Sustainable fabrication of 2D-based devices through reuse of substrates with microfabricated electrodes

• Ying Zhang,
• Yigit Sozen,
• Esteban Zamora-Amo,
• Thomas Pucher,
• Nuria Jiménez-Arévalo,
• Zdenek Sofer,
• Yong Xie and
• Andres Castellanos-Gomez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 818–827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.58

• in this work employed a 5 nm Ti/45 nm Au stack deposited by electron-beam evaporation. The interdigitated electrodes on glass were supplied from Micrux Technologies and also employed a 50 nm Ti/150 nm Au stack. The interdigitated ITO electrodes on glass were purchased from Ossila (S161-20). Materials

Glycerol photoelectrochemical oxidation reaction at carbon nitrides/BiVO₄ materials

• Charles Garcia da Cunha,
• Isabelle M. D. Gonzaga,
• Cristian Hessel,
• Izadora F. Reis,
• Ivo F. Teixeira,
• Lucia H. Mascaro and
• Elton Sitta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 806–817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.57

• acetylacetonate at 500 °C for 2 h. The CN/BiVO4 heterojunctions presented bandgap energy values, Eg, similar to pure BiVO4. X-ray diffraction analysis also revealed that the BiVO4 phase was not altered by the presence of the CN. However, scanning electron microscopy analysis coupled to energy-dispersive X-ray

• been pointed out as a promising material, as it presents high chemical stability and a wide absorption range of solar radiation [8][9][10]. To overcome the limitations associated with the low electrical conductivity of BiVO4, sluggish surface kinetics and the recombination of electron–hole pairs [11

• occurs by the following pathway: (i) Photon absorption by BiVO4, (ii) electron–hole (e-–h+) separation, (iii) electron(s) transfer from glycerol molecule to h+, and (iv) glycerol deprotonation yielding oxidized products as shown in Equation 1. The products usually described in the literature for this

Tuning the electronic properties of defect-rich MoS₂

• Eric Juriatti,
• Martina Binninger,
• Carolin Schüle,
• Maren Zirwick,
• Katarina Margetic,
• Erika Giangrisostomi,
• Marcus Scheele and
• Heiko Peisert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 796–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.56

• investigated by XAS and (angle-resolved) PES using an angle-resolved time-of-flight detector (ARTOF). For XAS, the total electron yield of the sample current was measured. The energy resolution for the Co L edges was 263 meV at a photon energy of 790 eV. For photoemission at excitation energies of 900, 500

• levels or valence band features in photoemission can be attributed to different origins including a change of the electron density at the considered atom, different screening of the remaining photo-hole, or shifts of the reference (Fermi) level. Screening effects by additional adsorbates depend strongly

• previously documented interactions of CoPcF16 with relatively inert metals including oxygen-terminated copper or graphene-covered Ni [11][33][34]. Based on these similarities, we suggest that charge transfer and/or electron redistribution at the Co atom in the vicinity of such defect-rich MoS2 is responsible

Restorative potential of laser-synthesized silver nanoparticles with Salvia officinalis for periodontal disease treatment: an in vitro study

• Jelena Filipović Tričković,
• Sanja Živković,
• Bojana Ilić,
• Miloš Tošić,
• Jelena Marinković,
• Ana Valenta Šobot and
• Miloš Momčilović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 781–795, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.55

• . AgNPs were synthesized at two laser pulse energies (2 and 6 mJ), in sage extract and deionized water, and characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Synthesis at 6 mJ in sage extract (SageAgNPs6mJ) yielded

• polystyrene cuvettes (DTS0012, Malvern Panalytical, UK) at ambient temperature (25 ± 0.1 °C). The selected AgNPs that displayed antimicrobial effects were further analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), to evaluate their size, shape, and dispersity. An FEI Talos F200X microscope, operating at 200

Substrate-dependent pore formation in molybdenum disulfide monolayers under ion irradiation

• Yossarian Liebsch,
• Umair Javed,
• Lucia Skopinski,
• Leon Daniel,
• Franziska Appel,
• Radia Rahali,
• Clara Grygiel,
• Henning Lebius,
• Carolin Frank,
• Lars Breuer,
• Leon Kirsch,
• Frieder Koch,
• Jani Kotakoski and
• Marika Schleberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 769–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.54

• highly charged ions (HCIs) and swift heavy ions (SHIs) – two types of ions that, despite having vastly different kinetic energies, both interact primarily with the electronic system of the target. Using scanning transmission electron microscopy, we quantify pore radii and pore formation efficiencies for

