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Search for "1,2-difunctionalization of alkenes" in Full Text gives 5 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.
Biobased carbon dots as photoreductants – an investigation by using triarylsulfonium salts
- Valentina Benazzi,
- Arianna Bini,
- Ilaria Bertuol,
- Mariangela Novello,
- Federica Baldi,
- Matteo Hoch,
- Alvise Perosa and
- Stefano Protti
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1024–1030, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.84
- solution was examined, for solubility reasons. a) CDs-mediated 1,2-difunctionalization of alkenes by alkyl halides R–Y and b) light-driven reduction of triarylsulfonium salts in the presence of CDs. Carbon dots tested in this project and their main (photo)physical characteristics. Emission parameters for
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: a) CDs-mediated 1,2-difunctionalization of alkenes by alkyl halides R–Y and b) light-driven reducti...
Figure 1: UV–vis spectra of the CDs. All the measurements have been performed in water, except for CD-a-GLU, ...
Cu(OTf)2-catalyzed multicomponent reactions
- Sara Colombo,
- Camilla Loro,
- Egle M. Beccalli,
- Gianluigi Broggini and
- Marta Papis
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 122–145, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.7
- -difunctionalization of alkenes carried out with carbazates (N-aminocarbamates) and (hetero)arene nucleophiles or amines exploiting N-(tert-butyl)-N-fluoro-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide (NFBS) as intermolecular hydrogen-atom-transfer reagent results in alkylarylation processes (Scheme 5) [19]. The
- , secondary aliphatic or aromatic amines and thiols in the presence of catalytic Cu(OTf)2 (1 mol %) in aqueous media was proven to be a sustainable procedure to access thioaminals 5, avoiding high temperatures and/or hazardous reagents required by classical conditions (Scheme 4) [18]. The 1,2
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Plausible general catalytic activation for ionic or radical mechanisms.
Scheme 1: Synthesis of α-aminonitriles 1.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of β-amino ketone or β-amino ester derivatives 3.
Scheme 3: Synthesis of 1-(α-aminoalkyl)-2-naphthol derivatives 4.
Scheme 4: Synthesis of thioaminals 5.
Scheme 5: Synthesis of aryl- or amine-containing alkanes 6 and 7.
Scheme 6: Synthesis of 1-aryl-2-sulfonamidopropanes 8.
Scheme 7: Synthesis of α-substituted propargylamines 10.
Scheme 8: Synthesis of N-propargylcarbamates 11.
Scheme 9: Synthesis of (E)-vinyl sulfones 12.
Scheme 10: Synthesis of o-halo-substituted aryl chalcogenides 13.
Scheme 11: Synthesis of α-aminophosphonates 14.
Scheme 12: Synthesis of unsaturated furanones and pyranones 15–17.
Scheme 13: Synthesis of substituted dihydropyrimidines 18.
Scheme 14: Regioselective synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines 20.
Scheme 15: Synthesis of tetrahydropyridines 21.
Scheme 16: Synthesis of furoquinoxalines 22.
Scheme 17: Synthesis of 2,4-substituted quinolines 23.
Scheme 18: Synthesis of cyclic ether-fused tetrahydroquinolines 24.
Scheme 19: Practical route for 1,2-dihydroisoquinolines 25.
Scheme 20: Synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one derivatives 26.
Scheme 21: Synthesis of polysubstituted pyrroles 27.
Scheme 22: Enantioselective synthesis of polysubstituted pyrrolidines 30 directed by the copper complex 29.
Scheme 23: Synthesis of 4,5-dihydropyrazoles 31.
Scheme 24: Synthesis of 2 arylisoindolinones 32.
Scheme 25: Synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines 33.
Scheme 26: Synthesis of isoxazole-linked imidazo[1,2-a]azines 35.
Scheme 27: Synthesis of 2,3-dihydro-1,2,4-triazoles 36.
Scheme 28: Synthesis of naphthopyrans 37.
Scheme 29: Synthesis of benzo[g]chromene derivatives 38.
Scheme 30: Synthesis of naphthalene annulated 2-aminothiazoles 39, piperazinyl-thiazoloquinolines 40 and thiaz...
Scheme 31: Synthesis of furo[3,4-b]pyrazolo[4,3-f]quinolinones 42.
Scheme 32: Synthesis of spiroindoline-3,4’-pyrano[3,2-b]pyran-4-ones 43.
Scheme 33: Synthesis of N-(α-alkoxy)alkyl-1,2,3-triazoles 44.
Scheme 34: Synthesis of 4-(α-tetrasubstituted)alkyl-1,2,3-triazoles 45.
