Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• ]. Similarly, You et al. reported on MOFs grown on a wood aerogel, ZIF-8@Aerogel, achieving removal efficiencies for polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and PS particles of 91.4% and 85.8%, respectively [62]. Through electrostatic interactions, mesoporous UiO-66-NH2/P123 exhibited exceptional performance, achieving

• ppm [64]. Based on the characteristics of MOFs, a MOF-covalent organic framework (COF) hybrid membrane (FS-50/COF(MATPA)-MOF(Zr)/PDA@PVDF) was constructed and achieved an MP removal rate of approximately 100%. This hybrid membrane was evaluated as a robust and environmentally friendly material [65

Piezoelectricity of layered double hydroxides: perspectives regarding piezocatalysis and nanogenerators

• Evgeniy S. Seliverstov,
• Evgeniya A. Tarasenko and
• Olga E. Lebedeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1812–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.124

• piezoelectric performance of such promising materials for energy harvesting as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) through strong hydrogen bonding between the hydroxy groups of LDHs and the electronegative fluorine atoms of PVDF [11]. In the work of Shetty et al., incorporation of a low content of sodium

• dodecylbenzene sulfonate-modified Ni/Co-LDH as a filler promoted the formation of the electroactive β-phase in PVDF-based electrospun nanocomposite fabrics [12]. The enhanced piezoelectric response was attributed to the realignment of PVDF dipoles in combination with their interfacial interactions with the

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• treatment faster than PS (insulator 16 × 105 Ω·cm). Membrane filtration using PVDF in lab-scale experiments achieves 100% efficiency at a pressure of 2 bar; however, in industrial settings, efficiency drops to 54.6% due to high-pressure requirements [76]. Membrane fouling remains a major drawback, with

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• these materials [19]. In clinical practice, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound is commonly applied at intensity ranges between 20–50 mW/cm2 [20]. Combining piezoelectric materials including polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and inorganic materials such as barium titanate (BaTiO3) and

• hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) with ultrasound (US) stimulation is an emerging therapeutic approach. While polymers such as PVDF require electrical poling and often exhibit lower piezoelectric activity, inorganic materials inherently possess stronger piezoelectric properties and greater mechanical stability

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• plate (plates were pre-coated with gelatin for HMEC-1) and allowed to adhere overnight. Fresh media were prepared as described above. LNPs were added to the media to a final concentration of 10 nM anti-firefly luciferase siRNA and sterile filtered using a 0.45 µm PVDF filter. Per well, a total 1 pmol

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• through a 0.22 μm PVDF membrane until a clear solution was obtained. The absorbance of the filtrate was immediately measured using a UV–vis spectrophotometer at 275 nm (A275). Free tannic acid concentrations C (in µg·mL−1) were determined using the equation A275 = 0.4131C − 0.0004 (r2 = 0.9972) derived

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) [36], transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane by electroblotting, blocked with casein-blocking buffer (Sigma-Aldrich) for 1 h at room temperature, and incubated with primary antibodies in 1× TBST overnight at 4 °C. On the next day

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• layers are formed, decreasing the mass transfer resistance and increasing the gas permeation flux. Sutrisna et al. [98] fabricated a novel HFMMM consisting of an inner polyvinylidenfluorid (PVDF) porous support dip-coated with a highly permeable poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP) gutter layer, a

A wearable nanoscale heart sound sensor based on P(VDF-TrFE)/ZnO/GR and its application in cardiac disease detection

• Yi Luo,
• Jian Liu,
• Jiachang Zhang,
• Yu Xiao,
• Ying Wu and
• Zhidong Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 819–833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.67

• . SEM images of a pure PVDF film in Figure 8a and Figure 8b exhibit filamentous fibers with a relatively smooth surface. In contrast, Figure 8c and Figure 8d show that the addition of ZnO to the P(VDF-TrFE) filaments leads to a rough and granular surface, caused by the aggregation of ZnO particles that

In situ magnesiothermic reduction synthesis of a Ge@C composite for high-performance lithium-ion batterie anodes