• under both HCI and SHI irradiation conclusively demonstrate the central role of substrate and interface-dependent electronic dissipation pathways regarding damage under these types of ion irradiation. Keywords: defects; MoS2; nanopores; SiO2; scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM

• , high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) generally requires freestanding membranes, while atomic-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) demand exceptionally clean surfaces; also, substrate effects can further complicate interpretation

Tailoring Ag–Pt nanoalloys through solid-state dewetting: structural and optical insights

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Piotr Okoczuk,
• Blaž Grobiša,
• Ewa Pawlikowska,
• Amelia Rozwadowska,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 748–759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.52

• under an argon atmosphere. The process induced the transformation of continuous bilayers into isolated nanoislands through solid-state dewetting. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed the formation of well-defined, nearly spherical nanoislands with a

• -electron contribution of platinum, which suppresses plasmonic oscillations. The obtained results demonstrate that thermally activated dewetting enables the synthesis of homogeneous Ag–Pt nanoalloys at the nanoscale, both in volume and on the surface of nanostructures, overcoming miscibility limitations of

• by a few experimental studies [40][41]. However, in this work, we address the question of the threshold Pt content at which its influence on the resonance position remains observable. Upon addition of Pt to the Ag nanostructures, intense d-electron excitations of Pt increase the dielectric function

Oxidative atmosphere-driven formation of single-phase spinel CuRh₂O₄ nanofibers for alkaline water oxidation

• Namhee Kim,
• Sumin Ko,
• Sohyeon Choi,
• Seoyoon Jang,
• Myung Hwa Kim and
• Dasol Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 737–743, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.50

• 609.6 cm−1 (A1g), which are consistent with the spinel CuRh2O4 lattice [17][18], supporting the XRD-based phase assignment (vide supra). As shown in Figure 4b, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis of the electrospun CuRh2O4 nanofibers reveals clear lattice fringes with an

• interplanar spacing of 0.494 nm, corresponding to the (101) plane [19]. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns display ring-like diffraction features consistent with polycrystalline spinel CuRh2O4, further verifying the formation of the intended crystalline phase. As shown in Figure 5, scanning

• electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to investigate the surface morphology and structural uniformity of the electrospun nanofibers after post-annealing. In the as-spun state prior to annealing, the fibers containing PVP exhibit smooth surfaces with an average diameter of approximately 300 nm (Supporting

Environmental applications of silver nanoparticles: state-of-the-art review and emerging trends

• Soni Prajapati,
• Akash Kumar and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 697–736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.49

• needed before engineering AgNPs for particular applications. AgNPs are characterised using optical spectroscopy, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) to measure plasmonic absorbance, size, shape, structure, and stability [49]. Optical spectroscopy is a rapid and

• , which calculated the AgNP concentration as particles per millilitre [53]. Microscopic techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy, provide high-resolution images of individual nanoparticles, confirming morphology, size distribution, and elemental composition when coupled with energy-dispersive

• X-ray analysis [49]. TEM analysis is performed on copper grids with varying mesh sizes and coatings, with carbon/formvar-coated copper grids commonly preferred. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides information on the silver nanoparticles’ surface properties and the aggregation state of dried

Molecular engineering of individual dye-based nanoparticle photostability for ultrabright two-photon fluorescence

• Eleonore Kurek,
• Sasha Cooper,
• Alexandre Clausolles,
• Karen Perronet,
• Jonathan Daniel,
• Mireille Blanchard-Desce and
• François Marquier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 688–696, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.48

• ) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and size distribution of dFONs(1), data reused from [20]. (d) TEM and size distribution of dFONs(2). (e) Normalized absorption spectra of dFONs(1) (green) and dFONs(2) (red). (f) Normalized emission spectra of dFONs(1) (green) and dFONs(2) (red). (g) Two-photon absorption

Decontamination from water pollutants and pathogens by electrospun nanofibers doped with heavy-atom-free borafluorene-BODIPY photosensitizers

• Angelika Zaszczyńska,
• Paulina H. Marek-Urban,
• Karolina Wrochna,
• Agnieszka E. Kuklewska,
• Kacper Kręgielewski,
• Marta Grodzik,
• Dawid R. Natkowski,
• Jolanta Mierzejewska,
• Ewa Iwanek,
• Agata Blacha-Grzechnik,
• Paweł Sajkiewicz and
• Krzysztof Durka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 668–682, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.46