Visible-light-mediated copper photocatalysis for organic syntheses
- Yajing Zhang,
- Qian Wang,
- Zongsheng Yan,
- Donglai Ma and
- Yuguang Zheng
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2520–2542, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.169
- thiocyanate to generate 4-alkyl/aryl-2-aminothiazoles. Mechanistic experiments demonstrated that the photocatalyst formed in situ from Cu(OAc)2 and ammonium thiocyanate promoted the intermolecular cyclization (Scheme 7). 3.2 Difunctionalization of alkenes The 1,2-difunctionalization of alkenes is a versatile
- strategy for the construction of complex molecules. The primary process involved in the 1,2-difunctionalization of alkenes catalyzed by copper complexes is an atom-transfer radical addition (ATRA). Copper complexes or copper-based photoredox-active complexes formed in situ serve as photocatalysts to
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Photoredox catalysis mechanism of [Ru(bpy)3]2+.
Scheme 2: Photoredox catalysis mechanism of CuI.
Scheme 3: Ligands and CuI complexes.
Scheme 4: Mechanism of CuI-based photocatalysis.
Scheme 5: Mechanisms of CuI–substrate complexes.
Scheme 6: Mechanism of CuII-base photocatalysis.
Scheme 7: Olefinic C–H functionalization and allylic alkylation.
Scheme 8: Cross-coupling of unactivated alkenes and CF3SO2Cl.
Scheme 9: Chlorosulfonylation/cyanofluoroalkylation of alkenes.
Scheme 10: Hydroamination of alkenes.
Scheme 11: Cross-coupling reaction of alkenes, alkyl halides with nucleophiles.
Scheme 12: Cross-coupling of alkenes with oxime esters.
Scheme 13: Oxo-azidation of vinyl arenes.
Scheme 14: Azidation/difunctionalization of vinyl arenes.
Scheme 15: Photoinitiated copper-catalyzed Sonogashira reaction.
Scheme 16: Alkyne functionalization reactions.
Scheme 17: Alkynylation of dihydroquinoxalin-2-ones with terminal alkynes.
Scheme 18: Decarboxylative alkynylation of redox-active esters.
Scheme 19: Aerobic oxidative C(sp)–S coupling reaction.
Scheme 20: Copper-catalyzed alkylation of carbazoles with alkyl halides.
Scheme 21: C–N coupling of organic halides with amides and aliphatic amines.
Scheme 22: Copper-catalyzed C–X (N, S, O) bond formation reactions.
Scheme 23: Arylation of C(sp2)–H bonds of azoles.
Scheme 24: C–C cross-coupling of aryl halides and heteroarenes.
Scheme 25: Benzylic or α-amino C–H functionalization.
Scheme 26: α-Amino C–H functionalization of aromatic amines.
Scheme 27: C–H functionalization of aromatic amines.
Scheme 28: α-Amino-C–H and alkyl C–H functionalization reactions.
Scheme 29: Other copper-photocatalyzed reactions.
Scheme 30: Cross-coupling of oxime esters with phenols or amines.
Scheme 31: Alkylation of heteroarene N-oxides.
β-Hydroxy sulfides and their syntheses
- Mokgethwa B. Marakalala,
- Edwin M. Mmutlane and
- Henok H. Kinfe
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1668–1692, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.143
- . Regioselective epoxide ring opening and 1,2-difunctionalization of alkenes are the commonly employed routes in the synthesis of such compounds. Both strategies are discussed below. 3.1 Synthesis of β-hydroxy sulfides via regioselective ring opening of epoxides The considerable ring strain present in epoxides
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Some sulfur-containing natural products.
Figure 2: Some natural products incorporating β-hydroxy sulfide moieties.
Figure 3: Some synthetic β-hydroxy sulfides of clinical value.
Scheme 1: Alumina-mediated synthesis of β-hydroxy sulfides, ethers, amines and selenides from epoxides.
Scheme 2: β-Hydroxy sulfide syntheses by ring opening of epoxides under different Lewis and Brønsted acid and...
Scheme 3: n-Bu3P-catalyzed thiolysis of epoxides and aziridines to provide the corresponding β-hydroxy and β-...
Scheme 4: Zinc(II) chloride-mediated thiolysis of epoxides.
Scheme 5: Thiolysis of epoxides and one-pot oxidation to β-hydroxy sulfoxides under microwave irradiation.
Scheme 6: Gallium triflate-catalyzed ring opening of epoxides and one-pot oxidation.
Scheme 7: Thiolysis of epoxides and one-pot oxidation to β-hydroxy sulfoxides using Ga(OTf)3 as a catalyst.
Scheme 8: Ring opening of epoxide using ionic liquids under solvent-free conditions.
Scheme 9: N-Bromosuccinimide-catalyzed ring opening of epoxides.