• Ha Tran Huu,
• Ngoc Phi Nguyen,
• Vuong Hoang Ngo,
• Huy Hoang Luc,
• Minh Kha Le,
• Minh Thu Nguyen,
• My Loan Phung Le,
• Hye Rim Kim,
• In Young Kim,
• Sung Jin Kim,
• Van Man Tran and
• Vien Vo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 751–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.62

• microscopy (HR-TEM, JEOL JEM-2100F) were conducted for morphology and particle size investigation. A well-blended mixture of active material, conductive carbon C65, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder with a mass ratio of 75:15:10 in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solvent was used for fabricating the working

Near-infrared photoactive Ag-Zn-Ga-S-Se quantum dots for high-performance quantum dot-sensitized solar cells

• Roopakala Kottayi,
• Ilangovan Veerappan and
• Ramadasse Sittaramane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1337–1344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.110

• (GaCl3), sulfur powder (S), 1-dodecanethiol (DDTh), ʟ-cysteine, copper(II) chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), titanium isisopropoxide (TIP), glycerol, oleylamine (OAM), titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidine (NMP), chloroform, acetonitrile, ethanol, and methanol were purchased from

• [2][19][20]. Hence, in this work Cu2S was chosen as the CE material. The CE was fabricated as described in [8]. At first, Cu2S NPs were prepared by a hydrothermal method using ʟ-cysteine and copper(II) chloride. Then the Cu2S paste containing 95% of Cu2S and 5% of PVdF in NMP was coated onto FTO

Application of nanoarchitectonics in moist-electric generation

• Jia-Cheng Feng and
• Hong Xia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1185–1200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.99

• available in MEGs, such as polymers, proteins, and natural fibers, poly(4-vinylphenol) (PVP) [75], polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) [76][77], fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) [21], and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF). These materials show good performance in the application of hydropower conversion. In addition

• ). There are also PVA@DA/PVDF NF composites that can efficiently generate instantaneous voltages up to 0.5 V from ambient moisture (Figure 10j). However, because of different issues regarding daily practical applications, such as sweat corrosion, biological toxicity on human skin, and the need for suitable

• ); permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. (j) SEM image showing a highly aligned PVA@DA/PVDF NF array. The LSCM image shows PVA-wrapped DA/PVDF NFs. Figure 10j was reproduced from [76], Li, T. et al., “Power Generation from Moisture Fluctuations

Hierarchical Bi₂WO₆/TiO₂-nanotube composites derived from natural cellulose for visible-light photocatalytic treatment of pollutants

• Zehao Lin,
• Zhan Yang and
• Jianguo Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 745–762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.66

• Scientific Ltd. Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) was obtained from Fluorochem Co., Ltd. All chemicals were directly applied without further treatment. Filter paper for quantitative laboratory analysis (made from cotton) was purchased from Hangzhou Xinhua Paper Industry Co., Ltd. (China). Ultrapure water was

• ultrasonically dispersed in ethanol (1.0 mL) with the addition of a PVDF solution (100.0 μL, 10.0 mg·mL−1, using N-methylpyrrolidone as the solvent), which was then spin-coated on a conducting indium tin oxide (ITO) glass, followed by the calcination process at 100 °C for 24 h, giving the relevant working

Piezoelectric nanogenerator for bio-mechanical strain measurement

• Zafar Javed,
• Lybah Rafiq,
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer,
• Saqib Siddiqui,
• Muhammad Babar Ramzan,
• Muhammad Qamar Khan and
• Muhammad Salman Naeem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 192–200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.14

• fluoride (PVDF) and other piezoelectric polymers are used in the form of fibers, filaments, and composites. In this research, PVDF nanofibers were developed and integrated onto a knitted fabric to fabricate a piezoelectric device for human body angle monitoring. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray

• . Keywords: electrospinning; human body angle measurement; nanofibers; piezoelectric; PVDF; Introduction Smart textiles are normally elevated to value-added textile products with improved properties and characteristics [1]. They exhibit properties of a textile with some added characteristics. Smart textiles

• ]. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), having a semi-crystalline structure, is generally synthesized through polymerization of vinylidene difluoride [20]. It generally has four crystalline phases, namely α, β, ε, and γ. Among them, the beta phase possesses the highest dipole movements, while the other phases are

