Reaction of oxiranes with cyclodextrins under high-energy ball-milling conditions

• László Jicsinszky,
• Federica Calsolaro,
• Katia Martina,
• Fabio Bucciol,
• Maela Manzoli and
• Giancarlo Cravotto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1448–1459, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.145

• Laszlo Jicsinszky Federica Calsolaro Katia Martina Fabio Bucciol Maela Manzoli Giancarlo Cravotto Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy 10.3762/bjoc.15.145 Abstract This work presents a proof of concept for a green cyclodextrin

• have different complexation properties to those of their classically prepared analogues. Keywords: crosslinked cyclodextrin polymers; (2-hydroxy)propylcyclodextrin; mechanochemistry; nucleophile reaction; planetary ball mill; solventless synthesis; Introduction The derivatisation of natural

• cyclodextrins (CDs, cyclic α(1->4)-linked glucopyranosides) is always a difficult task, particularly when the attached moiety is prone to further derivatisation. In many cases, statistical (random) substitution results in essential changes in the hydrogen bonding systems of the cyclodextrin hydroxy rims, and is

Reversible end-to-end assembly of selectively functionalized gold nanorods by light-responsive arylazopyrazole–cyclodextrin interaction

• Maximilian Niehues,
• Patricia Tegeder and
• Bart Jan Ravoo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1407–1415, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.140

• of gold nanorods (AuNR) by thiolated cyclodextrin (CD) host molecules. As a result of the complete removal of the precursor capping agent cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) by a tetraethylene glycol derivative, competitive binding to the host cavity was prevented, and reversible, light-responsive

• 20-fold higher binding constant to β-CD (6.5 × 104 M−1) [32] than unmodified azobenzenes (2.5 × 103 M−1) [33]. Therefore, the competitive binding of CTAB to β-CD has been applied previously, e.g., in sensing applications [34] or to enhance the water solubility of a cyclodextrin polymer [35]. On

• AuNR are functionalized selectively in a two-step ligand exchange reaction. The ends are capped with per-6-thio-β-cyclodextrin (tCD) and CTAB is removed from the remaining surface by monothiolated tetraethylene glycol (tTEG) enabling reversible host–guest chemistry. The addition of a divalent AAP

Complexation of a guanidinium-modified calixarene with diverse dyes and investigation of the corresponding photophysical response

• Yu-Ying Wang,
• Yong Kong,
• Zhe Zheng,
• Wen-Chao Geng,
• Zi-Yi Zhao,
• Hongwei Sun and
• Dong-Sheng Guo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1394–1406, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.139

• and photoactivity annihilation. The complexation behavior between some of abovementioned luminescent dyes and cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives, especially β-CD, also has been investigated in the literature [30][31][32]. β-CD exhibits relatively weak binding affinities on the magnitude (or less than) of

New α- and β-cyclodextrin derivatives with cinchona alkaloids used in asymmetric organocatalytic reactions

• Iveta Chena Tichá,
• Simona Hybelbauerová and
• Jindřich Jindřich

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 830–839, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.80

• , Czech Republic 10.3762/bjoc.15.80 Abstract The preparation of new organocatalysts for asymmetric syntheses has become a key stage of enantioselective catalysis. In particular, the development of new cyclodextrin (CD)-based organocatalysts allowed to perform enantioselective reactions in water and to

• ; cinchona alkaloids; CuAAC click reaction; cyclodextrin; organocatalysts; Introduction Cyclodextrins (CDs) [1], cyclic oligosaccharides consisting of α-D-glucopyranoside units, and their derivatives are widely used in many industrial and research areas for their ability to form supramolecular inclusion

Homo- and hetero-difunctionalized β-cyclodextrins: Short direct synthesis in gram scale and analysis of regiochemistry

• Gábor Benkovics,
• Mihály Bálint,
• Éva Fenyvesi,
• Erzsébet Varga,
• Szabolcs Béni,
• Konstantina Yannakopoulou and
• Milo Malanga

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 710–720, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.66

• Gabor Benkovics Mihaly Balint Eva Fenyvesi Erzsebet Varga Szabolcs Beni Konstantina Yannakopoulou Milo Malanga CycloLab, Cyclodextrin Research and Development Laboratory Ltd., llatos út 7, Budapest, H-1097, Hungary Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H-1085 Üllői út 26

• - and 6A-monoazido-6X-monotosyl-β-CD were prepared in one or two steps and purified in multigram scale thus opening the way towards further selective and orthogonal functionalizations of β-CD hosts. Keywords: azido-tosyl-cyclodextrin; diazido-cyclodextrin; hetero-difunctionalization; homo