• ) and acceptor (dipyrromethene ligand) sites (Figure 1a) [32][33][34][35]. Importantly, the proposed systems produce triplet states via an alternative to the SOC-ISC mechanism, that is, through a spin–orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC, Figure 1b) resulting from the electron hopping

• 30 µm, Rotilabo®, Roth Selection, Germany), which was attached to the collector. After the electrospinning process, all mats were placed under a fume hood for 48 h to evaporate solvents in the fibers. Morphology analysis The morphological properties of samples were examined through scanning electron

• Beam microscope (ThermoFisher) equipped with a focused electron beam and a Xe ion beam. The EDS experiments were performed with a working distance of 4 mm, an accelerating voltage of 15 kV, a probe current of 0.2 nA, a magnification of 15000×, and a collection time of 30 min. Prior to ToF SIMS

afspm: A framework for manufacturer-agnostic automation in scanning probe microscopy

• Nicholas J. Sullivan,
• Julio J. Valdés,
• Kirk H. Bevan and
• Peter Grutter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 653–667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.45

• instruments’ communication interfaces, and may benefit from similar frameworks. We particularly highlight optical and electron microscopy as these instruments share common experimental workflows (e.g., searching a wider region to determine where to image) and may benefit from direct repurposing of automation

Cellulose as a photocatalyst support material: extraction, structural features, and environmental applications

• Yee Teng Lim,
• Nur Farhana Jaafar,
• Azizul Hakim Lahuri and
• Endang Tri Wahyuni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 635–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.44

• materials that can absorb light energy and generate electron–hole pairs, which then participate in redox reactions to produce ROS that degrade organic pollutants. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) are the common catalysts that have been used [18][19]. Figure 3 illustrates the general mechanism of

• enhancing photocatalytic performance by promoting charge separation, supporting surface functionalization, and improving light absorption, while one of its most valuable contributions lies in reducing the recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. Its large surface area further helps stabilize

• tend to clump together to reduce their surface energy, thus reducing active surface area, they are difficult to filter out of water after use, and their photogenerated charges often recombine before they can do any useful work [92]. For a photocatalyst to work, light must excite an electron, leaving

Two-step laser synthesis of Ag@TiO₂ nanomaterials for the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B

• Marija Kovačević,
• Miloš Tošić,
• Rafaela Radičić,
• Vladimir Rajić,
• Nikša Krstulović,
• Miloš Momčilović and
• Sanja Živković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 622–634, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.43

• suppression of electron–hole recombination, allowing for more effective utilization of the solar spectrum. Accordingly, Ag@TiO2 nanostructures, especially those obtained through controlled synthesis, represent highly promising candidates for photocatalytic environmental remediation processes induced by

• characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), aiming to establish a clear correlation between synthesis parameters, nanostructure features, and photocatalytic activity. In our previous studies [6][7][21

• the titanium plate are given in Figure 2a and Figure 3a alongside the distribution of titanium (pink) and oxygen (blue), and silver (yellow) according to the elemental mapping obtained from the EDS analysis. SEM-SE images generated using a focused electron beam to image sample surfaces at high

Recent progress in enhancing built-in electric fields of perovskite solar cells via junction engineering

• Tong Xiao and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 602–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.42

• efficiency [5][6][7]. In PSCs, moderate enhancement of the BEF can effectively promote the separation and extraction of electron–hole pairs, reducing recombination losses and leading to higher open-circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF) [8][9][10][11][12]. However, excessive enhancement of the BEF may

• natural vitamin C into the SnO2 ETL to reduce defects and improve electron transport. They also exploited the antioxidant and passivation effects of vitamin D2 to convert the perovskite surface from n-type to p-type, thereby forming a p-region approximately 80 nm thick at the top and spontaneously

• barrier, driving the band bending at the interface along the BEF and producing a continuous potential drop. As a result, the barrier for electron injection into the carbon electrode is reduced, bulk-to-electrode extraction is accelerated, and interfacial recombination is suppressed. Consequently, the

Synthesis of Cu–Mo/TiO₂ and Co–Mo/TiO₂ photocatalysts for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants in water

• Ilse Acosta,
• Brenda Zermeño,
• Edgar Moctezuma,
• Luis F. Garay-Rodríguez and
• Isaías Juárez-Ramírez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 559–570, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.37

• can improve light absorption and photocatalytic activity of the material through the generation of oxygen vacancies, which act as electron traps [12]. The Mo6+ ion has a radius similar to that of Ti4+; thus, it is ideal for introduction into the TiO2 lattice without causing significant disturbances

