Dipankar Srimani

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1348–1375, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.119

• heightened by the current energy crisis and the adverse impacts of industrialization. The development of green and energy-efficient methods in organic chemistry that use renewable sources of starting materials is considered highly sustainable [1][2][3]. Radical reactions have profound applications in organic

• is highly expected that many groups will explore many new useful synthetic transformations based on renewable feedstocks, such as alcohols and acids, which will likely lead to even more exciting opportunities in the near future. Generation of alkyl and acyl radicals via C–O bond breaking. General

Sustainable tandem acylation/Diels–Alder reaction toward versatile tricyclic epoxyisoindole-7-carboxylic acids in renewable green solvents

• Ayhan Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1308–1319, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.114

• prediction that their resources will run out in the near future has led 'green chemists' to explore solvents that can be derived from renewable resources and used effectively in various organic transformations. In this context, we have shown for the first time that the 100% atom-economical tandem Diels–Alder

• bisepoxyisoindole-7-carboxylic acids were obtained in good yields after a practical isolation procedure. The results obtained in this study demonstrate the potential of vegetable oils and their renewable materials to provide a reaction medium that is more sustainable than conventional organic solvents in cascade

• among the main sources of serious environmental problems [2]. However, the risk of depletion of these resources in the near future has led researchers to research and develop safer, environmentally friendly and renewable resources [3][4][5]. Biomass is an important and more economical renewable source

Optimizing reaction conditions for the light-driven hydrogen evolution in a loop photoreactor

• Pengcheng Li,
• Daniel Kowalczyk,
• Johannes Liessem,
• Mohamed M. Elnagar,
• Dariusz Mitoraj,
• Radim Beranek and
• Dirk Ziegenbalg

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 74–91, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.9

• years to come to be [7], they are considered limited resources and nonrenewable compared to the current consumption rate [8]. Therefore, a pressing need exists to transition towards renewable energy sources to ensure sustainable energy development and environmental preservation. Solar energy stands out

• as the most compelling renewable energy source, holding the potential to fully satisfy the energy requirements of humanity [9]. The reliance on geographic locations and seasonal changes, however, makes it difficult to maintain a constant supply of solar energy year-round [10]. To harness solar energy

Beyond n-dopants for organic semiconductors: use of bibenzo[d]imidazoles in UV-promoted dehalogenation reactions of organic halides

• Kan Tang,
• Megan R. Brown,
• Chad Risko,
• Melissa K. Gish,
• Garry Rumbles,
• Phuc H. Pham,
• Oana R. Luca,
• Stephen Barlow and
• Seth R. Marder

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1912–1922, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.142

• Kan Tang Megan R. Brown Chad Risko Melissa K. Gish Garry Rumbles Phuc H. Pham Oana R. Luca Stephen Barlow Seth R. Marder Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy

• Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, United States National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309

• , additional TD-DFT results, and NMR spectra of compounds. Funding This work was authored in part by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. This work was primarily

GlAIcomics: a deep neural network classifier for spectroscopy-augmented mass spectrometric glycans data

• Thomas Barillot,
• Baptiste Schindler,
• Baptiste Moge,
• Elisa Fadda,
• Franck Lépine and
• Isabelle Compagnon

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1825–1831, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.134

• dedicated analytical tools (glycomics) is clearly identified as a critical bottleneck, impeding the full development of glycosciences despite their relevance for various strategic fields such as pharmaceutical and food industry; bio-based materials and renewable energy, and their considerable potential

Selectivity control towards CO versus H₂ for photo-driven CO₂ reduction with a novel Co(II) catalyst

• Lisa-Lou Gracia,
• Philip Henkel,
• Olaf Fuhr and
• Claudia Bizzarri

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1766–1775, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.129

• ) complex; earth-abundant; hexafluoropropanol; photocatalytic CO2 reduction; Introduction Solar energy conversion into chemical energy addresses the issues of energy shortage with the exploitation of renewable sources [1]. Photoinduced CO2 reduction is included in the vast research field of artificial