Polyaminoazide mixtures for the synthesis of pH-responsive calixarene nanosponges

• Antonella Di Vincenzo,
• Antonio Palumbo Piccionello,
• Alberto Spinella,
• Delia Chillura Martino,
• Marco Russo and
• Paolo Lo Meo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 633–641, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.59

• addition, by subjecting the same materials to chemical post-modification, it is possible to introduce further groups able to provide responsivity to external stimuli. We have recently succeeded in obtaining NSs based on polyamino-cyclodextrins (ACDNs) [15] as well as mixed cyclodextrin–calixarene

• copolymers (CyCaNSs) [16][17][18], which showed pH-dependent sequestration abilities towards different model organic substrates. The latter NSs were easily synthesized by means of a CuAAC-type reaction [19][20][21] between a heptakisazido-β-cyclodextrin and a tetrakis(propargyloxy)calix[4]arene derivative

• with CyCaNSs. This fact was explained assuming that a diazidoalkane is a less effective reticulating agent than a heptakisazido-β-cyclodextrin, simply because of the lesser number of reactive azide groups present. Hence, we reasoned that the polymer network formation process could have been improved by

Aqueous olefin metathesis: recent developments and applications

• Valerio Sabatino and
• Thomas R. Ward

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 445–468, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.39

• (Figure 1c) through host–guest interactions [61]. Chung and co-workers used a PEG-tethered adamantyl ligand for various metathesis reactions in water and DCM [62]. The authors showed that the catalyst can be easily removed by generating a host–guest complex between silica-grafted β-cyclodextrin and the

• through host–guest interaction with silica-gel-supported β-cyclodextrin. Selection of artificial metathases reported by Ward and co-workers (ArM 1 based on biotin–(strept)avidin technology and ArM 2 based on dative anchoring to hCAII). Artificial metathase based on covalent anchoring approach. α

Fabrication of supramolecular cyclodextrin–fullerene nonwovens by electrospinning

• Hiroaki Yoshida,
• Ken Kikuta and
• Toshiyuki Kida

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 89–95, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.10

• supramolecular fiber materials composed of cyclodextrin (CD)–fullerene inclusion complexes by electrospinning. Similar to the molecular state of fullerenes in solution, the resulting fibers include molecularly-dispersed fullerenes. We believe such a concept could be expanded to diverse host–guest complexes

• , opening up supramolecular solid materials science and engineering. Keywords: cyclodextrin; electrospinning; fullerene; nanofiber; supramolecular complex; Introduction Fiber is a fundamental material that constitutes a variety of everyday items and supports the maintenance of life [1][2][3]. In the field

• gemini surfactants [7], diphenylalanine [8], cyclodextrin (CD)/CD derivatives [9][10][11][12], heteroditopic monomers [13], and self-assembling oligopeptides [14] have been successfully electrospun to produce continuous fibers. Among these molecules, CD is a unique compound that can form fibers despite

Enhanced single-isomer separation and pseudoenantiomer resolution of new primary rim heterobifunctionalized α-cyclodextrin derivatives

• Iveta Tichá,
• Gábor Benkovics,
• Milo Malanga and
• Jindřich Jindřich

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2829–2837, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.261

• Iveta Ticha Gabor Benkovics Milo Malanga Jindrich Jindrich Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic CycloLab, Cyclodextrin R&D Ltd., Illatos út 7, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary 10.3762/bjoc.14.261 Abstract The synthesis of

• batch-to-batch reproducible cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives often requires functionalization at specific positions of the CD skeleton. However, the regioselective preparation of this type of CD derivatives remains a challenge in synthetic chemistry. Thus, the present study aimed to prepare all positional

• findings indicate, (i) the versatility of selectively modified azido and mesitylene CD skeletons in preparing new types of α-CD derivatives and (ii) the potential of using resolved α-CD pseudoenantiomers in other research fields such as organocatalysis. Keywords: diazido-alpha-cyclodextrin

Pathoblockers or antivirulence drugs as a new option for the treatment of bacterial infections

• Matthew B. Calvert,
• Varsha R. Jumde and
• Alexander Titz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2607–2617, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.239

• FmlH (compounds 8 and 9) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa LecA (compounds 10–12). Mannosides and fucosides as inhibitors of P. aeruginosa LecB. β-Cyclodextrin-based antitoxin 19 against S. aureus α-hemolysin and the decavalent Shiga toxin inhibitors STARFISH (20) and DAISY (21). The mechanism of quorum

Tetrathiafulvalene – a redox-switchable building block to control motion in mechanically interlocked molecules

• Hendrik V. Schröder and
• Christoph A. Schalley

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2163–2185, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.190