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

• common synthetic polymer membranes such as polycaprolactone (PCL), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyacrylic acid (PAA), polysulfones (PSF), polyimides (PI), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene oxide (PEO), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and natural polymers such as gelatin, keratin

• predominant PEMs [13]. Zhang et al. developed nanohybrid PVDF membranes by incorporating zeolite with enhanced thermal and electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries [14]. ENHs have also been used as a heterogeneous catalyst in indole synthesis by Savva et al. by incorporating gold nanoparticles

• the viscoelastic forces. Liu and co-workers, using poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) and PVA, observed that the higher diameter with the increase of voltage is a result of the formation of multiple jets (Figure 1) at the tip of the needle due to a concentrated electrostatic

Enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficient in PVDF-TrFe/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites through DC magnetic poling

• Marco Fortunato,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Maria Paola Bracciale,
• Maria Laura Santarelli and
• Maria Sabrina Sarto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1262–1270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.93

• the development of energy harvesters and sensors. Among the piezoelectric materials, special attention has been paid to electroactive polymers such as poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and its copolymer poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFe), which is one of the most extensively

• consisting of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles dispersed in PVDF-TrFe with enhancement of the β phase alignment through an applied DC magnetic field. The magnetic poling was demonstrated to be particularly effective, leading to a piezoelectric coefficient d33 with values up to 39 pm/V. This type of poling does not need

• the use of a top electrode or of high magnetic fields (the maximum value of d33 was obtained at 50 mT, using a current of 0.4 A) making the PVDF-TrFE/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite suitable for the fabrication of highly efficient devices for energy harvesting and wearable sensors. Keywords: CoFe2O4; magnetic

Electrical, electrochemical and structural studies of a chlorine-derived ionic liquid-based polymer gel electrolyte

• Ashish Gupta,
• Amrita Jain,
• Manju Kumari and
• Santosh K. Tripathi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1252–1261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.92

• fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) as a host polymer. The electrolyte films were synthesized by using the solution casting technique. The as-prepared films were free-standing and transparent with good dimensional stability. Optimized electrolyte films exhibit a maximum room-temperature ionic

• ][23], fluoropolymers such as poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) have received much attention from the research community as potential polymer hosts for the synthesis of polymer electrolytes [10][11][24][25]. The dielectric constant value of PVdF-HFP is ≈8.4 and it comprises a

• predominantly crystalline PVdF phase and an amorphous HFP phase, which provides necessary mechanical strength and good ion transport matrix. Magnesium-based electrochemical devices are emerging as an alternative to lithium-based devices [26][27][28][29][30]. Magnesium can be an alternative due to its

Solution combustion synthesis of a nanometer-scale Co₃O₄ anode material for Li-ion batteries

• Monika Michalska,
• Huajun Xu,
• Qingmin Shan,
• Shiqiang Zhang,
• Yohan Dall'Agnese,
• Yu Gao,
• Amrita Jain and
• Marcin Krajewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 424–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.34

• working electrode, a slurry composed of previously prepared Co3O4 material, super P carbon (Saibo), and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF; Arkema) (weight ratio of 8:1:1) mixed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was prepared and then coated on copper foil by using a doctor blade. After that, the electrode was dried

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• square-shaped A3 steel piece was connected to the cathode and a carbon electrode was connected to the anode, with a P-TENG paired with a rectifier and a capacitor connected in parallel with the electrochemical system. The P-TENG, in this case, was composed of PVDF and paper as the friction layers. The

Piezoelectric sensor based on graphene-doped PVDF nanofibers for sign language translation

• Shuai Yang,
• Xiaojing Cui,
• Rui Guo,
• Zhiyi Zhang,
• Shengbo Sang and
• Hulin Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1655–1662, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.148

• /bjnano.11.148 Abstract The tracking of body motion, such as bending or twisting, plays an important role in modern sign language translation. Here, a subtle flexible self-powered piezoelectric sensor (PES) made of graphene (GR)-doped polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers is reported. The PES exhibits

• effectively used, especially in human–computer interaction, such as gesture control, rehabilitation training, and auxiliary communication. Keywords: motion sensor; piezoelectric; polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); self-powered; sign language translation; Introduction Sign language, as a communication method