Quinoxaline derivatives as attractive electron-transporting materials

• Zeeshan Abid,
• Liaqat Ali,
• Sughra Gulzar,
• Faiza Wahad,
• Raja Shahid Ashraf and
• Christian B. Nielsen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1694–1712, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.124

• , their potential in renewable energy applications aligns with the objectives of clean energy generation and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. As research progresses, we anticipate significant advancements and breakthroughs that will pave the way for a future where quinoxaline-based materials play a

• vital role in shaping the next generation of electronic devices and renewable energy systems. Structures of some of the most versatile Qx scaffolds; dashed lines indicate the substitution sites for core expansion. Qx-derived polymer acceptors. Qx-derived small molecule NFAs. Qx-derived small molecule

Benzoimidazolium-derived dimeric and hydride n-dopants for organic electron-transport materials: impact of substitution on structures, electrochemistry, and reactivity

• Swagat K. Mohapatra,
• Khaled Al Kurdi,
• Samik Jhulki,
• Georgii Bogdanov,
• John Bacsa,
• Maxwell Conte,
• Tatiana V. Timofeeva,
• Seth R. Marder and
• Stephen Barlow

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1651–1663, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.121

• , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United

• States National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States 10.3762/bjoc.19.121 Abstract 1,3-Dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]imidazoles, 1H, and 1,1',3,3'-tetramethyl-2,2',3,3'-tetrahydro-2,2'-bibenzo[d]imidazoles, 12, are of interest as n-dopants

• Fellowship from the United States-India Educational Foundation and Institute of International Education for (grant no. 2266/FNPDR/2017). This work was also authored in part by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy

Enabling artificial photosynthesis systems with molecular recycling: A review of photo- and electrochemical methods for regenerating organic sacrificial electron donors

• Grace A. Lowe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1198–1215, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.88

• small organic molecules that can be used as sacrificial donors in photochemical carbon dioxide reduction. A large scale decoupled, or macro, model of photosynthesis is electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction powered by renewable energy sources. Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction has been

• national electricity grid. In countries like the UK, the competition to install new batteries and renewable energy sources appears to have created an increase in demand and waiting times for installing grid connections [11][12]. This is potentially a large barrier to fast adoption and scaling of purely

• photochemical recycling in-situ. However, electrochemical in-situ recycling could be achieved in 2 ways: 1. The driving force for recycling an oxidized donor at an electrode could be supplied by a photosensitizer. 2. The driving force for donor re-reduction could be an applied voltage from renewable energy

Cyclodextrins as building blocks for new materials

• Miriana Kfoury and
• Sophie Fourmentin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 889–891, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.66

• use of CDs and further stimulate their market. The exploration of the potential of inclusion complexation is not limited to the biomedical field. CDs are renewable and biodegradable materials that enable green and environmental biotechnologies for all applications [11]. The ability of CDs to act as

C3-Alkylation of furfural derivatives by continuous flow homogeneous catalysis

• Grédy Kiala Kinkutu,
• Catherine Louis,
• Myriam Roy,
• Juliette Blanchard and
• Julie Oble

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 582–592, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.43

• of the development of a sustainable chemical industry [1][2][3][4]. Furfurals, which are versatile platform molecules derived from renewable lignocellulose present in agricultural wastes [5][6][7][8], have proven to be of great importance for the preparation of value-added chemicals, biofuels, as

Total synthesis of insect sex pheromones: recent improvements based on iron-mediated cross-coupling chemistry

• Eric Gayon,
• Guillaume Lefèvre,
• Olivier Guerret,
• Adrien Tintar and
• Pablo Chourreu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 158–166, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.15

• and NHCs was also described by Duong for the aryl–aryl cross coupling [29]. Alkoxide salts appear as good alternatives to NMP or phosphate-based additives, since several classic alcohol sources display low toxicities and can also come from renewable resources [30]. In this context, Cahiez and Lefèvre

• -coupling systems involving this reagent are thus particularly scarce, and few examples are reported, using for some of them Ni-based catalysts [33]. 1-Bromopenta-1,3-diene used in the synthesis of 4 (Scheme 6) is not an exception. The expected (E,E) isomer was easily obtained from sorbic acid, a renewable