• , extended π-surfaces [64] of TTF derivatives can have a stabilizing effect upon complexation. TTF (1) also forms inclusion complexes with neutral host molecules such as cyclodextrins (Figure 6). This complexation is mainly driven by the hydrophobic effect. α-Cyclodextrin (6) molecules encapsulate the

• of these bistable donor–acceptor rotaxanes were subsequently underpinned by several quantum mechanical studies [77][78][79]. The concept of TTF-based switchable rotaxanes was also extended to rotaxanes with other macrocycles. In Figure 13, the bistable [2]rotaxane 15 is shown with an α-cyclodextrin

• first TTF-based rotaxane 13. A redox-switchable bistable molecular shuttle 14. The redox-switchable cyclodextrin-based rotaxane 15. The redox-switchable non-ionic rotaxane 16 with a pyromellitic diimide macrocycle. The redox-switchable TTF rotaxane 17 based on a crown/ammonium binding motif. Structure

Functionalization of graphene: does the organic chemistry matter?

• Artur Kasprzak,
• Agnieszka Zuchowska and
• Magdalena Poplawska

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2018–2026, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.177

• infrared spectrum of the functionalized graphene-family materials; thus, XPS should be regarded as a supporting analysis, as many researchers have demonstrated (see, e.g., [21][28][29]). Interestingly, for a reaction that includes water molecules and a hydroxy group-bearing compound (β-cyclodextrin) [25

• presented analyses the RGO surface can be assumed to include the adsorbed β-cyclodextrin (RGO has been obtained via a reduction of GO using sodium borohydride). Finally, there is a misunderstanding regarding the structure of the product bearing the amide moiety, as the lack of evidence for the formation of

• [40], it was not clear how the ester bond between RGO and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin would form, as the changes observed in the infrared spectra cannot be regarded as direct evidence for the formation of such linkages (IR analyses: C=O for carboxyl of GO: 1745 cm−1, C=O coming from ester bond stated

Efficient catenane synthesis by cucurbit[6]uril-mediated azide–alkyne cycloaddition

• Antony Wing Hung Ng,
• Chi-Chung Yee,
• Kai Wang and
• Ho Yu Au-Yeung

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1846–1853, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.158

• favorably interact with these units could be introduced to give higher-order catenanes with multiple interlocked rings. As a preliminary study of high-order [n]catenane assembly using this approach, CBAAC of BP-N3 and DN-CC was repeated in the presence of 10 equivalents of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), which is

β-Hydroxy sulfides and their syntheses

• Mokgethwa B. Marakalala,
• Edwin M. Mmutlane and
• Henok H. Kinfe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1668–1692, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.143

• precursor and undesirable side products via rearrangement of epoxides. Attempts to mitigate against these limitations include the direct 1,2-hydroxysulfenylation of alkenes with thiols or disulfides using various catalyst systems, as detailed below. 3.2.1 Cyclodextrin as a catalyst. Rao and co-workers

• reported the use of β-cyclodextrin as a catalyst for the hydroxysulfurization of alkenes with thiophenols in neat water under atmospheric oxygen as shown in Scheme 26 [63]. As opposed to the usual acid-base type of catalysis, β-cyclodextrin having hydrophobic cavities catalyze reactions via formation of

• host–guest complexes by non-covalent bonding [64]. This mode of catalysis is similar to the way enzymes mediate biochemical reactions [64]. The use of water as a solvent and the non-toxicity of the cyclodextrin catalyst make the method attractive. This method, like the previously reported protocols, is

Synthesis of diamido-bridged bis-pillar[5]arenes and tris-pillar[5]arenes for construction of unique [1]rotaxanes and bis-[1]rotaxanes

• Ying Han,
• Li-Ming Xu,
• Cui-Yun Nie,
• Shuo Jiang,
• Jing Sun and
• Chao-Guo Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1660–1667, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.142

• ], cyclodextrin [24][25][26], calixarene [27][28][29] and pillararene have been successfully employed as the wheel subcomponent. Pillararenes are new star macrocyclic compounds with aromatic rings para-bridged by methylene units and have unique tubular shape rather than cone [30][31][32]. In recent years, an

Hyper-reticulated calixarene polymers: a new example of entirely synthetic nanosponge materials

• Alberto Spinella,
• Marco Russo,
• Antonella Di Vincenzo,
• Delia Chillura Martino and
• Paolo Lo Meo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1498–1507, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.127

• polymers obtained joining supramolecular host units, as the monomers, by means of a suitable reticulating agent. Up to date, the examples by far most studied are constituted by cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (CyNSs) [4][5], which can be synthesized by reacting native β-cyclodextrin with double