• labeled as 0.2 Cu–Mo/TiO2, 0.5 Cu–Mo/TiO2, 0.2 Co–Mo/TiO2, and 0.5 Co–Mo/TiO2. Characterization The structural characterization was carried out using a Panalytical Empyrean diffractometer with Cu Ka radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å), scanning from 10° to 70°. The morphology was observed with a scanning electron

• with 2 g·L−1 of catalyst under dark conditions for 30 min to reach the adsorption–desorption equilibrium. At this time, the amount of ketoprofen adsorbed by each catalyst was evaluated by a mass balance. Then, the UV light lamps were turned on to induce the simultaneous formation of electron holes (hvb

Electrochemical determination of ciprofloxacin using a MIL-101/reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode

• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Nguyen Ngoc Nghia,
• Nguyen Vinh Phu,
• Vo Thi Khanh Ly,
• Le Lam Son,
• Pham Khac Lieu,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Nguyen Dinh Luyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 541–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.35

• strong π–π interactions with aromatic compounds like ciprofloxacin [14][15]. Integrating MIL-101 with rGO aims to combine the high surface area and adsorption capacity of MIL-101 with the excellent electrical conductivity and electron-transfer ability of rGO, creating a synergistic effect that boosts the

• particles are dispersed on the wrinkled rGO sheets. The rGO sheets serve as a supporting scaffold, helping to separate the MIL-101 particles and reduce their aggregation to some extent. This structural characteristic benefits the dispersion of the MOF particles and enhances electron transfer within the

• oxidation peak is observed at the bare GCE, indicating sluggish electron-transfer kinetics. Upon modification with MIL-101 or rGO, the anodic peak current increases noticeably, reflecting improved adsorption and conductivity. The obtained peak potentials (Ep) for GCE, GO/GCE, rGO/GCE, MIL-101/GCE, MIL-101

Fractional shot noise of an SU(N) Kondo system

• Damian Krychowski and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 515–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.34

• . However, we demonstrate that for occupation regions distant from the electron–hole symmetry point, the role of three-body correlations must be considered. Keywords: Fermi liquid; Kondo effect; quantum dots; shot noise; Introduction Quantum dot (QD) structures are being intensively investigated regarding

• of a single excess charge on the dot increases. Strong dynamic correlations start to play a dominant role when Coulomb interaction exceeds electron kinetic energy. For dots weakly coupled to the leads, many-body resonances build up at low temperatures, opening new paths for coherent transport. Due to

• systems. We address our calculations to multilevel two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) quantum dots [49] and to single-walled and multiwalled carbon nanotube QDs [50][51]. It is worth mentioning that these symmetries are of a fundamental nature and concern systems from various, sometimes very distant

Probing internal continua and atomic ultrafast charge transfer within size-controlled nanoparticles by post-collision interaction in core-hole clock spectroscopy

• Johannes Lütgert,
• Erika Giangrisostomi,
• Nomi L. A. N. Sorgenfrei and
• Alexander Föhlisch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 505–514, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.33

• the existence of a faster charge transfer channel toward the CdSe core, only accessible for the inner-most shell layers, rather than a quantum confinement effect. By extending the traditional PCI model from free-electron systems to bound-state continua, we further establish a framework for

• -collision-interaction; quantum dots; resonant Auger spectroscopy; Introduction The interplay of electron localization, itinerance, and charge transfer is essential to functional nanoparticles and quantum dots (QDs) [1][2][3][4][5][6]. In terms of electronic structure properties, materials on the nanoscale

• distribution. As indicated below in Figure 1, resonant Auger electron spectra are used to determine atomic charge transfer times based on the branching into localized and delocalized final states during the core-hole lifetime. We observe a significant reduction of charge transfer times within the ZnS shell for

Upcycling agroindustrial waste into graphene oxide supports for gold nanoparticles: toward sustainable nanomaterials

• Juan Marcos Castro-Tapia,
• Selene Acosta,
• Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván,
• Elsie Evelyn Araujo-Palomo,
• Edgar Giovanni Villabona-Leal and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 489–504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.32

• = 1486.6 eV). The pass energy was set to 10 eV for high-resolution scans and to 40 eV for survey spectra. All binding energies were referenced to the C=C peak at 284.4 eV. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was carried using a JEOL JEM-2100 microscope operating at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. TEM