Scheme 10: LiNTf2-mediated epoxide opening by thiophenol.
Scheme 11: Asymmetric ring-opening of cyclohexene oxide with various thiols catalyzed by zinc L-tartrate.
Scheme 12: Catalytic asymmetric ring opening of symmetrical epoxides with t-BuSH catalyzed by (R)-GaLB (43) wi...
Scheme 13: Asymmetric ring opening of meso-epoxides by p-xylenedithiol catalyzed by a (S,S)-(salen)Cr complex.
Scheme 14: Desymmetrization of meso-epoxide with thiophenol derivatives.
Scheme 15: Enantioselective ring-opening reaction of meso-epoxides with ArSH catalyzed by a C2-symmetric chira...
Scheme 16: Enantioselective ring-opening reaction of stilbene oxides with ArSH catalyzed by a C2-symmetric chi...
Scheme 17: Asymmetric desymmetrization of meso-epoxides using BINOL-based Brønsted acid catalysts.
Scheme 18: Lithium-BINOL-phosphate-catalyzed desymmetrization of meso-epoxides with aromatic thiols.
Scheme 19: Ring-opening reactions of cyclohexene oxide with thiols by using CPs 1-Eu and 2-Tb.
Scheme 20: CBS-oxazaborolidine-catalyzed borane reduction of β-keto sulfides.
Scheme 21: Preparation of β-hydroxy sulfides via connectivity.
Scheme 22: Baker’s yeast-catalyzed reduction of sulfenylated β-ketoesters.
Scheme 23: Sodium-mediated ring opening of epoxides.
Scheme 24: Disulfide bond cleavage-epoxide opening assisted by tetrathiomolybdate.
Scheme 25: Proposed reaction mechanism of disulfide bond cleavage-epoxide opening assisted by tetrathiomolybda...
Scheme 26: Cyclodextrin-catalyzed difunctionalization of alkenes.
Scheme 27: Zinc-catalyzed synthesis of β-hydroxy sulfides from disulfides and alkenes.
Scheme 28: tert-Butyl hydroperoxide-catalyzed hydroxysulfurization of alkenes.
Scheme 29: Proposed mechanism of the radical hydroxysulfurization.
Scheme 30: Rongalite-mediated synthesis of β-hydroxy sulfides from styrenes and disulfides.
Scheme 31: Proposed mechanism of Rongalite-mediated synthesis of β-hydroxy sulfides from styrenes and disulfid...
Scheme 32: Copper(II)-catalyzed synthesis of β-hydroxy sulfides 15e,f from alkenes and basic disulfides.
Scheme 33: CuI-catalyzed acetoxysulfenylation of alkenes.
Scheme 34: CuI-catalyzed acetoxysulfenylation reaction mechanism.
Scheme 35: One-pot oxidative 1,2-acetoxysulfenylation of Baylis–Hillman products.
Scheme 36: Proposed mechanism for the oxidative 1,2-acetoxysulfination of Baylis–Hillman products.
Scheme 37: 1,2-Acetoxysulfenylation of alkenes using DIB/KI.
Scheme 38: Proposed reaction mechanism of the diacetoxyiodobenzene (DIB) and KI-mediated 1,2-acetoxysulfenylat...
Scheme 39: Catalytic asymmetric thiofunctionalization of unactivated alkenes.
Scheme 40: Proposed catalytic cycle for asymmetric sulfenofunctionalization.
Scheme 41: Synthesis of thiosugars using intramolecular thiol-ene reaction.
Scheme 42: Synthesis of leukotriene C-1 by Corey et al.: (a) N-(trifluoroacetyl)glutathione dimethyl ester (3 ...
Scheme 43: Synthesis of pteriatoxins with epoxide thiolysis to attain β-hydroxy sulfides. Reagents: (a) (1) K2...
Scheme 44: Synthesis of peptides containing a β-hydroxy sulfide moiety.
Scheme 45: Synthesis of diltiazem (12) using biocatalytic resolution of an epoxide followed by thiolysis.
Enantioselective dioxytosylation of styrenes using lactate-based chiral hypervalent iodine(III)
- Morifumi Fujita,
- Koki Miura and
- Takashi Sugimura
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 659–663, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.53
- )-isomer. Keywords: 1,2-difunctionalization of alkenes; enantioselective synthesis; hypervalent iodine; oxidation; Findings Hypervalent aryl-λ3-iodanes have been widely used for metal-free oxidation with high selectivity in organic synthesis [1][2][3]. The reactivity of an aryl-λ3-iodane is controlled by
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Enantioselective dioxytosylation of styrene as a seminal example.
Figure 1: Series of lactate-based hypervalent iodine reagents.
Scheme 2: Plausible pathways in dioxytosylation of styrenes.