• possess an extensive random network of nanochannels and nanocavities. Despite their apparently low porosity and surface area (as determined by BET techniques) [11][12][13], the possibility to load them with a guest up to an almost exhaustive occupancy of the cyclodextrin host units [12] indicates that

• extend and possibly improve the supramolecular binding abilities of CyNSs, mixed cyclodextrin-calixarene co-polymers nanosponges (CyCaNSs) were recently synthesized by exploiting a classical “click-chemistry” approach, namely the CuAAC reaction (Cu-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition [28][29][30

Mechanochemistry of nucleosides, nucleotides and related materials

• Olga Eguaogie,
• Joseph S. Vyle,
• Patrick F. Conlon,
• Manuela A. Gîlea and
• Yipei Liang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 955–970, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.81

• carbon nanotubes [93]. In the presence of guanosine-5′-monophosphate, 78% of the SWNT (0.78 mg mL−1) was dissolved but attempted removal of iron contamination from this material by treatment with acid gave a "viscous precipitate". Formation of cyclodextrin–drug inclusion complexes can be accelerated

• using mechanochemistry [94] and Rajamohan and co-workers described using a mortar and pestle to effect LAG of β-cyclodextrin with either inosine [95] or cytidine [96] in the presence of water. Weak complex formation was inferred by powder XRD for cytidine. Conclusion Access to reliable and reproducible

Crystal structure of the inclusion complex of cholesterol in β-cyclodextrin and molecular dynamics studies

• Elias Christoforides,
• Andreas Papaioannou and
• Kostas Bethanis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 838–848, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.69

• Elias Christoforides Andreas Papaioannou Kostas Bethanis Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Athens 11855, Greece 10.3762/bjoc.14.69 Abstract The role of beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) in cholesterol removal primarily from mammalian cells and secondly from

• inclusion compound remains very stable in aqueous solution at both temperatures. Keywords: beta-cyclodextrin; cholesterol; crystal structure; molecular dynamics; Introduction Cholesterol ((3β)-cholest-5-en-3-ol, CHL, Figure 1a) is a polycyclic steroid that is synthesized in mammalian cells and has a

• drug carriers and cell cholesterol removal agents for controlling cholesterol-related disorders [3] are of special interest. β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD, Figure 1b) is a cyclic polysaccharide consisting of seven α-(1->4)-linked α-D-glucopyranose units and is well known for its ability to form inclusion

An uracil-linked hydroxyflavone probe for the recognition of ATP

• Márton Bojtár,
• Péter Zoltán Janzsó-Berend,
• Dávid Mester,
• Dóra Hessz,
• Mihály Kállay,
• Miklós Kubinyi and
• István Bitter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 747–755, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.63

• stock solution in DMSO. The addition of γ-cyclodextrin as a solubilizer to the samples (HEPES buffer, pH 7.4) did not alter the spectra significantly, but provided a stable solution suitable for absorption and fluorescence titration experiments. The fluorescence spectra of UHF in the presence of ATP in

• constants in the range of 0.3–3∙103 M−1, considerably lower values. The effect of γ-cyclodextrin was examined in some preliminary experiments. Lowering the concentration to 0.05 mM resulted in unreliable spectra due to possible precipitation of the complex. A higher cyclodextrin concentration resulted in

• experiments, 0.02 M HEPES was used as buffer solution. Since the solubility of UHF in pure water is negligible, a stock solution of 1.0 mM was prepared in DMSO which was diluted with the buffered solution of γ-cyclodextrin (0.1 mM) and the analyte. The DMSO content in these samples was well below 1%. Each

Binding abilities of polyaminocyclodextrins: polarimetric investigations and biological assays

• Marco Russo,
• Daniele La Corte,
• Annalisa Pisciotta,
• Serena Riela,
• Rosa Alduina and
• Paolo Lo Meo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2751–2763, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.271

• ed. 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy 10.3762/bjoc.13.271 Abstract Three polyaminocyclodextrin materials, obtained by direct reaction between heptakis(6-deoxy-6-iodo)-β-cyclodextrin and the proper linear polyamines, were investigated for their binding properties, in order to assess their potential

• synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles, and systems for the complexation and cell transfection of genetic material [17][18][19][20][21][22]. In particular, the complexation and transfection of polynucleotides also have been successfully accomplished by means of polycationic cyclodextrin or calixarene

• in the case of mono-[6-(3-dimethylamino)propylamino]-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin the first protonation step occurs on the farthest N atom with respect to the CD cavity [48]. Thus, it is reasonable to expect that the same applies also to the polyamine branches of our AmCDs, in such a way to minimize