• organic pollutants, including nitroaromatic compounds and dye molecules, under mild reaction conditions [57][58][59]. The synergistic interaction between AuNPs and GO enhances electron transfer, enabling lower noble-metal loading while maintaining high catalytic performance. Furthermore, AuNPs@GO

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• with low-dimensional targets, and defect-mediated engineering of the properties of 2D systems. We further discuss possible solutions to these problems or suggest “work-arounds”, which should accelerate the progress in the field. Keywords: 2D materials; defects; electron irradiation; ion bombardment

• created by impacts of energetic particles [18][19][20][21] by foreign atoms. Lots of insights into the structure and properties of defective 2D materials have been obtained using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), including conventional TEM and scanning TEM (STEM). These techniques, along with

• and the mechanisms of defect formation. This indicates that defects can also be created deliberately during exposure to the electron beam, which can be used for engineering structure and properties of materials with potentially atomic resolution [34][35][36][37]. It should be pointed out that many

Nanoinformatics: spanning scales, systems and solutions

• Iseult Lynch,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Kunal Roy and
• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 423–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.28

• radius, crystal ionic radii, density of the metal, electron affinity, and ionization energy) which complement and extend the seven first- and sixteen second-generation periodic table descriptors, as a means to model the toxicity of MeOx nanomaterials to zebrafish embryo – measured as impacts on the

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• nanostructured materials, significantly expanding the range of agents available for PDT applications [18]. The photochemical pathway for ROS generation involves non-radiative relaxation of the excited PS, typically occurring through two primary mechanisms [19]. Type-I reactions involve electron transfer

Eco-efficient materials for agricultural crops based on a mineral rich in MOR- and HEU-type zeolites

• Esperanza Yamile de la Nuez-Pantoja,
• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Gerardo Rodríguez-Fuentes,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• Ariel Martínez García,
• José Juan Calvino Gámez and
• Daniel Goma Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 381–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.26

• urea arranged on the surface so that it covers the material and interacts with the zeolitic frameworks, was evidenced by Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy, adsorption measurements, scanning electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and other methods, as well as through culture

• ) and other elements (Si) important for agricultural crops. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of the interaction of nitrogen and phosphorus species on this complex multiphase zeolitic carrier, applying Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron

• microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), N2 physisorption, and other research methods. Results and Discussion Characterization of DAP-modified zeolite CLIM The chemical compositions of natural zeolite (CLIM) from the San Andrés deposit and its modified forms (CLIMf) with ammonium

Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets

• Paulina Trzaskowska,
• Ewa Rybak,
• Maciej Trzaskowski,
• Kamil Kopeć,
• Jakub Krzemiński,
• Rafał Podgórski,
• Hatice Genc,
• Mehtap Civelek and
• Iwona Cicha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25

• electron microscope (Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, Japan) at an accelerating voltage of 5.0 kV. To measure the thickness of PDA and PTYR coatings, the coated materials were scratched with a scalpel to create a cavity. For imaging, the sample was positioned vertically, and the microscope stage tilt

• coatings’ surfaces were sputter-coated with a 10 nm layer of AuPd and visualized with an ultrahigh-resolution field-emission scanning electron microscope Hitachi SU8230 (Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, Japan, magnification 5 000×). The imaging was done before washing and then after 1, 7, 14, and 28

• field-emission scanning electron microscope Hitachi SU8230 (Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, Japan) at 4500× magnification. Before the visualization, materials were sputter-coated with a 10 nm layer of AuPd. Platelets were then counted per FOV. The activation levels were determined as mild/no

Interconnection morphology effects on the radio frequency response of carbon nanotube sponges

• Manuela Scarselli,
• Javad Rezvani,
• Zeno Zuccari,
• Mattia Scagliotti and
• Simone Tocci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 343–351, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.23

• . In particular, we observed that the response of S11 = −22.6 dB around 4.8 GHz from the CNS antenna improved after a mild treatment with ethanol, reaching S11 = −32.6 dB measured after 10 min of waiting. This observed effect is studied in detail with scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy

• findings point to a different interpretation related to the morphological effect of ethanol on the CNT mesh [27][29]. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study provided insights into the microstructure of the CNT film (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1) and the sponges (Figure 3). The study

• with 5 μL of ethanol (97.7–98.5% v/v, purity > 99.9%, Sigma-Aldrich Co.) and then acquiring the response every 2 min. A field-emission scanning electron microscope Carl Zeiss Sigma 300 was used to collect images directly on the CNS samples and on the MWCNT films. Micro-Raman analysis was performed