• PVDF nanofibers. The fiber properties after electrospinning were measured, and a potential application of the PES in the translation of sign language was successfully demonstrated. The designed PES shows a high sensitivity regarding both pressure and bending. In particular, a stable angle mapping under

Gas sorption porosimetry for the evaluation of hard carbons as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries

• Yuko Matsukawa,
• Fabian Linsenmann,
• Maximilian A. Plass,
• George Hasegawa,
• Katsuro Hayashi and
• Tim-Patrick Fellinger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1217–1229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.106

• curves. The TPVs were calculated from the last adsorption measurement point of CO2 (at p/p0 = 0.029) and H2O adsorption (at p/p0 = 0.9). Electrode preparation The hard carbon electrodes were prepared by mixing HC powder (95 wt %) and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVdF, Kynar HSV 900, Arkema, France) (5 wt

High permittivity, breakdown strength, and energy storage density of polythiophene-encapsulated BaTiO₃ nanoparticles

• Adnanullah Khan,
• Amir Habib and
• Adeel Afzal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1190–1197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.103

• BTO nanoparticles. For instance, Dang et al. [9] achieved a permittivity value of ca. 40 at 10 kHz with 50 vol % loading of BTO in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). However, such a high content of BTO nanoparticles has severe effects on the overall performance of the composite dielectric materials [9

Exfoliation in a low boiling point solvent and electrochemical applications of MoO₃

• Matangi Sricharan,
• Bikesh Gupta,
• Sreejesh Moolayadukkam and
• H. S. S. Ramakrishna Matte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 662–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.52

• were mixed with 5 wt % of PVDF and stirred overnight in NMP to form a thick paste. The paste was used to make a thin electrode film on carbon paper (1.5 cm × 1.5 cm) and dried in an oven at 60 °C. To fabricate two-electrode supercapacitors, two such electrodes were sandwiched between battery-grade

Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic performance of heterostructured CuO–ZnO-loaded composite nanofiber membranes

• Wei Fang,
• Liang Yu and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 631–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.50

• widely used to fabricate nanofiber membranes because of its good spinnability, electrical conductivity, and heat resistance. However, carbonized PAN nanofiber membranes usually have poor mechanical properties. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) has better mechanical properties but a lower melting point

• . Carbonized PVDF/PAN CNFs have excellent mechanical properties due to the partial melting of PVDF after carbonization leading to point bonding. Therefore, blends of these two polymers were used as precursor for preparing the heterostructured CuO–ZnO-loaded CNF membranes (CNFMs) in our studies. In our previous

• work [37], bubble-electrospinning was used to prepare Cu(Ac)2/Zn(Ac)2/PVDF/PAN on a large scale. Subsequently, PVDF/PAN CNFMs loaded with CuO and ZnO nanocrystals were prepared using heat treatment and hydrothermal synthesis. However, the diameter distribution of CNFMs obtained by bubble

Preparation and in vivo evaluation of glyco-gold nanoparticles carrying synthetic mycobacterial hexaarabinofuranoside

• Gennady L. Burygin,
• Polina I. Abronina,
• Nikita M. Podvalnyy,
• Sergey A. Staroverov,
• Leonid O. Kononov and
• Lev A. Dykman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 480–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.39

• polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane (Figure 5). Ara6 glycoside 1 (with a short spacer aglycon) was detected by antisera against both Ara6C2NH2-GNPs 3 and Ara6C2EG7NH2-GNPs 4. This means that there was a serological cross-reaction for the obtained antisera against Ara6-GNPs 3 and 4. Remarkably, both antisera

• specific antibodies by the dot assay. Lack of interaction between glycoside 2 and the obtained antisera in the dot assay is apparently related to the desorption of glycoside 2 with the much more hydrophilic spacer aglycon from the PVDF membrane during the assay. This explanation is further supported by the

• fact that it was impossible to use a nitrocellulose membrane for dot assay of the glycosides because of the higher hydrophilicity of this material than that of PVDF. For both glycosides 1 and 2, there was no adsorption to the nitrocellulose membrane, and as a consequence, no reaction with specific