Synthesis and supramolecular properties of regioisomers of mononaphthylallyl derivatives of γ-cyclodextrin

• Markéta Bláhová,
• Sergey K. Filippov,
• Lubomír Kováčik,
• Jiří Horský,
• Simona Hybelbauerová,
• Zdenka Syrová,
• Tomáš Křížek and
• Jindřich Jindřich

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2509–2520, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.248

• , Hlavova 8, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic 10.3762/bjoc.13.248 Abstract Monosubstituted derivatives of γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) are suitable building blocks for supramolecular polymers

• . Keywords: γ-cyclodextrin; naphthylallyl derivatives; regioselective alkylation; supramolecular properties; synthesis; Introduction Cyclodextrins [1] (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides with a cone-shaped cavity formed by α-1,4-linked D-glucopyranose units. The most widely used CDs are α-, β-, and γ-CD with

Synthesis and application of trifluoroethoxy-substituted phthalocyanines and subphthalocyanines

• Satoru Mori and
• Norio Shibata

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2273–2296, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.224

• application as an anticancer agent was discontinued. After that TFEO-ZnPc/cyclodextrin conjugates 18 were reported under similar conditions (Scheme 7) [100]. That study revealed that cyclodextrin-linked TFEO-Pcs have a non-aggregation property and sufficient water solubility, similar to the

• deoxyribonucleoside conjugates. An in vitro investigation showed that cyclodextrin-linked TFEO-Pcs were ideal PDT drugs that exhibits high cytotoxicity under light irradiation while displaying little cytotoxicity in the dark (Table 2). On the other hand, interestingly, the fluorine-free tert-butylated derivative

• showed cytotoxicity even in the dark. This result suggests that the trifluoroethoxy group reduces the cytotoxicity of the phthalocyanine. Subsequently, an in vivo investigation was also conducted. Chicken embryos transplanted with cancer cells were treated with PDT by a cyclodextrin conjugate and proved

Structural diversity in the host–guest complexes of the antifolate pemetrexed with native cyclodextrins: gas phase, solution and solid state studies

• Magdalena Ceborska,
• Magdalena Zimnicka,
• Aneta Aniela Kowalska,
• Kajetan Dąbrowa and
• Barbara Repeć

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2252–2263, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.222

• complex with α-CD and pseudorotaxane inclusion-type complexes with β-, and γ-CDs. UV–vis titrations at pH 7.4 gave association constants for the obtained complexes. The stability of the complexes increases in the series: α-CD/PTX < γ-CD/PTX << β-CD/PTX. The association of PTX with a monomer cyclodextrin

• equivalent – methyl α-D-glucopyranoside – was investigated for a deeper understanding of the type of host–guest interactions. Solid state studies of PTX/CDs were performed using FTIR–ATR and Raman spectroscopy techniques. Keywords: antifolate; cyclodextrin; hydrophobic interactions; inclusion complexes

• molecules. The experiments focused on association of PTX with monomer cyclodextrin equivalent – methyl α-D-glucopyranoside – were designed to provide additional information about the type of interactions between host and guest molecules. The second aim of this work is to demonstrate the importance of

Superstructures with cyclodextrins: Chemistry and applications IV

• Gerhard Wenz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2157–2159, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.215

• ]. The group of Ravoo also conjugated arylazopyrazoles to amphiphilic cyclodextrin derivatives that form vesicles triggered by light [17]. A star-shaped polycationic CD derivative with many breakable, intrinsic, disulfide linkages forms nanoparticles with messenger RNA and drugs and is particularly

Solid-state studies and antioxidant properties of the γ-cyclodextrin·fisetin inclusion compound

• Joana M. Pais,
• Maria João Barroca,
• Maria Paula M. Marques,
• Filipe A. Almeida Paz and
• Susana S. Braga

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2138–2145, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.212

• , neuroprotecting, and suppression or prevention of tumors. The present work describes the preparation of a water-soluble, solid inclusion compound of fisetin with gamma-cyclodextrin (γ-CD), a cyclic oligosaccharide approved for human consumption. A detailed physicochemical analysis of the product is carried out

• compound is evaluated by the DPPH assay. Keywords: antioxidant activity; co-lyophilization; fisetin; gamma-cyclodextrin; molecular encapsulation; solid-state analysis; Introduction Flavonoids, natural compounds with numerous beneficial actions on human health, including antioxidant [1], anti-inflammatory

• are liposome derivatives) [20], and cyclodextrin inclusion complexes [21][22][23]. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are naturally occurring cyclic oligosaccharides produced by bacterial degradation of starch. Native CDs have six to eight α-D-glucose units linked by α-1,4 bonds, being called α-, β- and γ-CDs